As a final consideration and being mindful of the vision to expand the SAPRI into a comprehensive polar institute during the planned life cycle, it is important to include in this period the motivation and planning for building a new ship. This infrastructure goes beyond the current SARIR scope. Ships’ lives are typically 30 years – the SA Agulhas II was motivated through SA Agulhas I being 30 years old and no longer insurable. At the end of the SAPRI cycle delineated in this proposal, the polar community will be much more consolidated, so that a commission of inquiry into SANAP will not be necessary as when funding for the SA Agulhas II was sought. The SAPRI will be the natural place to develop the concept for such a novel polar infrastructure, especially given the knowledge that it will accumulate in polar maritime engineering over the next 15 years.
8 C ONCLUSION
Given the very diverse nature of the polar science community, both in discipline and stakeholder, the process of finalising this proposal has taken many years and much stakeholder input. South African polar science has many strengths; excellence in scholarship, highly productive and high graduate throughput, and it is held in high regards internationally. However, it remains a fragmented and sub- critical community, with less than optimal less technology and skills resourcing for 21st century climate and ecosystems science, particularly with regards observations and the under-utilization of large-scale infrastructure such as ships and bases. It is in the latter that the South African Polar Research Infrastructure (SAPRI) aims to transform, consolidate and further strengthen South African polar science and in doing so, to strengthen international partnerships, the impact of its science and a new generation of scientists.
• The concept of SAPRI has broad support since its development is based on an integrative transdisciplinary design as a community-driven initiative in response to the opportunity created by the SARIR. As a national programme aligned to addressing national objectives and imperatives flowing from various government strategies, SAPRI enjoys the support of its two government sponsors, namely the DEFF and the DSI.
• The distinctive competency of SAPRI is that it will transform the way South Africa is approaching polar research by way of systemic innovation through the reorganisation of marine and Antarctic research infrastructure management. The SAPRI thus becomes a mechanism to deliver strong support to the polar research enterprise to precipitate in HCD, economies of scale and technological innovation while creating societal benefits. The Polar Lab is being considered for funding by the DHET and will form part of SAPRI’s key infrastructure as an example of a new national research platform with inherent possibilities for innovation and service delivery in a previously unexplored field.
• Importantly, the new SAPRI leadership, inclusive of the staff, consortium partners and advisory structure, will have to both facilitate clockwork-like adherence to fixed standards as well as creativity and innovation in a complex and rapidly-changing multi-institutional and multi-disciplinary organisation. In addition to standard scientific parameters, a 5-year independent review will consider typical strategic performance metrics, e.g. mission- effectiveness, cost reduction, efficiency, accountability, best management practices, economies of scale and the application of technology.
• Moving away from the current silo-like nature of South African polar science to a more integrated approach will be a sure way of becoming a legitimate “Big Science” operation. If SAPRI is not established, the status quo of fragmented communications between the logistics and science endeavours will continue and South Africa runs the risk of establishing a mediocre scientific reputation with sub-optimal return on national investment in marine and Antarctic science resources. This will sustain national underachievement in the potential rates and quality of innovation, capacity development, publications and postgraduate output.
• DEFF and its internal SANAP will greatly benefit from SAPRI’s enhanced contributions to both international agreements and treaties, as will SAPRI also improve delivery in terms of the respective and shared national government mandates held by DEFF and DSI (among others
developing the knowledge economy, the data-driven economy, and the Blue Economy). These contributions will be guided by and reported to the DSI-DEFF Steering Committee.
• Finally, the establishment of SAPRI will provide South Africans with cost-effective and efficiently run shared research platforms to lead and participate in emerging fields of marine and Antarctic research. New research agendas will be opened up by a well-funded and managed SAPRI, South African students will be trained to achieve international competency, South Africa will retain ownership of the research deliverables, the profile of the South African marine and Antarctic research community will rapidly transform to reflect the demography of its population, South African citizens’ appreciation of the Antarctic region and science will be further enhanced, better information for policy making will be generated and data curation will be significantly upgraded.
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APPENDIX A: L IST OF A CRONYMS
AARDVARK Antarctic-Arctic Radiation-belt Dynamic Deposition VLF Atmospheric Research Konsortium
ADCP Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler ASCA Agulhas System Climate Array
ATS Antarctic Treaty System
ATNS Air Traffic and Navigation Service
BIOGRIP Biogeochemistry Research Infrastructure Platform CBD Convention for Biological Diversity
CPUT Cape Peninsula University of Technology CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research CTD Conductivity, Temperature and Depth instrument DFFE Department of Forestry, Fisheries and Environment DIRCO Department of International Relations and Cooperation DPWI Department of Public Works and Infrastructure
DSI Department of Science and Innovation
DML Dronning Maud Land
ECMWF European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts
EFTEON Expanded Freshwater and Terrestrial Environmental Observation Network
EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone
EV Essential Variable
GAW Global Atmospheric Watch
GCOS Global Climate Observing System
GEBCO General Bathymetric Charts of the Oceans GeMaP Geophysics and Mapping Platform
GOOS Global Ocean Observing System
GTS Global Telecommunication System
HF High-frequency
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organisation ISES International Space Environment Service
LTO Long-Term Observations
MARIP Marine Remote Imagery Platform MARS Marine and Antarctic Strategy
MBES Multibeam Echosounders
MIZ Marginal Ice Zone
NMU Nelson Mandela University
NSI National System of Innovation
NWP Numerical Weather Prediction
NWU North-West University
OBBiT Offshore Benthic Biodiversity Team
PEI Prince Edward Islands
PEIAC Prince Edward Island Advisory Committee
RI Research Infrastructure(s)
RSA Republic of South Africa
RU Rhodes University
SAIAB South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity SAEON South African Environmental Observation Network SAMBA South Atlantic MOC Basin-scale Array
SANAE South African National Antarctic Expedition SANAP South African National Antarctic Programme
SANDF South African National Defense Force SANSA South African National Space Agency SAPRI South African Polar Research Institute
SAR Synthetic Aperture Radar
SARIR South African Research Infrastructure Roadmap SAWS South African Weather Service
SCAR Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
SG Surgeon General
SLA Service Level Agreement
SMCRI Shallow Marine and Coastal Research Infrastructure SMME Small Medium and Micro Enterprises
SOCCO Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observatory
SOCCOM Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modeling project SUN Stellenbosch University
UAE United Arab Emirates
UCT University of Cape Town
UFH University of Fort Hare
UJ University of Johannesburg
UK United Kingdom
UKZN University of KwaZulu-Natal
UNCOPUOS United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space UNISA University of South Africa
UP University of Pretoria
USA United States of America
UWC University of the Western Cape WMO World Meteorological Organisation WWLLN World-Wide Lightning Locating Network
XBT eXpendable BathyThermograph
APPENDIX B: L ONG - TERM OBSERVATIONS FUNDED THROUGH SANAP
These projects have been funded by SANAP (cycle 2018-20 included).
They are classified according to the following domain:
● sub-Antarctic islands
● Southern Ocean and sea ice
● atmosphere and geospace
● Antarctica
Domain Programme Pl Institution Long-term obs Year start Year end Existing facility Int collaboration Nat collaboration Database M1!1r1on Is LTER Ml!lr1on lsll!lnd de Bruyn UP elephant seal demography 1983 ongoing Manon base and huts, ship Austrl!llll!I, Frl!lnce NMU, UCT MIMMP In-house
(terrestnl!II Ml!lr1ne Ml!lmml!II Aroenllnl!I, USA
ocean !!Ind Proi;irl!lmme AIArh,mt Sfllll lnrl'IQlnO rnqq nnornno Mm1nn hAsP cmrl h11ts A11stml1A, GPrmcmy NMII, IIC-:T. StPII MIMMP1n-hrn1sA
l!ltmosphere) (MIMMP) ecoloi;iy ship, isotope lab UK, Nol"n'l!IY Moveb~nk, MEOP,
Denmark, USA Pangea, RAATD
fur seal demography 1992 ongoing Manon base and huts, ship Australia NMU MIMMP In-house fur seal foraging ecology 2003 ongoing Manon base and huts Austrl!llll!I, UK NMU, UCT MIMMP In-house
ship, isotope lab France, Nol"n'l!IY UniVen Movebank killer whale demography 2006 ongoing Manon base and huts, ship France, UK MIMMP In-house k1llerwhaleforag1ngecology 2008 ongoing Ml!lnon base !!Ind huts USA, UK, France NMU, UCT, DEA MIMMP In-house, RAATD
ship, isotope ll!lb Austrl!llll!I
Marion Is LTER Makhado DEA
(terrestnl!II ocean !!Ind l!ltmosphere)
Marion Is LTER Greve UP Vegetation composItIon 2018 ongoing Manon base and huts, ship Australia UCT, RU
(terrestnl!II ocean !!Ind l!ltmosphere)
Marion Is LTER le Roux UP 2002 ongoing Manon base and huts, ship Australia In-house
(terrestnl!II Switzerland
ocean !!Ind l!ltmosphere)
Vl!lscull!lr pll!lnt composItIon 2017 ongoing Manon base and huts, ship Finland In-house (1!1t lIne SCl!lles)
Vascular plant dIstrIbutIonal 1965 ongoing Manon base and huts, ship In-house
lImIts
Roux McGeoch)
M1!1rIon Is LTER Pistorius NMU at-sea 2015 ongoing Manon base and huts, ship Frl!lnce, Austrl!llll!I DEA, UCT, UP In-house, seabird tracking
(terrestnl!II Nel'!' Zel!lll!lnd dl!ltl!lbl!lses
ocean !!Ind atmosphere)
2015 ongoing Manon base and huts, ship France, Australia DEA, UCT, UP In-house Marion Is LTER Seabirds Connan, Ryan NMU, UCT 2018 ongoing Manon base and huts, ship France, UK, Japan
(terrestnl!II Italy
ocean !!Ind Connl!ln Rhodes Trophic ecoloi;iy (sooty 2009 2010 Manon base and huts, ship France In-house
l!ltmosphere) McQUl!lld lIi;iht-ml!lntled, orey-hel!lded
l!llbl!ltrosses)
M1!1rIon Is LTER MeIkleJohn UP Surface !!Ind subsurll!lce 1998 2001 Manon base and huts. ship Sweden In-house Rhodes and UFH
(terrestnl!II temperl!ltures poll!lr desert
ocean !!Ind l!ltmosphere)
Marion Is LTER MeIkleJohn Rhodes Surface and subsurface 2007 2012 Manon base and huts, ship Sweden Rhodes, UFH In-house Rhodes and UFH
(terrestnl!II temperl!ltures leldml!lrk
ocean !!Ind hl!lbltl!lt
l!ltmosphere)
Marion Is LTER Nel UFH Surface and subsurface 2014 2017 Manon base and huts, ship Sweden UP, Rhodes In-house Rhodes and UFH
(terrestnl!II temperatures polar desert
ocean !!Ind l!ltmosphere)
Marion Is LTER Nel UFH MIcro-clIml!lte pl!lrl!lmeters 2015 ongoing Manon base and huts, ship UNISA In-house UFH and UNISA
(terrestnl!II and surll!lce !!Ind
ocean !!Ind subsurll!lce temperl!ltures
l!ltmosphere) Mesruo
Marion Is LTER Nel UFH Surface and subsurface 2016 ongoing Manon base and huts, ship UNISA In-house UFH and UNISA
(terrestnl!II temperatures mires
ocean !!Ind l!ltmosphere)
Marion Is LTER Nel UFH MIcro-clImatIc parameters 2015 ongoing Manon base and huts, ship UP, UNISA In-house UFH and UNISA
(terrestnl!II (numerous sites around the
ocean !!Ind ISiand)
l!ltmosphere)
Marion Is LTER Jansen van UJ Genetic dIversIty, but 2004 ongoing Manon base and huts, ship Australia UP, Unisa In-house UJ as well as
(terrestnl!II Vuuren chl!lni;ies here are typically fc; such as
ocean !!Ind over hundreds to different
l!ltmosphere) thousl!lnds ol yel!lrs species
Marion Is LTER Seabirds Ryan UCT Wl!lndenno Albl!ltross 1983 ongoing UK, France DEA, NMU FItzPatrIck in-house
(terrestnl!II demoi;irl!lphy Marion base and huts, ship
ocean !!Ind Seabirds Ryan UCT Northern Giant Petrel 1983 ongoing UK, France DEA, NMU FItzPatrIck in-house
l!ltmosphere) demography Marion base and huts, ship
Seabirds Ryan UCT Grey-hel!lded Albl!ltross 1997 ongoing UK, USA DEA, NMU FItzPatrIck in-house
demoi;irl!lphy Marion base and huts, ship
Seabirds Ryan UCT Sooty Albatross 2014 ongoing UK, France DEA, NMU FItzPatrIck in-house
demography Marion base and huts, ship
Seabirds Ryan UCT Lli;ihtml!lntled Albl!ltross 2014 ongoing UK, France DEA, NMU FItzPatrIck in-house
demoi;irl!lphy Marion base and huts, ship
Seabirds Ryan UCT WhIte-chInned Petrel 1997 2002 UK, France DEA, NMU FItzPatrIck in-house
demography Marion base and huts, ship
Seabirds Ryan UCT Wandering Albatross 1997 ongoing UK, France DEA, NMU F1tzPatrick in-house
foraging Sel!lbIrd Trl!lckIno
Marion base and huts, ship Dl!ltl!lbl!lse
Seabirds Ryan UCT Other sel!lbIrd lorl!IQln0 (10 2002 ongoing UK, France, Spain DEA, NMU FItzPatrIck in-house
species, but mostly one-off Seabird Tracking
InvestIi;il!ltIons) Marion base and huts, ship Database
Domain Programme
"''.l!l'IOr •s LTER lnver:eorates (terr•s~.al.
OC8t1'1 ,;nd atr'lcsp~ere)
k\:rbr :s LTER lnver~e::ir2tes (t"r'.,,s'.r·el.
OC80rl l'!llj B~cgpt:,em)
~'.a~1or. :s LT~ lnver:ebretes (ter~Be'.rl'!I,
OC0,!H1 enj atr;icsptiere)
~:'ffbr :s LTER lnver~eorates (tEW%'.P81,
ccea:1 817:J atr:lcsphere)
fv'.ac1or, •s LTER lnver:eorates (terresir,al,
cc0e;1 anci a~cspt:lilre)
1/aT:ir :s LTER lnvercs::irates (t,,r'.,,s'.r·el.
cc0e0 011:J atr:lcspl,ere)
~~erior, <s LT~ ln-•8r:ebrntes /terres:r.al,
OC0,!l'l an,::1 l'!tmcspt'ere) (terr•s~.al.
oc0a'1 ,;nd a~cspt:lilre)
~•enor •s LTER l1wer'.soretes (terresir,al,
cc0e;1 anci ,:,tr'lcspt,ef8)
Gcugh ~-
SeaC1rds
Seatirds
Pl Institution long-term obs
::=:,;:,....-, lYia M::inl!ls1 Microt:ebitl!f: :wnoeret1.,:0, 3-reve) Um• iYil!I soil te7ipere!Jre (:::i'-l•orij
UP) log:;iers
~1011.r (via t,t:nas~ S·J:-/ace temperatt:re Greve) Univ (via Seie:1:te Obse:vet·ons
UP;
C1cw,.-, Sce•:b'nDOSC W6'0vi• bodv S'Z8 TreaSL.:e \via tir...iorrnsh,P
0reve) reto:1a
CClo.,..r, Ste::enOosc S;:nrg:a:I abtnCa::,;e Treasvb' ;-..11:1 l1l\l!o:.asl1iP
S18ve; retorrn
c,;:,....,,
:..~cCe·ler<J (\'ic: Greve)
Chov,r,
·..:cc:e:le:l1
;vie: Gre•·e)
S1J.-..-..
c.<cOe·ler,J (v12 Gre,e)
S:e:,er::iosc Ser: :;-;ver:ebra:e h/\'101ashiP abu0dar,ce anJ b:omass retoria Comrrw1cl'ld -..jt1 Alan
Bt.1c:;;ers s1..;:veys
SIS::enbosc Meuse abu1Cance, s,zs h/"v10~1ash,'P dem'.J,;;raph·cs retor1a
s:e•:8n::iosc s:a:-:-"e:ec (i...ess8r) h/"-.401eehiP S1eet1t,11: c!emo;;ir1:1p1y reto:ia
c,;:,....,, M::ines,
Tereucs (·•ia Unr• Ivie
G18ve; UP)
c,o.-,r M:::onesh 1Jrn1,•0rs1ty
UC' e\yan
UC' UC
Tnstar Albatross _?~m~:~r~~hy __
A:lantK Y81 O•'l-r,JSBd .A.:b!ltro% cemogreph:,' Sooty Alba'."OSS dem:::,grni::t;y
--- - - --
p·asm 1rgesi:1on
Sub-Antarctic islands
Year start Year end Existing facility Int collaboration Nat collaboration Database 1102
1J01
hl86
2J03
1976
1981
1965
1982
2013 Marien base and huts, ship Australia
2015 Mari::m base and huts, ship
2010 Mari:::,n base and huts, ship
2009 Mari'.Jn base and huts, ship
2087 Marien base and huts, ship Australia
2c11 Marbn base and huts, ship Alls'.r311a
2C11 Marien base and huts, ship: Aus:ral1a
2011 Marien base and huts, ship: Ausir~lia
2015 Marien base and huts, ship kle!r!llia Frl!lnrn, t~8i'I Zea:an,j. Uf<.
1933:or,grnig UK
UK UK 2J14:or,grn1g
Goughbase,ship Gough base, ship -- - - --- Gowgbbooe,!!hip lnacess,be hu:. sh10
Rl'III"• data Mcnesh Um•l'lrs1~1. in-101,se, U Sce•:enbosc1 Cent1e fx 1,wasiort B:o:o:;;r ~a:e reposlt::irf, Procesed date Le1hy,q l.,DJff,; G.A, Nor.Joi, E E, Chov.r., ':' :_
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Rmv data MODS P:ocessl'IC Le:hr. R I , Duty, G !, , t~ortJe E. &
Cho'rlfl, S. L ;:,osharn http //CX do1 ·n;;f'O 42l5!C3!5~S989b9e32~5 (:2018)
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