I contend that one reason for this decline is a poverty of theological imagination, some of the reasons I explore in the opening chapter of the study. When conversations turned to more comprehensive ideas about policy and practice, African participants surprisingly found at least some of the concepts guiding Western-based international development efforts to be partly to blame.
Mismatched priorities or something more?
On the ride up to the surface in the cage—dark except for flashes of light from the hooded lamps and dripping with water—the executive who was leading us said, "When our owners made their first visit here, I arranged for them to go under land, but they would not come. The burden of recognizing the divisions of cross-cultural perspective rests heavily on the so-called "developed" world, as the disparities between the quality of life for most residents of the Global North and those of the Global South are currently such .broadly.1 The burden rests particularly heavily on the United States because of our global military and economic dominance; our domestic state of hyper-development; and our dominant role in international development policymaking.
Study parameters
- Summary of the inquiry's context
- Definitional problems and assumptions
- Beyond the intellectual
- Theological thinness
Rather than just finishing his speech, this small point helped to clear the ground for subsequent decades of development work by changing the way people in the West thought about themselves in relation to the rest of the world . It is about the extent to which the understanding and policy-making of those in the Global North recognize this.
Theological disarray?
The history of the rise and influence of the spirit of rationalism in Europe, Vol. But the Anglican Communion was heavily involved in the Jubilee movement of the late 1990s which brought these policies to the world's attention and pushed for international debt relief.
Time to think again
A different vantage point
In addition to Bosch, see for example Richard Henkel, Christian Missions in Africa: A Sociological Study of the Impact of their Activities in Zambia (Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 1989) and Max Warren, Social History and Christian Mission (London: SCM Press, 1967) . Jonathan Bonk's work is probably the best analysis of the impact of money on relations between Western Christian missionaries and local populations.
Alfred Schutz as primary guide
Sociology of knowledge, according to fundamental thinkers in the discipline, "must concern itself with whatever passes for 'knowledge' in a society, regardless of the ultimate validity or invalidity (according to whatever criteria) of such 'knowledge'."100 In other words. , overarching questions that can drive Western theological and philosophical thought—what is experience. In other writings, Schutz and his followers referred to this environment as "the world of common sense," and "the everyday living world." Aron Gurwitsch, "Introduction," in Collected Papers, Vol.
Secondary guides, counterpoint views, and cautions
Kwame Bediako, for example, affirms what he calls Turner's six-attribute framework, placing special emphasis on the last point—the unity of the whole—as the key to the entire structure. Others, like Okot p'Bitek, do not seem overly concerned with terminology and categorization. Relationship with nature: people, • Humanity as fundamental and • The Greco-Roman heritage plants and animals universal religious • Catholicism, Protestantism.
Theoretical summary
Earlier studies
Of the numerous works that have described various Copperbelt cases over the decades, the following are the most influential on this effort. From Ferguson's research until now, the most detailed investigations into the mines appear to be primarily economically based and can be found in documents and reports associated with the World Bank.
Organizational outline and thematic highlights
Ask a mining geologist what skills are important for the job, and the answer might be about the ability to think in a certain way. Any honest geologist will know where underground is in three dimensions..we must..be able to think in three dimensions.
Becoming oriented
In other words, figuring out what is most important to know within the new culture, what is perhaps least important, and then what may be completely irrelevant is not a straightforward process. This is possible because groups and cultures develop ways (Schutz called them "recipes") of understanding seemingly unrelated ideas and experiences.
Pre-colonial and Colonial Era .1 Early mining activity
Early European involvement
22 In addition to the Portuguese, the Dutch also conducted extensive trade around the southern tip of the continent. Livingstone believed that a water trade route across the continent would open the way for Africans to establish workable alternatives to the slave trade.
European investing interest intensifies
34; The Kansanshi and Kongo deposits and Bwana Mkubwa incidentally in Ndola were hills that stood outside the local vegetation. Years later, Sir Ronald Prain, Chairman of the Roan Antelope Board, would refer to this period of mining history as saying that shareholders' funds could have been thrown away.
The prospectors' experience
Industrial Era mining begins
From the beginning of the intensive industrial period, Africans came en masse from the countryside to work in the mines. While the development of the mines and the increasing sophistication of the workforce continued, there was not always adequate construction or improvement in the region in general.
The era of greatest activity
Relly, "Background on the Copper Mining Industry in Zambia," A Speech by the Chairman of Anglo-American Corporation (Central Africa), Ltd. anything comparable elsewhere.
Federation's impact
The wild animals went to the game parks of Southern Rhodesia, while the Tonga people settled in a dry and barren region on the Northern Rhodesian side of the Zambesi. 99 By 1960, only about half of all white immigrants remained in Northern Rhodesia throughout their working lives; and only about 16% of the immigrant population retired in the copper belt.
Transition towards independence
34;It is the most damaging criticism of all against the colonial and federal governments that Northern Rhodesia, despite possessing the richest economy in Africa north of the Limpopo, found itself at independence with a smaller number of educated Africans in relation to its population than practically any other of Britain's African colonies." Martin, Minding Their Own Business, 49. The following year, Charter Consolidated was created by a merger of BSAC, Central Mining and Anglo-American's original parent company, Consolidated Mines.
Kaunda's governance and legacy
A fascinating and detailed account of the whole nationalization initiative can be found in Martin, Minding Their Own Business. NCCM).159 Changes in the way the mines were taxed seemed to signal the government's increasing interest in its share of the profits.
Zambianization of the workforce
More and more expatriates began to leave the country, and staff turnover in the mines continued at an "alarming" rate.173 The companies reiterated concerns about being able. The mines were making money but they weren't putting enough back in - they were sucking it all out and things were starting to break/stop.
Enter the multi-laterals
Yet by the late 1970s, mine revenues could not keep up with demand. The government announced several interventions, such as reducing copper sales and closing overpriced parts of the mines.
The ZCCM era
We started exploiting Kasaba Bay in the north. So we got an expansion. And now all those resources came: the director of the bus company came from within the company. Fuel has an impact: The price of fuel affects the entire economy because transportation and all production costs will increase if the price of fuel increases.
A change in government
Chiluba governance and legacy
A change for the mines
Then you had, I can't remember how many private companies that worked for the mines, delivered to the mines and contracted to help the mines in one way or another. And so we didn't have a command economy at the beginning of all this. And so we had in Zambia, before it reached its peak the intentions were good..And so here we tried to sway because we were responding to imperialist and colonial powers that oppressed us.
The re-privatization process begins
Manner of sale questions
Interview with independent technical consultant assigned to ZCCM privatization project, 2005; Interview with former ZCCM senior manager, 2005. And so I said we're going to take away all the non-performing assets, reduce the balance sheet by taking away the non-performing assets and just leave plant and equipment.
Kafue Consortium deal collapse
And they thought they were going to get millions of dollars because they—I think the guy who did it calculated the sales revenue if you got a certain tonnage of copper over a certain number of years. And that—the guys in the ZPA they, I think they were smart cookies and they understood it wasn't worth anything.
Other purchase possibilities
ZCCM-IH, the mining holding company generally retains between 10% and 20% of the shares in the reprivatized companies. Some of ZCCM's other assets then went to various companies that had previously been part of the Kafue Consortium.
A re-privatized world
Early trouble
The full fragility of the deal, however, became apparent in early 2002 with the announcement of a major overhaul of the MKK. Anglo's withdrawal from Zambia, together with the widespread perception that privatization was largely responsible for rising unemployment, created a strong political and popular backlash against privatisation.
Lessons learned and questions unanswered
Experiences The bank said Zambia's experiences fell almost entirely in finance and management, an unsurprising analysis given the nature of the organization. 34;Basically, the enormous value of all mines from earned terminal benefits made the purchase of the mines an untenable proposition for investors.
Summary
But a third is the consistency over time of the power of economic means and motives. So much for the situation; it is now time to inquire as to why.256.
Background
The reasons for this are many, and I hope that the study overall will, at least in part, explain them. After completing full-time residency in southern Africa, I returned six times to the continent to conduct fieldwork for this study.
Principal groups of informants
Workforce/popular group
In America, members of this socioeconomic status group would be called the "working class." I have expanded the definition here to include teachers and office workers because many educators and clerical workers were still closer in economic terms to the average mine worker than to the average mine manager.
Executive/managerial group
Information gathering process with executive/managerial group
Exceptions to this rule are presidents Kaunda and Chiluba; excerpts from their interviews do appear in the appendices. Extensive direct quotes from managers and executives appearing in the text are taken from taped conversations.
Information gathering process with workforce/popular group
Situational analysis survey
From my own experience, I knew something about the pressure Africans can feel to say what they think Westerners want to hear. They wanted to start with an assessment of the current situation, or a situation analysis.
Identifying local contacts
18 The Bemba spoken in the Copperbelt Province differs from pure Bemba in that it contains a mixture of English and slang words in addition to the Bemba found mainly in the Luapula Province. The local and translated conversations that appear throughout the text are taken from tape recordings; longer excerpts and additional conversations appear in the appendices.
Workforce/popular biographical sketches
- Roger Chaba, Mufulira
- Frederica Chipongoma, Luanshya
- Matthew and Martha Kapumba, Kitwe
- Sunday and BanaAlice Mutale, Chingola
- Enock Muthwejile, principal research assistant
- Lubasi Mwangala, research assistant
This is the case in the Mutale's neighborhood where their house is one of the best preserved. The Mutales are members of the United Church of Zambia and BanaAlice sings in the choir.
Other information gathering
He also learned about economic and social stratification early on when he went to school with peers who were significantly less financially well off than him.
Study limitations
Without the close involvement of my research assistants, I would not have been able to access the many homes and social institutions we visited. But he provided access to the world-class library system at Harvard University that strengthened the theoretical part of this work and supported the data in the appendices.
Schutz's "world of working" and the why of actions
Chapter organization
This information deals with how members of the two informant groups seem to have accounted for mining accidents and dealt with them. The remainder of the chapter presents a summary derived from the first two sections, and compares this information with a peer American example and with scholarly literature.
Executive/managerial theories on why accidents occur
- Inwardly directed causes of mine accidents
- Outwardly directed causes of mine accidents
- Measures for protection and reprisal
- Post-incident investigations
But members of the executive/management team responded to these allegations by describing the broader context in which they were working. Annual reports from the last years of the ZCCM era indicated problems with infrastructure maintenance.
Workforce/popular theories on why accidents occur
- Outwardly directed causes of mine accidents
- Inwardly directed causes of accidents
- Measures for protection and reprisal
- Post-incident investigations
For example, in the past, miners were given different colored overalls and hats that the company regularly replaced. The rest of the chapter, through stories, will try to identify the possible reference points that Zambians developed in relation to mining accidents.
Two narratives of accidents and their causes
The Mufulira Disaster, 1970
Official reports at the time and observations by leaders and managers in the mid-2000s explained the cause of the disaster according to the mechanics behind what had happened. The Mufulira disaster was not something that really worried expatriate mine managers in the mid-2000s.
The spate of accidents, 2005
But that morning he went to the factory when he heard that a serious accident had occurred in one of the shafts. He flies out of the country when people have accidents and families groan.
Relevancies to accidents and their causes
The Western why?
President of the United Mine Workers of America, Cecil Roberts, stated that the federal agency was created in 1969 and in 2001 the coal industry was placed in charge of it. This group was known for violent opposition to homosexuality and members of the group recorded some miners' funerals and claimed that the disaster was divine judgment on a.
Summary
