Islam and the environment within the context of globalisation and South Africa.

The Muslims of South Africa can achieve social transformation through a closer connection with the environment through the process of Environmental Education and greater care for the environment. Support of political and social environment 132 4.3.5 Problems regarding the Environmental Education Model (Refer to F in .. the model: assessment of outcomes Possible solutions regarding Environmental Education Networks in.

ANNEXUREA 192 7.2 ANNEXURE B: MOULANA-I.BHAM 199

ANNEXURE C: EDUCATING YOUNG MINDS 204 7.4 ANNEXURE D: QUESTIONNAIRE TO SCHOOLS 206

Studies/life orientation period in the classroom 113 Chart AA: Facilitating staff workshops on E.E 114 Chart BB: Staff attending departmental workshops 115.

1 CHAPTER ONE

Introductory Chapter

INTRODUCTION

Chapter three focuses on the final findings of an empirical survey of South African Islamic schools and major religious bodies found in South Africa. A sample of 17 (36%) of the total number of Islamic schools in South Africa is an acceptable, reliable volume sample.

Figure 1: Schools researched in South Africa: National Context Key:

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The subject
The Instrument

The questionnaire to the school principals (Refer to Annexure D)
The questionnaire to the representatives of the Provincial Theological Bodies
Data analysis and presentation
Concluding Remarks to the section on Research design and Methodology Chapter Three in essence deals with the evidence from the empirical investigation into
The Way Forward: Suggestions for South African Educational Institutions and Religious Bodies: Chapter Four

To date, there is no substantive research in the area of assessing the role of South African Muslims within the field of environmental and globalization research. No scaled items or Likert scale was adopted due to the simplicity of the questionnaire.

Figure 2: Model for a socially responsible Environment Education extension process

2 CHAPTER TWO

Theoretical Viewpoints on Islam and the Environment within the context of

Globalization

INTRODUCTION

Precepts on the relationship between humans (either directly or indirectly) and the environment are available primarily in the primary sources of Islam, viz. However, the Qur'an is considered the central source of most of the primary literature related specifically to this chapter on the environment.

GLOBALISATION

Defining Globalisation
The Beginning of Globalisation
Islam and Globalisation

Global satellite tracking technologies can even identify agricultural and industrial activities in the most remote parts of the world. Some see this period as an interruption of the process of globalization that continued in the late 19th century.

THE ENVIRONMENT

Islam and the Environment
Impact of the Environment
Types of Environment
The bio-diversity of life and the principle of Amanah
Environmental Crisis in the Muslim World
Environmental Awareness: An Islamic Paradigm

In the above Hadith (from the life of the Prophet Muhammad), it is explicit how all forms of the environment are referred to. In the alternation of night and day The rotation of the earth is implicit here.

Figure 4: The major types of environments

Vicegerency [KhilSfah]

Subjection [TaskhTr]

Inhabitation [Fmar]

It is quite clear from the sayings and verses of the Holy Quran that we have established a sense of representation (khalifat). Therefore, stewardship is based on knowledge that enables a person to be a caretaker of the environment in which he lives.

Subjection (Taskhirt

CONCLUDING REMARKS

"Signs" refer to all those elements of the environment that confirm the fact that all Creation was created by the grace of the Almighty. Vmar refers to the distribution and density of human population around the world.

3 CHAPTER THREE

Empirical Research Findings into the status of Environmental Education (E,E«)

INTRODUCTION

The history of Jamiat-e-Ulema Transvaal will give the reader an idea of its importance. Many theologians literally spent their lives serving the Muslims in the then old Transvaal under the auspices of the Jamiat-e-Ulema Transvaal. A presentation on the main Islamic radio stations in the province and their program coverage of environmental issues.

THE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

The Jamiat-E-Ulema Kwazulu Natal (JUKZN) -Qualitative Interview With Mufti Zubair Bhayat

Newspapers and radio stations
The JUKZN and the WSSD

The JUKZN and the Environment
Muslim Judicial Council (MJC) - Qualitative Interview With Moulana Ihsaan Hendricks

The MJC's involvement in the Environment
Newspapers and radio stations

Mufti Zubair Bhayat contributed to the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) held in Johannesburg in the form of a publication. The largest and historically oldest Muslim population is found in the Western Cape. Moulana Hendricks admitted that immediately, one realizes that this is a very neglected area in the Muslim community.

The Jamiat-E-Ulema Transvaal (JUT) - Interview With Moulana Ebrahim Bham

The main mosque in Johannesburg
The JUT's views on Islam and the Environment
Projects Undertaken By The Jut On Sustainable Development Water Projects (provision of boreholes)
Moulana Bham's audio cassette: Environmental issues: An Islamic Perspective
The JUTs Concluding Remarks
The Sunni Jamiat-e-Ulema Kwazulu Natal
The Soofie Darbaar Institute*™

What the imams in the mosques affiliated to JUT are discussing are issues of sustainable development. Moulana Bham pointed out that there is no dedicated column on the subject of Islam and the environment. He did not include topics related to the environment in his lectures or in the quarterly Soofie Saheb newsletter.

CONCLUDING REMARKS: CONTRIBUTIONS MADE BY THE VARIOUS INSTITUTIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL

S Endorse the value of the topic of Islam and the Environment S Agree that this area needs more emphasis. S That Allah has commanded us to protect the environment. S That Allah has entrusted us with the environment. S agree that their provincial radio stations should include topics related to environmental concerns in their program schedule.

Figure 6: Environmental coverage by Muslim Radio Stations

QUANTITATIVE EMPIRICAL RESEARCH FINDINGS

General Section
Classroom-specific questions
Learning Area^ specific questions
Staff-Specific questions
General Comments

General aspects of the school (bulletin boards, posters, clubs, newsletters, Establishment of vegetable gardens, green projects, library integration. In this section, the contributors had room to make valuable comments in connection with the establishment of EE and the subject of introduction of the subject of the environment in their teaching After the results were filled in the relevant spreadsheet, graphs were generated which visually make for interesting comparative reading.

COLLATION OF DATA: ANALYSIS OF PICTORIAL GRAPHS

Overall, it should be noted that provision is made for Environmental Education in 65% of the various education phases. The intermediate and senior phases show that Environmental Education is provided in 71% of the Intermediate and Senior Phase. Almost half of the Islamic schools sample indicated that they do not celebrate World Environment Day.

Table 3: Environmental Education in South African Schools

PRESENCE OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION NOTICE BOARD (REFER TO GRAPH G)

GENERAL COMMENTS BY INTERVIEWEES

In the final section of the questionnaire, interviewees were given the opportunity to provide GENERAL COMMENTS regarding the situation regarding environmental education in South African Islamic schools. There is also agreement that environmental education has been largely neglected in South African Islamic schools. Educators also believed that environmental education should be an ongoing process, with activities taking place regularly.

CONCLUDING REMARKS

Learners in Islamic schools will no longer be judged solely by their exiting secular results. However, every public school (which falls within the areas of the department of education) must ensure that the vision of the state regarding Environmental Education is maintained. Compared to the controlled group, the statistics related to Islamic schools are more valid than the controlled group because the sample is reliable and large.

Table 2 shows the responses of the controlled group in a comparative "question by question" analysis with reference to the research questionnaire The controlled group comprises three schools from the public schooling sector in South Africa and th

4 CHAPTER FOUR

Proposals for South African Islamic Schools and Islamic Institutions to

INTRODUCTION

In chapter four, the following aspects related to the topic of Islam and the Environment are explored with a view to providing an improvement program for the development of Environmental Education (EE) within the context of the mainstream Muslim society of South Africa. It therefore qualifies that the basic principles of Islam support Environmental Education as an integral aspect of life for a Muslim. Also, in the third chapter it was found that Islamic schools and institutions have taken into account the importance of Environmental Education (and its importance in divine books) and Environmental Education is part of the pedagogy of many Islamic schools.

TOWARDS A SOCIALLY RESPONSIVE OUTCOMES DRIVEN-MODEL FOR THE

The principles of the Qur'an (divine law) have determined that every human being is a Khalifah (representative) of Allah on this planet. Organizations, communities, the Association of Muslim Schools and private Islamic schools in South Africa are subsystems of the wider Muslim community. This combined Gestalt effect bodes well for the preservation and protection of the environment.

Figure 8: A socially responsive environmental education model for sustainable development

THE MALAYSIAN ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION EXPERIENCE: IMPLEMENTING THE SOCIALLY

Introduction
The Main Environmental Problems
An Overview of Environmental Networking In Malaysia (Refer
Problems Concerning the Environmental Education Model (Refer to F in the model: assessing outcomes)
Possible Solutions Concerning Environmental Education Networking in developing a Sustainable Society

Malaysia's Ministry of Education has launched a national environmental education program to instill environmental awareness among students. The goal of environmental education in Malaysian schools is to develop students who will be more sensitive and attentive to issues related to the environment and more aware of sustainable development. An effective communication network on environmental education needs to be established within governmental organizations and between governmental and non-governmental organizations.

OUTCOMES BASED EDUCATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION

Outcomes Based Education (OBE)
An example of a lesson plan using the OBE method
OUTCOMES BASED EDUCATION

INTRODUCTION
THE WAY IN WHICH OBE WILL IMPACT ON THE TEACHING OF ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
CRITICAL AND SPECIFIC OUTCOMES CRITICAL OUTCOMES
CONCLUSION

TEACHING A LESSON USING THE NEW APPROACH

POSSIBLE SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
SUGGESTED LEARNER ACTIVITIES
PERFORMANCE OUTCOMES
INTEGRATED LEARNING IN ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION The integration of knowledge is one of the key principles of the new curriculum. A

In the past, the majority of South Africa's population (black Africans) were severely disadvantaged as a result of the inequalities and injustices of apartheid education. This learning area was chosen exclusively because three of the nine specific outcomes from the HSS learning area are applicable to the field of Environmental Education. The following instructional development plan takes a new approach to facilitating educationally sound lessons.

Table 5: Examples of integrated learning activities LEARNING AREA

CONDUCTING AN ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT IN SOUTH AFRICAN ISLAMIC SCHOOLS AND

THE IMPORTANCE OF FIELDWORK IN ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION TO ISLAMIC

The Zimbali Environmental Education Experience

Writing skills that teach students to record information accurately, both in the form of notes as well as in the form of diagrams, maps and sketches. Measurement skills that teach students to make accurate measurements of phenomena such as distance, angles, numbers and size. Quranic verses about ants, bees, spiders, oceans, rivers, animal kingdoms, animal-plant interdependence, plant kingdom, hydrological cycle and other environmental aspects can be observed and explored first hand.

FURTHER

ENVIROMENTALLY INTERACTIVE ACTIVITIES FOR ISLAMIC SCHOOLS

Establishing a vegetable patch/garden: Grades 4-9
Greening Projects
Other aesthetically appealing environmental education projects for Islamic schools
The Islamic School and the local Community
Articulation of the 1996 AMS Conference vision by Dr Omar Kasule and other delegates in Cape Town (circa September
The role of the Association of Muslim Schools (AMS) and the

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL

Once the school has gained the trust of the community, there will be no need for Islamic schools to worry about declining enrollment. The Qur'an is flooded with information that qualifies humans as responsible for the protection of the natural environment. As the national AMS office opens in Pretoria in 2005, part of the mandate of the AMS should be to ensure that environmental education is part of the curriculum in Islamic schools.

SCHOOLS

Understanding Environmental Education: Teacher Thinking and Practice in Canadian elementary schools

This will include objective aspects of the river such as its name, length, width, water depth and the like. An EMS educator can discuss the value of a river to the primary, secondary and tertiary economic sectors. Essays on the importance of the river to local farmers can be written in languages.

Figure 10: Planting a garden and the resultant educational outcomes

A COMPARA TIVE STUDY OF THE OPPORTUNITIES AND

CONSTRAINTS FACING ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION PRA CTITIONERS IN A USTRALIA

CONCLUDING REMARKS

Various projects, models and proposals offer pragmatic solutions to the development of Environmental Education in mainstream South African society. There is great potential that EE has in understanding and applying the Qur'an. In Saudi Arabia's in-flight magazine Ahlan Wasahlan considerable space is devoted to environmental issues.

5 CONCLUSION

ISLAM AND THE ENVERONMENT

Changes in the curriculum and mindsets of the South African Muslim community in relation to Environmental Education include changing society through new programs and resources, new teaching practices and new educational policies. Environmental education is about respect, respect for life, love for each other, seeing interconnectedness in everything (horizontally and vertically). Environmental Education reinforces the teachings of the Qur'an, and the school and mosque provide key points of practice for articulating and applying the divine teachings found within the Qur'an.

The Individual

Understanding one's values

How one's behaviour impacts on

The World

Environmental education in Islamic schools will bring back this consciousness of the Muslim Ummah (nation). This is an honest attempt to explore the relationship between the main 'arteries' of the Muslim community in South Africa in the form of the study of Islamic schools and the Jamiats and the subject of Islam and the environment. This dissertation attempts to contextualize and politicize the issue of the environment within the confines of the divine teachings of the Qur'an.

6 REFERENCES

Islamic Environmental Engineering: A Systems Study of Environmental Engineering and Islamic Law, Politics, Education, Economics and Sociology of Science and Culture.

7 ANNEXURES

ANNEXURE A

Europeans treated other world races as inferior and in many cases simply exterminated them. Developing countries will pay a high price if they recklessly swallow European ideas. A large number of highly educated Muslims now live in the North Atlantic countries.