This leads to the spread of the shadow economy in the premises of tertiary institutions. These are the most important livelihoods that are an extension of the economic marginalization of their parents or guardians.
Problem Statement
Secondly, there are people who receive financial support from home, but because of the desire to keep up pompous appearances and maintain a social status anchored in materialism, they feel obliged to go a step further, in accordance to stick with the materialistic needs that money can afford and the standards they want to maintain. This dissertation will partially interrogate the involvement of these groups in the informal economy on the Howard College campus, with the goal of finding out where they come from and how they operate in the context of an academic setting.
Objectives of the study
In what ways does the informal economy in which students are involved relate to the formal economy.
Significance of study
Theoretical Framework
There are different interpretations and elaborations of the livelihood approach as a concept for poverty reduction. The socio-economic and physical context underlie recent attempts to design a schematic model/framework of the factors to be taken into account.10.
Literature Review
This study is useful in understanding the contemporary arguments and perspectives for the informal economy in South Africa. This book is useful because it analyzes and provides a framework for the resources available to students through the informal economy where they are able to produce a living in housing.
Research Methodology
Sampling Technique
These purposive sampling questionnaires were conducted with college students shopping at retailers in their homes. Kumar argues, “The primary consideration of purposive sampling is the researcher's judgment about who can provide the best information to achieve the objectives of the study.
Data Collection Tools
Questionnaires will help the researcher to find out whether students trading in their homes are helpful and to what extent they help or not. Another data collection tool is semi-structured interviews and covers all students trading in residences on the Howard College Campus.
Data Analysis
15 The policy and legislation of the Department of Economic Development (DED) in Kwa Zulu Natal, in collaboration with the Department of Trade and Industry, will assist the researcher in obtaining information on how far departments have gone in increasing the opportunities of youth in developing countries. their entrepreneurial skills. Sometimes the researcher had to constantly call and make appointments and even confirm appointments with the interviewees.
Outline and Structure of Dissertation
In the fourth chapter, the information from the questionnaire and from the documentary sources is presented and analyzed. The fifth chapter discusses the conclusions from the research on informal economic activities.
Conclusion
The documentary sources will look at the ways in which students are or are not part of the development when it comes to entrepreneurship and how, if at all, this impacts on students trying to support themselves through informal economic activity. The chapter will examine the extent to which these activities enable students to generate livelihoods.
Introduction
Background on Black Poverty
EDGE Institute, Johannesburg & University of the Witwatersrand, Knight R (2004) A decade of democracy: Economic policy development in South Africa. 3939 More details can be found in Saunders S G (2005), Estimates of the Informal Economy in South Africa: Some Macroeconomic Policy Implications.
Growth of the Informal Sector
25 The Second Economy with its quiet economic activities such as spaza shops, beer trading, brewing traditional beer, selling second-hand clothes and other hand-to-mouth economic activities has a low tax base and small annual turnover. Gumede argues that the existence of the "second economy" reflects both the legacy of apartheid colonialism and market failures that prevent the first economy from contributing on its own to closing the gap between the two economies. lack of skills needed in the first economy.42. However, a closer analysis of this phenomenon shows that there are close links between the formal and informal sectors, and with the exception of illegal activities, there are few examples of informal market participants who are not connected (via supply or customer networks) to the formal sector. economy.46.
Emergence of the Informal Economy
However, the vast majority of informal economy activities are goods and services whose production is legal. Consequently, there are three aspects common to the informal economy: (1) the systematic connection with the formal economy, (2) the special characteristics of the labor employed in informal activities, and (3) the attitude of the government towards the unregulated sector. 29 In the case of South Africa, the informal economy is the subject of much controversy.
Thus, the dynamics of South Africa's formal economy and its macroeconomic policies have resulted in the emergence of a shadow economy in the residence halls of Howard College.
Conclusion
The centuries of black poverty have marginalized black people inside and outside the formal economy. The marginalization of black people in the economy is due to unequal development of the South African economy. The low key economic activities help black people by supporting themselves because they do not fall within the boundaries of the formal economy.
Mignonne Breier points out that because of the stigma associated with food insecurity they (students) often hide it.
Introduction
Twelve interviews were conducted with informal traders on campuses and they came from different backgrounds. What stood out during the interviews was that they were holding back and not giving full detailed answers. This can be attributed to two things: firstly they were not comfortable disclosing personal information to a stranger or they were embarrassed about the kind of lifestyle they were living.
Socio-economic Background
Jacob78 said "I can say that I don't come from a disadvantaged family because my mother is able to take care of my financial needs." Affordability as opposed to being wealthy is further proven by Nox79 who claims that “I can't say I come from a disadvantaged background because I'm not. Therefore, these students have different interpretations of what it means to come from a disadvantaged and or affluent family.
Determining how tertiary fees are paid is a reflection of the number of students coming from disadvantaged backgrounds.
The Emergence of Informal Traders at Howard College Residences
All interviewees saw the sale of goods in the apartment as a way of combating the lack of financial resources. Most of the students who sell merchandise in the residence halls sell common items such as airtime, muffins, candy, and chips. Also, most of the interviewees receive financial aid, and this is followed by eight interviewees who receive additional financial aid.
Sne says that "the earnings help me to be able to take care of myself financially and save some money for my younger brothers and sisters".
A Livelihood Approach to Student Poverty at Howard College Campus
The above speaks of a relationship that develops between the merchant and the students who buy from the merchant. At the end of the livelihood approach, the students should be able to support themselves. The mediating factors bridge the gap between the forces of change and the assets that the students utilize.
When they practice the livelihood strategy by selling goods, the intermediate result for students is the profit they get from selling goods.
Student Material Acquisition
These resources/assets are utilized by the students because they are a constitutional right for survival and education. The only way to survive in tertiary for these students is for them to engage in informal economic activities where they earn a profit by selling goods to other students. Humans become materialistic because they reproduce themselves through economic activities and these economic activities are able to classify a person or place them in a certain class of individuals based on their economic status.
However, some interviewees within this category stated that they do not receive a consistent amount of financial support from their families and therefore still need the profits they make from selling goods.
Conclusion
As already presented, eight out of twelve respondents said that they receive additional financial support from their parents and/or guardians. Others use the profits to buy clothes because it is a need and not a desire and others use the profits to make themselves acceptable to society by maintaining physical appearance through make-up, haircuts, hairstyles and other fashions items. Therefore, considering the results in category two, there is undoubtedly a difference between those who need items to sustain their lives and their education and those who still want to be seen as fashionable and attractive to society.
Other students have stated that they trade casual goods because the extra profit allows them to buy accessories and other things that enhance their beauty or reputation with their friends.
Introduction
Support Received by Student Traders from other Students
From the above tables it can be deduced that there is a high percentage of non-traders who use the services of the traders. Of seventy non-dealers, there were fifty-eight who indicated that they buy the most airtime from the dealers. One of the reasons given by many non-traders for purchasing goods from resident traders is that these are closer (shorter distance) traders compared to the shopping centers and the CBD (Central Business District) which are far away.
Other non-dealers claimed that they have no choice but to buy goods from the resident traders.
Trader Services to Non-traders
The satisfactory service identified by the non-merchants in Figure 6 may include situations where the merchant sometimes runs out of stock. On the other hand, the lack of variety may be another aspect that contributes to non-traders saying they are satisfied with the services of the traders. Non-traders on the questionnaire were asked whether they contribute to the welfare of traders.
Economic participation (to increase youth participation in the economy through targeted and integrated programs. NYDA will support both for-profit enterprises as well as social enterprises that promote job placement, self-employment and income-generating activities).
Conclusion
The lack of an official policy or framework to regulate student traders shows a lack of awareness on the part of the university. The university would not be a trading hub, but would be a "middle man" bridging the gap between NYDA and students. The university would be encouraged to subsidize certain activities based on their scale.
The university can also benefit from this if they use the services of the NYDA.
Primary Sources Interviews
Secondary Sources Unpublished Dissertations
Do you think anything can be done to further strengthen the local trader initiative? Do you have financial support, a grant or do you have someone at home who pays for your costs? In addition to financial support, a grant or someone paying your fee, do you receive any other form of financial support from your family?
In what form do you receive this additional financial support, other than financial aid, a scholarship or someone paying your fees.
