R1: "The management does not involve us in any meeting so that we can speak; they mostly talk to our foremen. This method enabled an understanding of the H&S perception of workers in the Nigerian construction industry.
Introduction
The findings conclude that the main determinant of construction cost increases in South Africa is equipment costs. There are largely unexamined assumptions about which resource factors are responsible for construction cost growth in South Africa.
University of Cape Town
Identification and Review of Construction Cost Drivers
The theoretical underpinning and constructs of the apparent drivers of construction labor cost proposed in this research are aligned with the findings of previous studies by Odediran and Windapo (2014); American Institute of Architects (2013); Olatunji (2010); Skitmore et al. The focus of this study will be the contribution of resource factors to construction cost.
Research Methodology
The construction cost index (BCI), which is a measure of trends in estimating the cost required to complete a construction project, was used in the study as a measure of the increase in the cost of building construction. The Construction Materials Price Index (CI) is a measure of the trend of changes in the prices of volatile construction materials.
Findings and Discussion
Bowen, PA (1993) A communication-based review of cost modeling and price forecasting in the design phase of a traditional building procurement process in South Africa. On the assessment of price movements and output growth rates of the Hong Kong construction industry.
Of its share of the global length of barrier islands, 800 km of Nigeria's Atlantic coastline consists mainly of beach-ridge barrier islands (Ibe, 1988). The Lekki Peninsula sub-region, which is located on the southern flank of Lagos, is part of the metropolis that has been experiencing rapid urbanization in recent years. Among the objectives are the assessment of the physical characteristics of the island or geographical indicators, the assessment of the risks of these physical processes and the risks they pose to urban development on the island.
Furthermore, conventional urban development of buildings and infrastructure involves rigid structures whose rigidity is at odds with the physical dynamics of barrier islands. Both make it possible to predict the "life expectancy" of an urban development or activity on an island.
Map of the area with outline showing the position of the island in 1849 and in 1980;. The climate of the area as experienced in Lagos metropolis is influenced by two air masses namely: the tropical maritime and tropical continental air masses. Based on the 20 Local Government Areas of the state, the peninsula consists mainly of Etiosa, Ibeju/Lekki LGAs and part of Epe LGA.
The morphology of the complex was determined by coastal dynamics, drainage and four interrelated coastal processes (Ibe, 1988). The barrier beaches of the Lagos coastline have an average height of 0.75-5 meters above sea level (Abegunde, 1988).
Findings
Evaluation of the potential risk to development on the island was carried out by intersecting the elevation data with flat GIS or 'bathtub fill water levels' (Van de-Sande, 2012; Poulter & Halpin, 2008; Bates et al., 2005) of 0. 5 – above 4.1 m from the zero point to derive a flood hazard potential for both flooding and offshore flooding. To evaluate the risks of coastal erosion, minimum (5.42 m), moderate (10.25 m) and maximum (22.75 m) erosion rates were radiated inward from the coastline at 10-year intervals over 30 years of the most erosive area in Eti-Osa LGA to determine the extent potentially lost if erosion rates remain unchanged. Image measurement (Jensen, 2007) and valuation (Otegbulu, 2013) were carried out to estimate the socio-economic impact on buildings and roads in Eti-Osa LGA.
Figure 3.5: Surface drainage network and drainage basins or lack thereof in the Peninsula (Generated from SRTM DEM). The coastal erosion risk assessment results show that the minimum area potentially eroded in Eti-Osa LGA in the year 2023 is 36ha, 64ha in 2033 and 94ha in 2043, while the maximum in 2043 is 408ha if erosion remains unchecked and at these rates .
Discussion and Recommendations
These findings relatively reveal that Eti-Osa LGA, which is currently the most developed, is the lowest situated of the councils in the peninsula where elevations of 0.5 - 3 m are dominant. The flood hazard map based on the 'bathtub-fill' method/elevation shows that most of the area at extreme risk of flooding (0.51-2m) is in Eti-Osa LGA. Epe LGA is the council with the highest percentage of areas in the height of 3 - 4m, closely followed by Ibeju - Lekki LGA.
Evaluation of beach recession indicates that erosion and beach recession apparently moved eastward into areas of the peninsula reported by Ibe (1988) to be increasing at that time. The potential risks described should be part of the warning for emergency planning in this area.
New challenges
Contingency planning in the area is necessary because as determined by the literature in the course of this study, regardless of coastal protection measures that are taken or considered, strong engineering protection measures often move the erosion problem away from its location. Perhaps this can happen on the Lagos coastline, but not on the barrier coastline of Long Island, New York. These breakwaters reduced the natural movement of sand on the long west coast along the south shore of Long Island, resulting in the accumulation of sand on the upper or eastern side, while the beach on the lower or western side of the inlet was severely eroded.
Coch (2015) found that the construction of numerous groins to trap sand drifting along the coast to extend local beaches and storm protection measures resulted in severe beach erosion on western Long Island (Plates 5.3 and 5.4). For example, within about 21/2 years of construction around the Goshen property, a U-shaped shoreline formation, characteristic of groin formations in aerial surveys and photographs, appeared on the previously nearly linear coastline of the peninsula.
Conclusion
The nature of the maintenance project depends largely on the nature of the work to be carried out. This also determines the method of implementation of the project, both through internal and external contracting. Regardless of the method of implementation of the project, successful completion of the project is paramount.
Identifying constraints and critical success factors (CSFs) in business can improve management strategy and performance (Mukelasi et al. 2012). For this to be achievable in reality, the critical success factors that can influence the improvement of the maintenance workforce must be identified.
Critical Success Factors (CSFs) Conceptual Review
Also, the maintenance contractor and staff evolve around the uncertainty surrounding the maintenance decision-making platform, which makes the success of the maintenance projects risky. This will reduce the chance of failure during project implementation if all risks are properly managed (Mukelasi et al. 2012). Successfully completing maintenance projects will increase customer satisfaction and the organizational image of maintenance companies and improve the built environment.
Straub considers maintenance contractors to be service innovators; the study looks at several attributes that determine the success of a maintenance project in relation to the personality of the contractor. Factors determining maintenance project success in Lagos, Nigeria, from the perception of clients, maintenance contractors and consultants were seen to contribute to the existing literature.
Research Method
Although the findings of some of the reviewed literature were similar, in this area, due to the uniqueness of the project environment, opposing opinions were expressed. Ranking of the factors was done based on the mean score of the responses with descriptive statistics. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was conducted to examine the differences in the perception of the criticality of these factors by the three groups of respondents, namely clients, maintainers and consultants.
To identify which group of respondents had a different opinion, a Post Hoc (Tukey's B) test was performed for the factors with a significance value of less than 0.05. In addition, Cronbach's alpha was used in this study to test the internal consistency between the critical success factors of maintenance projects.
Results
From the results of the factor analysis, the variables of the success factors of the maintenance project were grouped into components. Moreover, the findings of the recent study show that effective maintenance cost allocation and budgeting can facilitate project success. The ease of the techniques adopted in the execution of the project is crucial to the successful achievement as shown; this is consistent with the technical competence found in Al Hammad and Assaf's study.
The ability of the maintenance contractor to plan and schedule the maintenance project to be performed is paramount to improving performance. Furthermore, understanding the maintenance processes and procedures will help the project stakeholders to effectively and efficiently manage the maintenance project activities.
Conclusion
The literature review revealed that all (100%) causal factors for material waste in the pre-contract and post-contract phases of a project are associated with 96.88% and 81.36% of the causes of cost overruns in these phases respectively. The construction industry remained one of the driving forces behind the socio-economic development of any nation. Cost overruns are associated with projects in twenty nations and five continents of the world (Allahaim and Liu, 2012; Flyvbjerg et al., 2004).
This is regardless of the 5% emergency allowance to cover material wastage in the bill of quantities in countries like Nigeria. These therefore provide the need for a research that provides a holistic assessment of the relationship between the causes of material wastage and the causes of cost overruns at the pre- and post-contract stages of a construction project.
Saidu and Shakantu (2015) studied the relationship between appraisal quality, construction material waste generation and cost overruns in Abuja, Nigeria. Baloyi and Bekker (2011) conducted a study on the causes of cost overruns in the 2010 FIFA World Cup stadiums in South Africa. Omoregie and Radford (2006) examined the causes of cost overruns in infrastructure projects in Nigeria.
Malumfashi and Shuaibu (2012) investigated the causes of cost overruns in infrastructure projects. The interviews focused on issues related to material waste and cost overruns in the pre- and post-contract phases of a construction project.
Research Findings
- 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑛 = 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 + 𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 – 𝐸𝐶𝑀𝑊𝑀 (1𝑑) This is the same with other scenarios Line 02, A-C and
- 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑛 = 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 + 𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝐶𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑠 – 𝐸𝐶𝑀𝑊𝑀 (2𝑐) Line 03, B-C
- Conclusions and Further Research
Sn Causes of material waste associated with causes of cost overruns in the pre-contract phase of a project. Sn Causes of material waste associated with causes of cost overruns in the post-contract phase of a. Material waste control measures that have an effect on controlling cost overruns in the pre-contract and post-contract phases of a project.
Sn Measures for the control of material waste that affect the control of cost overruns on pre. Sn Measures for the control of material waste affecting the control of cost overruns on the post-.
