To address this issue, emphasis has been placed on the role of planning and design of the environment in reducing crime. An analysis of the specific planning and design issues in Wentworth indicates that changing the environment through various design measures will reduce crime and vulnerability.
ASSESSING THE PRACTICALITY AND FEASIBILITY OF CPTED 129
CHAPTER FIVE: EVALUATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
SUMMARY OF KEY FINDINGS IN CONEXT OF THE FOUR
INFLUENCE OF APARTHEID PLANNING AND DESIGN IN
LIST OF PLATES
LIST OF TABLES
- BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
- CRIME TYPOLOGY OF WENTWORTH
- RESEARCH AIMS AND QUESTIONS
- The aim of the study was to
- PARADIGMATIC PERSPECTIVE
- STRUTURE OF THE THESIS
- CONCLUSION
Although crime and victimization have been inextricably linked to environmental planning and design (Lemanski, 2006), the social and physical environments are not always considered as overlapping causal factors (Pain, 2000). This was a precursor to the implementation of the Group Areas Act in Durban (Maharaj, 1997).
LITERATURE REVIEW
INTRODUCTION
In terms of the individual context four variables (personal characteristics, vulnerability, lifestyle and direct or indirect victimization). He states that the development of the city can (situationally) influence gendered (demographic/individual) fear patterns.
CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL CONTEXT
- The broken windows theory
They argue that the work of the Chicago School ostensibly focuses on the environment, but may only address the social ecology of crime. Yet the work of Chicago School scholars has highlighted the uneven distribution of crime and deviance in urban settings.
THE FIVE PRINCIPLES OF THE CPTED MODEL
- Principle 1 - surveillance and visibility
- Principle 2 - territoriality
- Principle 3 - image and aesthetics
- Principle 5 - access and escape routes
This can precede or be influenced by the deterioration of the environment, further exacerbating crime and fear. This creates a juxtaposition of public versus private space, with fear as the driving factor.
LIMITATIONS OF CPTED
- Displacement of crime
- Over-emphasise on target hardening
Crime is constantly changing, managing and maintaining the use of CPTED principles in crime prevention initiatives is essential to ensure the sustainability of the model. There is a negative view of target hardening because of the control over spaces and people.
THE FUTURE OF CPTED: GREEN APPROACHES TO SUSTAINABLE URBAN SAFETY, PLANNING AND DESIGN
This change was in line with the work of the Chicago School and led to renewed interest in the model. This allows for long-term monitoring and evaluation of the other five principles and the model as a whole.
GEOSPATIAL CRIME MAPPING AND PREVENTION
However, the twentieth century brought renewed interest in the role of crime mapping, which emerged through the work of Chicago School theorists. 35 Towards the end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the 21st century, advances in technology resulted in a renewed interest in the role of crime mapping.
INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW OF THE APPLICATION OF CPTED
A specific study of the city of Amadora showed that crime was not distributed randomly, but concentrated in certain 'hotspot' areas. He argues that in SA, the increase in crime in the post-1994 era may not have been due to the transition to democracy.
POLICES ENDORSING CPTED IN SOUTH AFRICA
- The Urban Renewal Strategy
The development of the NCPS was then followed by the White Paper on Safety and Security (1998), which renewed interest in crime prevention. The NCPS outlined economic crime and investigations in the context of a model rather than targeted urban planning and design (Naude, 2000).
THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN THE APPLICATION OF CPTED IN SOUTH AFRICA
Proponents of the model argue that local authorities must continuously promote and develop strategies for comprehensive implementation of CPTED (Moolman, 2000). The CPTED model (through planning and design) must be adopted across all municipal crime prevention strategies (Kruger et al., 2006). This strategy examined the interdisciplinary role of CPTED and the interdisciplinary role of the stakeholders who would be involved in its implementation (Kruger et al., 2006).
Post-apartheid planning and design aimed to address past inequalities through integration and desegregation.
CONCLUSION
An analysis of the model, its international application and studies on crime, fear and place show that using the five principles of CPTED can successfully reduce crime and create high-quality living environments. This spatial analysis both influences the implementation of CPTED and validates arguments that the environment influences criminal activity. The international overview of the application of CPTED shows that Europe, North and South America and Australia have extensive knowledge and experience in using the model.
An examination of the gated settlements showed that CPTED is fully used mainly for the elite.
INTRODUCTION
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH
Can implementing the CPTED model increase community safety in Wentworth by reducing crime, vulnerability and fear?. Does apartheid planning and design affect existing problems with crime and the built environment? . ii). What is the nature and extent of crime and fear (of crime) in the community? . iii).
What is the nature and extent of planning and design problems in the community? . iv) Are crime hotspots more common in areas where planning and design problems arise? . v).
CASE STUDY RESEARCH DESIGN
Furthermore, Yin (1993) argues that scholars tend to compare survey research with the generalization of qualitative case study research. However, the applicability of statistical generalization to the qualitative design of case studies is possible if appropriate samples are selected for survey research. In addition, external validity is achieved by testing theories and generalizing findings from one case study to the next (Neale et al., 2006).
This involved the use of a single case study of the Wentworth community, using multiple data sources and a mixed methods methodology.
MIXED METHODS METHODOLOGY
However, Maree (2007) argues that the general applicability of the findings from a case should not be an issue because as a 'case study' it aims to study (a) specific problem(s) and make recommendations rather than generalising results. 66 shape the boundaries of the approach and decide whether the study is more qualitative or quantitative. Firstly, a QUAN + qual approach is used when a large part of the study is based on quantitative data and supplemented with qualitative data.
It also made it possible to generalize the quantitative part of the study to other studies.
SAMPLING
Second, there is the QUAL + quan approach, which is used with qualitative data supplemented with quantitative data (Driscoll et al., 2007). This is evident from the data collection method of this study, which used the QUAN + qual approach. Using the mixed methodology allowed the researcher to achieve different viewpoints and external and internal validity, which were due to the integration of many methods (Johnson et al, 2007).
67 For this study, the researcher used group sampling techniques (probability or quantitative) to distribute the questionnaires.
MIXED METHODS DATA COLLECTION
DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS
- Questionnaires
- Geospatial representation of crime and planning and design problems
- Photographic evidence
- Interviews
- Focus groups
Second, a map of the area was created to illustrate the spatial relationship between crime and planning and design issues. So the researcher's relationship with members of the SDB FBO committee gave access to the congregations. The researcher then arranged a date and time at the end of the Sunday service to address and disseminate questionnaires to the congregation.
A further advantage was that the experts from the various crime prevention sectors were also part of the SDB CSF.
INFORMED CONSENT
The proceedings of the meetings were useful as the committee focused on and discussed crime prevention and CPTED. Spriggs (2010) argues that children do not necessarily need parental consent if the minor is mature enough to understand the nature of the research and if the research is beneficial with little risk. However, the study explored the use of the CPTED model in the physical and built environment to reduce crime and vulnerability.
This shows that respondents between the ages of 12 and 18 understood crime in the community and appreciated the objectives of the study.
CONCLUSION
Evaluation of completed questionnaires also revealed that the majority of uncompleted questionnaires originated from respondents over 25 years of age.
FINDINGS
INTRODUCTION
THE PROCESS OF ANALYSIS
- Quantitative
- Qualitative
- CPTED PRINCIPLES
It also aimed to assess whether society understood how planning and design affected crime; and if they supported the use of CPTED. In cases where no gender (or age) was provided, the data were recorded as NoDem (no demographics). ii) Maps and images illustrating crime and planning and design hotspots. For the analysis, Principle 2 - Image and aesthetics was overlapped with Principle 3 - Access and escape routes, while Principle 1 - Target hardening was overlapped with Principle 4 - surveillance and visibility.
In this way, the various planning and design issues outlined by Wentworth residents are linked to the corresponding principles in the model.
DEMOGRAPHIC COMPOSITION OF RESPONDENTS
To illustrate the robustness of CPTED implementation, Tables 4.8 and 4.9 include a comparison of the questionnaire responses with its respective principle(s). The racial composition of the community, together with the socio-economic environment19 can make them vulnerable to increased victimization. In SA, blacks make up seventy-five percent of the population, yet eighty percent of violent crimes are committed against them.
Bezeidenhout and Joubert (2003) suggest that the reason for such increased crime against this racial group is the socio-spatial environments in which they are located.
THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF CRIME AND VICTIMISATION IN WENTWORTH
- Feelings of safety in the community and at specific times
- Influence of crime on social development and interaction
- Prevalence of crime vs. fear of crime
The same categorization of crime was used to determine the nature and extent of victimization (Table 4.2). This study aimed to determine the extent of the fear (perceptions) and incidence (actual) of crime by residents of Wentworth. In addition, a comparison of Table 4.3 with Table 4.2 revealed that the incidence, and fear, of crime is directly related to the nature of victimization.
However, it provides an overview of different categories of crime over a wide geographical area.
PLANNING, DESIGN AND CRIME
- Planning, design and crime in context of apartheid
- Planning and design problems that affect crime and fear of victimisation
The respondents were also requested to provide information on planning and design problems in Wentworth. Conversely, Table 4.7 illustrates the level of crime according to the three categorizations of planning and design problems. A comparative analysis of the map shows that there are fewer roads with high planning and design problems (Figure 4.13).
112 Figure 4.14: Map showing the level of crime according to which category of planning and design problems in Wentworth.
An unfenced park results in dumping in Wentworth
This is further exacerbated by the lack of lighting, the growth of unkempt shrubs and general neglect in the area surrounding the units (Plate 4.4). The flooding could be the result of the building's inability to control the flow of waste, or of residents in and around the flats illegally dumping waste. One initiative aimed at improving the appearance of the community is local government clean-up campaigns.
An immediate short-term response to such a situation would be to lift dilapidated buildings by painting, installing wire fencing and constantly cleaning the area.
Abandoned building between residential homes in Wentworth
- ASSESSING THE PRACTICALITY AND FEASIBILITY OF CPTED
- Community support of CPTED
- INTRODUCTION
- SUMMARY OF KEY FINDINGS IN CONEXT OF THE FOUR OJECTIVES OF THIS STUDY
- CRIME AND VULNERABILITY IN WENTWORTH
- The nature and extent of crime and victimisation
- Fear, social cohesion and disorder
- INFLUENCE OF APARTHEID PLANNING AND DESIGN IN WENTWORTH
- USING CPTED IN WENTWORTH
- Planning, design and crime (and fear of it)
- Feasibility of CPTED principles for Wentworth
- THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN CPTED IMPLEMENTATION
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- CONCLUSION
Residents also supported the use of the CPTED model as an alternative crime prevention option for the community. The theoretical and contextual literature relating to the use of the crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) model in South Africa (SA) is still relatively new and developing. He explains that poor conditions and the quality of the physical environment affect criminal activity.
Therefore, the deterioration of the physical and built environment increases fear and perceptions of crime. Preparations for the development of a crime prevention strategy for local authorities, Acta Criminologica Department of Criminology, Nordic University. The impact of the built environment on crime and fear of crime in urban neighborhoods, Journal of urban technology.
