K1ssun (1999:15-16) explains that the rainbow appears when there is a decrease in humaidity as well as there is humidity in the atmosphere. It is an atmospheric distur- bance associated with warm sector and cold sector. The cold sector refers to the cold mass of air. Cold air cannot hold as much moisture as warm air, there is usually decrease in humidity. As the cold air moves over the surface that was previously occupied by the warm air, pockets of warm air are formed, they are lighter, they quickly rise forming cumulus clouds. The air pressure begins to rise after the cold front passes. Temperatures are low. The warm sector refers to the wann mass of the air. The air is relatively warm and humid. The air is unstable, pressure drops as warm air passes. Stratus clouds are formed and soft continuous rain falls. From a natural point of view, when the rainbow appears, it depicts that the rain is not going to fall any further.
(xi) uShuku (shaker)
"UShuku" (shaker, mover, or tosser) is a personal name derived from a disyllabic
ideophonic stem"shuku" (of shaking). The noun prefix u- affixed to the idephonic stem
"shuku" and when the basic prefix is deleted the personal name "uShuku" is derived.
The formalised structure is as follows:
NP
u- u-
+ + + uShuku (shaker)
IR -shuk- -shuk-
(xii) uMshiyana (one who abandons)
+ + +
uv
-u -u
The verb stem - "shiyana" (abandon one another, leave one another behind, surpass one another) from which the personal name "um(u) Shiyana" is formed, is a reciprocal extension "-an-", -an- extension that reciprocates the action between two people or things. The reciprocal verb stem -"shiyana" is derived from the disyllabic verb stem -
"shiya" (abandon , leave behind) to which the reciprocal - an - is attached. The "-u-" of
the basic noun prefix "-m(u)-" is deleted to derive a personal name "uMshiyane." The ultimate vowel "-a-" of uMshiyana is substituted by ultimate vowel "_e". "Mshiyane"
followed his name when he and his tribe abandoned each other and Mshiyane lived in a state of splendid isolation, while his loyal and faithful subjects were living as free _ lances somewhere on the Bluff, Lovu and others among the Bacas on the Mzimkhulu.
The structure of the personal name "uM(u)Shiyane" stands as follows:
NP
+ VR + R.Ext. + UVum(u)- + -shiy- + -an- + -a
um¢- + -shiy- + -an- + -e
um-- + -shiy- + -an- + -e
I
uMshi;yane
The - ana of uMshiyana is not a diminitive, but a reciprocal productive verbal extension.
The action between Mshiyana and his tribe was reciprocated.
(xiii) uMacebo (plots)
The name uMacebo is fonned from the class 5 noun i(li)cebo (plan, scheme, plot) which is also derived from the disyllabic stem" -ceba" (plan, scheme, plot). This name has a compound noun prefix which is fonned as follows:
u(mu)-+ (a) ma- = uma- CL1 + CL 6
=
CL I aThe deletion of the basic prefix "-mu-" of the noun prefix "umu"- and of the initial vowel
"-a-" of the noun prefix "ama-" is effected to produce the overt compound noun prefix
"uma-". The personal name "uMacebo" (plan, device) derives and maintains its meaning from the verb stem -"ceba" (plan, scheme, plot). (See also Doke 1996:104).
(xiv) uZikhulu (hundred lads)
"UNsizwaziyikhulu" is a compound name abbreviated to "uZikhulu" by deleting the noun stem "-nsizwa" and the copulative morphene -yi- of "ziyikhulu". The subjectival concord "-zi-" and the adjectival stem "-khulu" are maintained. The overt compound noun prefix "uzi-" is fonned as follows:
u(mu)-+ (i)zi- = uzi- CL.l. + CL 8 = CL la.
(xv) uSimanganduku (stand by the stick)
"Simangenduka" is a compound name formed by cementing two word categories, the verb "sima" and the adverb "ngenduku". The structure stands as follows:
VERB +
SIma +
uSimangenduku
ADVERB ngenduku
The subjectival concord "si-" which is plural in character as an antecedent of the monosyllabic verb stem "-rna" (stand), whereas the adverbial element "ngenduku"
(by or with the stick) is instrumental and is used as an adjunct if we consider the name
"uSimangenduku" as a one word sentence which means "we stand by the stick".
Considering the semantic content, this class contains personal nouns and names referring to family relationships or kinship terms, professions, other personal or proper names and personalised names. The meaning of original stems does not change with compounding in case of compound names like the following:
vuma umuntu
+ izitha + yedwa
=
=
uVumizitha uMntuyedwa
4.2.2. DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF MALE AND FEMALE PERSONAL NAMES
It is important to mention the fact that personal names are derived or inflected from different word categories as this is indicated in appendix at the end of this thesis.
It should also be stated that the personal names inflected from nouns usually have a com- pound noun prefix which is overt or covert. The personal names that are derived from verbs with a subjectival concord, mostly in its plural or singular form' have a simple noun prefix. Those that are derived from ideophones and compound nouns also have simple noun prefixes. Some of the people within the Shangase clan, who, some of them were religious pioneers (onomhlevu), were given English names by their priests which were pronounced in a Zulu accent or as if were Zulu names , such as Paul - uPawulu, Elijah - uEliya, Louis - uLuwese, George - uJoji, Caleb - uKhelebha . Personal names derived from verbs differ in the following verbal extensions, that is pro- ductive extensions: the neuter, -ek-, the passive -iw-or-w-, the perfective -il-, the recip- rocal - an-, the applied -el- and non-productive extensions: the stative actual - al - , the reversive -ul- and -uluk-, the denominative -z- and the combination of extensions.
The other names are derived from the diminutive -ana- and the argumentative -kazi ego amakhehla + -ana = UMakhehlana
umam(a)- + -kazi = uMamkazi
The above names tend to have a compound prefix. We shall now deal with the different derivations from each word category.
4.2.2.1. Personal names derived from nouns.
It has been stated earlier on that the personal names derived from nouns have overt or covert compound noun prefixes. Male personal names.
isibusiso -uSibusiso
=
u(mu) -+ isis = usi - CNP CL la + CL 7 ilizwe - uLizwe=
u(mu) - + (i)li=
uli- CNP.CL la + CL 5 amathambo - uMathambo
=
u(mu) -+ (a)ma = uma - CNPCL la + CL6 abafana - uBafana = u(mu) - (i)N-
=
uN- [Cfumu] CNPCLla+CL9
*
bonga - bongisa - sibongisa - sibongiseniu(mu)- + -si- + - bongisa + -ni
=
u(mu)- + -si-=
usi NP + sc (PL) + CAUS.V. + PL-SUF. eLla + SC=
CNPThe compound noun prefix "usi-" of "uSibongiseni" is not a combination of noun prefixes (CL 1) "u(mu)-" and a subjectival concord "-si-" and "usi" is a com- pound noun prefix. Other personal names show negativity by prefixing a negative mor- phene prior the subjectival concord. The radical velar "K" is epenthesised between the negative morphene, if it is a vowel and the noun prefix u - to avoid juxtaposed vowels
"ua-"
The following example show this:
u - Asilutho: u - + -a
NC uKasilutho: u-
+ NM +-ka
+ -si- + -luth- + -0
+SC + NR +UV
+ si- + luth- +-0
In both "uAsilutho" and uAyanda, we put a hyphen (-) to separate the two vowels u and a, but to separate "a and a" of aanda, we epenthesise the "y" to have the name
"u-ayanda." (they are increasing).
In all the derivations, the deletion process is mainly used to formulate the compound noun prefixes of class la and these are mainly overt. All class 1a personal names are nouns of class 1 before the deletion of the basic prefix "-mu-" of "u(mu)-" to form class 1a "u-". The class 1a u- and the basic prefix of each noun prefix are added to form the compound noun prefix. (See also Xala 1996:5-9, Ziervogel 1971:3, Doke 1927:37, Koopman 1990:334).
4.2.2.2. Personal names derived from verbs.
Personal names derived from verbs with a subjectival concord have overt compound noun prefixes whereas those without a subjectival concord, which are ordinary verb stems have a simple noun prefix. In this section, we may consider personal nouns derived from extended verbs which attach the following verbal extensions·: Productive Extensions: the neuter - ek -, the passive -iw-, or -W-, the perfective -il-, the reciprocal -an-, the applied -el-, and the causative-is-. non - productive extensions:
the stative actual -al-, the reversive -ul- and -uluk-, the denominative -Z-, the extension -m- and the combination of extensions. These names are given to both males and females. We have very few names that indicate a negative form of the primary stem, though we have quite a number of names that are in the form of questions, which are, in fact one word questions and their semantics is in the primary verb stem which is still extended lexeme.
(a) Names attaching the verb extension passive -iw-, -w-
The verb stem wether mono-, di - or trisyllabic and with or without the subjectival con- cord have their ultimate vowels deleted and the ultimate vowel of the extended verb may or may not be substituted. In this category, we have both male and female names that are formed by attaching the passive - or -w-