This study is part of the UCT~Saldru Project on Statistics on Living Standards and Development. In defining the PWV for this report, we have attempted to follow the 1985 definition of the nine Development Regions. Map A2 and Table A 1 present the various administrative and statistical sub-regional boundaries of the region.
The regional data (eg demographic statistics) generally refers to the entire PWV region, but in some cases excludes Bophuthatswana.
MAP A2
ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARIES
OF THE PWV REGION
LEGEND
THE MINIMUM LIVING LEVEL (MLL) POVERTY PROFILE
The incidence of poverty according to this criterion is highest in the Vaal triangle; least in the Pretoria area. However, the incidence of poverty among Africans in Johannesburg SR (which includes Greater Soweto and Alexandra) is lower than in Pretoria SR. Compared to our finding that African households lived below the MLL, this measure of poverty shows a consistent and unique increase in poverty in the PWV over the past 20 years.
The Employment Research Unit (ERU) found that in 1992, 30% of households in the Vaaldriehoek lived under the HSL, and 64%.
EMPLOYMENT POVERTY PROFILE
11 a recent phenomenon has been the 'internationalisation' of the informal economy through the employment of migrants from frontline states; Regarding the occupational profile of residents, Sapire and Schlemmer note that "detached settlement households have a significantly higher proportion of unskilled workers (41%) than other households (26% in outbuildings, 34% in houses and 33% in backyards)". The finding that the housing conditions are closely related to position in the occupational hierarchy is particularly significant in light of the changes in the occupational profile of working Africans, and more specifically, the significant (absolute) decrease in the number of unskilled jobs (Hindson, 1991; Hindson and Crankshaw, 1990).
This suggests that the differentiation in employment conditions (between the formally and informally employed, between different occupational groups and between employed and unemployed) is one of the main bases of inequality (and poverty) among the urban population in the PWV.
UNEMPLOYMENT POVERTY PROFILE
Notwithstanding the problems with the current Population Survey which has now been disbanded, there is an urgent need for a detailed annual (unemployment) survey which provides more detailed information than is normally collected in the census, and which extends beyond the main metropolitan areas , which allows for detailed regional and subregional analysis. Sapire and Schlemmer (1990) show that unemployment rates among blacks do not vary significantly with housing type, although skill and income levels do; they report unemployment rates between 16% and 23% for people living in the different housing types.
UNEMPLOYMENT RATES FOR SELECTED STATISTICAL REGIONS OF THE PWV, BY GENDER AND RACE, CENSUS 1991
PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME, BY RACE, WEST RAND SR, AS INCLUDED IN 1991 CENSUS. PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME, BY RACE, EAST RAND SR, AS INCLUDED IN 1991 CENSUS. PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME, BY RACE, VA AL TRIANGLE SR , AS INCLUDED IN CENSUS 1991.
In this section we discuss certain non-income indicators of inequality, poverty and development at the regional level; certain demographic indicators, nutritional status, mortality, morbidity, literacy and education, housing and land, and also briefly migration and agriculture4• Some of these issues are discussed at a site-specific level in the following section. It is difficult to arrive at a reliable figure, and therefore one has to give a general overview of the most important available estimates. 34;South African" portion of the PWV area (ie excluding Bophuthatswana but including KwaNdebele) after adjusting for undercounting.
These figures, especially for Africans, are questionable, as in Section D, where the districts are detailed, the population figures given in the census are almost always far below the other estimates. 4 The most recent and comprehensive information on non-income indicators of poverty in the PWV area is probably the HSRC survey for the Population Development Programme. Appendix C1 gives the detailed age-sex structure for the PWV area based on the 1991 census.
The age structure of whites in Region H was more or less the same as the rest of the country, while the "coloured" and Asian population groups showed a slightly higher percentage of people in the working age group (15 - 64). The African population in this region 'shows a marked difference from the rest of South Africa in the proportion of the population aged 15 to 64, 73% in Region H compared to 58% in South Africa (Department of National Health and Population Development, 1987: 1). All of these findings regarding black groups may indicate a relatively high level of immigration for these groups in the 1980s.
Another possible indicator of migration is the fact that the male-female ratio for Africans in the PWV region is consistently higher than in the rest of South Africa (Department of National Health and Population Development, 1987:4).
AGE PROFILE OF PWV BY RACE (CENSUS 1991)
These implicit migration assumptions indicate an expected annual increase in the number of people moving to the study area at least until the end of this century. In addition, people who live near an urban area and depend on the urban area as a source of income are also functionally urbanized (semi-urban). This is another migration issue that urban planners will have to deal with in PWV in the coming years.
These findings are probably further confirmation that migration to PWV may be dominated by job seekers in the 16–65 age group, and that many of them may tend to leave older people and young children behind in their areas of origin. The percentage of women who ever used contraception in the PWV area for the period 1987-89 is given in Table C7. As these figures and rates are based on registered deaths, they almost inevitably represent an undercount and as there may be .. of the population in the relevant age group) for the PWV area.
The population figures are a serious bias in the racial distribution of the undercount, we believe that the figures presented here should be treated with the utmost caution. 7 The Department's report does not state what the age limit was for the analysis or the nature of the immunization. Young children under the age of 1 year account for more than 60% of deaths in the ARC records, and the most common cause of death in children is gastroenteritis.
This proportion drops to only one-third in the case of timely immunization rates, a trend that is not unusual even with a high level of immunization coverage.). This article is only the first in a series and discusses only the effect on white children in the area.
MALNUTRITION ASA PERCENTAGE OF CHILDREN ADMITTED TO THE PAEDIATRIC WARDS OF BARAGWANATH HOSPITAL
C5 LITERACY AND EDUCATION LEVELS C5.1 University enrolment
University enrolment
1980, 1985 & 1990)
Biases may have occurred due to the fact that more males than females could have been interviewed; because the rest of the adult population was not represented, and since a significant part of the population falls within the age group of 13 - 20 years. Large differences between population groups are an indicator of inequality, as more qualified people potentially have better access to well-paid jobs. The definition of literacy used by the Department of National Health and Population Development is the proportion of people aged 13 and over with at least standard 4 (or 6 years of education).
It is not possible to calculate reliable literacy rates for the PWV region from the above survey because only household heads over the age of 20 were considered. Literacy rates for Odi and Moretele (the two districts of Bophuthatswana falling within the study area), are 69% and 65% respectively compared to 61% for Bophuthatswana as a whole in 1988 (HSRC, 1989).
EDUCATION LEVEL PROFILE OF PWV BY RACE (CENSUS 1991)
EDUCATION STATISTICS FOR PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN THE PWV, BY MAGISTERIAL DISTRICT, 1991
One of the most critical development issues facing the PWV area is the lack of well-located housing for low-income households. This survey of 3 071 black households was conducted in most of the PWV region, but excluded KwaNdebele, Moutse, Moretele 2 and most of the Odi region of Bophuthatswana. This implies that in 1990 almost half of the total African population in the PWV area lived in informal housing.
1:1 The majority of informally housed people live within declared black towns, in backyard shacks and outbuildings, and 85% of the independent settlement population lived within declared settlements. This region received 31.9% of the countrywide funding allocation at that time (Housing in Southern Africa, August 1991, p. 4). A major policy adjustment in the mid-1980s was the sale of the government's rental housing stock to individuals.
This is seen as further evidence of the fact that in recent years the PWV has faced a housing crisis (due to apartheid housing policies) and not an urbanization crisis (due to the abolition of inflow controls). Sapire and Schlemmer (1990) point out that many of the residents of the detached settlements are highly mobile and will move in an attempt to limit their numbers. Agriculture is of relatively little importance to the PWV, contributing only 1.1% to the region's gross geographical product and employing only 3.3% of the PWV's labor force in 1989 (DBSA, 1991) .
According to the 1990 census of agriculture, which excluded the KwaNdebele and Bophuthatswana, there were 3 246 agricultural units covering 11 010 km2 - about one third of the area of the PWV (CSS, 1990). Nevertheless, commercial agriculture is important in some peripheral areas of the PWV (such as in the magisterial districts of Brits, Bronkhorstspruit, Cullinan, Delmas and Krugersdorp). Commercial agriculture is of marginal importance within the 'homeland' areas of the PWV - in KwaNdebele agriculture contributes about 4% of the gross geographical product (DBSA, 1992).
Informal cultivation in the PWV is mainly a survival niche of the most marginalized and most vulnerable groups in the urban areas" (not numbered).
