The other problem that microstructure faces is specifying the kinds of parts of speech that are lemmas. This research is an attempt to make lexicographers aware of the importance of including the above aspects in the microstructure of their dictionaries.
INTRODUCTION
The microstructure is the addresser of the macrostructure and the macrostructure is the addressee of the microstructure. The microstructure can be found to the right of the macrostructure on a dictionary page.
BACKGROUND TO THE PROBLEM
A consideration of the above words: to begin, to start and to start does not show that they are synonyms. The other lemmas will be treated mainly by cross-reference to the lemma where the full treatment is given.
AIM OF THE STUDY
No research has yet been conducted on the comparative analysis of the monolingual (English) and bilingual (English-Northern Sotho) dictionaries, with special attention to the role of microstructure. This study attempts to highlight important similarities and differences between the two types of dictionaries, and to make lexicographers aware of the important information users need that is often left out.
OBJECTIVES
RATIONALE
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Collection of information
- Primary Sources
- Secondary Sources
Yong and Ping believe that “the microstructure of a dictionary specifies how the lemma entries are composed,” but they argue that semantic descriptions are the most important aspect. Jackson (2002:79) shows us how well the word 'nest' is presented differently by Chambers and Concise Oxford Dictionary (COD 10) to illustrate what is meant by “the layout and organization of the individual entry”.
SCOPE OF RESEARCH
LITERATURE REVIEW
- Landau (2001)
- Hartmann and Gregory (1998)
- Yong and Ping (2007)
- Jackson (2002)
- Ilson (1985)
- Gouws and Prinsloo (2005)
- Mongwe (2006)
It should be remembered that the microstructure is part of the internal design of a reference device. Cross-referencing is one of the aspects of microstructure that this study will discuss.
ORGANISATION OF THE STUDY
INTRODUCTION
Landau (2001)
According to Landau (2001), the microstructure of a dictionary should include definitions organized by part of speech, definitions numbered, and cross-references properly indicated. If the microstructure of a dictionary does not meet the above requirement, it means that it is not properly organized and as such it becomes doubtful whether the same dictionary will help the user to solve his problems.
Hartmann and Gregory (1998)
Yong and Ping (2007)
From the above entry it becomes clear that the lemma 'given' can be used as an adjective, a preposition and a noun.
Jackson (2002)
In the above two entries from Chambers and COD 10 respectively, we notice that they are identical in every respect, except that the words used are not the same.
Ilson (1985)
While we recognize that monolingual and bilingual dictionaries are not the same, they are both reference books that contain very useful information aimed at users. It should be noted that this study is focusing on the comparative analysis of monolingual and bilingual vocabularies, looking in particular at the microstructure.
Gouws and Prinsloo (2005)
Both monolingual and bilingual dictionaries are intended for anyone interested in learning a particular language, either as a mother tongue or as a foreign language. What usually happens in cross-referencing is that a synonymous lemma that is frequently used in everyday speech becomes the one that is treated comprehensively, either in the form of a translation equivalent in the case of a bilingual dictionary or in the form of a description in the case of a monolingual dictionary.
Mongwe (2006)
The proposed route to the accepted form of pronunciation helps native and non-native speakers of the language to pronounce these lemmas in an accepted way. It is precisely for this reason that it is imperative that lexicographers include a guide to the accepted form of pronunciation in the microstructure of their dictionaries.
Louw (1991)
The following entries from Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (2006) indicate how important it is sometimes to indicate the accepted way of expressing a lemma. If there was no guide for the way in which the above lemmata should be pronounced, dictionary users would have problems pronouncing them.
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
The following entries in the Concise Oxford English Dictionary (2006) show cross-referencing of lemmas which are in one way or another related to each other. The reference input used is compared to. Engineering the radial distance from the pitch circle of a gear or worm wheel to the tooth ridges or ridges. Engineering the radial distance from the pitch circle of a gear or worm wheel to the end of the tooth space or groove. The two lemmas above namely addendum and dedendum both refer to "radial distances from the pitch circle of a cog wheel or worm wheel". The two differ only in that the suffix states that the distance is "to the ridges or ridges of the teeth", while the distance in dedendum is "to the end of the space or groove of the tooth". The two lemmas have something in common, but this does not necessarily suggest that they are synonymous. In order for the dictionary user to properly understand what lemma addition means, it should be checked against lemma dedendum. According to this dictionary, black water and gray water have something in common, that is, they both refer to water. The treatment of these lemmas shows their difference. Let's examine how each of them is handled:. technical waste water and waste water from toilets. technical relatively clean wastewater from bathrooms, sinks and washing machines. The difference between these two lemmas may be minimal, but the fact of the matter remains, they do not mean exactly the same thing. It is possible for the user of the dictionary to think that black water and gray water are the same and can be used interchangeably. This is not true, so lexicographers tried to show that the two lemmas should be consulted in comparison with each other to understand their difference. The comprehensive treatment of fauna and flora in the same dictionary serves as an example of how the reference word "compare" is used in the microstructure of this dictionary. pi. fauna) animals of a certain region, habitat or geological period. pi. flora.) 1 the plants of a certain region, habitat or geological period. The only difference between the above lemmas is that fauna refers to animals while flora refers to plants. These animals and plants are from a particular region, habitat or geological period. The way the two lemmas are handled is good. Both lemmas receive a comprehensive treatment, and at the end of each treatment, there should be a cross-reference indicator suggesting that the cross-referenced lemmas are not synonymous. The animals and plants that were mentioned above are not the same thing, but they have something in common, that is, they belong to a certain region, habitat or geological period. The appearance of cow and heifer in the aforementioned dictionary shows that their meanings are closely related even though they do not mean exactly the same thing in all respects. Again it should be noted that the difference between them is very minimal. Here's how they appear: 1 a fully grown female animal of a domesticated ox breed. in agriculture) an animal of this type that has given birth to more than one calf. There is an indication in the Concise Oxford English Dictionary (2006) of consonants having their usual values in English and also the symbols used for pronunciations. The different vowels and their values are also indicated so that the dictionary user has a much easier time pronouncing a lemma correctly. Symbols such as # and Ʊ are used in this dictionary to indicate different stress patterns. It is up to the user of the dictionary to familiarize himself with this important information in the introductory part of this dictionary; this will help him to have the correct pronunciation of different lemmas. Examples of lemmas and how they are pronounced are given to show how important it is for a dictionary to include a guide to how certain lemmas should be pronounced. The following lemmas share some features in terms of the letters of the alphabet, yet the pronunciation of the same syllables in these lemmas differs. Below are these lemmas and how they are pronounced: pi. аbacuses) l a ƒrame with rows of wires or grooves. in or behind rough of. an edible mollusk of warm seas, usu humiliate oneself) behave in a way that belittles or degrades (someone).
CONCISE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY AND CROSS – REFERENCING
OXFORD ADVANCED LEARNER’S DICTIONARY AND CROSS –
PHAROS POPULAR NORTHERN SOTHO DICTIONARY AND
SESOTHO SA LEBOA – ENGLISH DICTIONARY AND CROSS –
CONCLUSION
This chapter looks at how cross-referencing is handled as the most important metalexicographic aspect in the four dictionaries under discussion. In the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (2006), lexicographers use comparison to cross-reference lemmata with contrasting meanings, while see is also used for lemmata with similar or related meanings.
INTRODUCTION
SEE and BONA (Northern Sotho) are reference entries that are used for cross-reference in Sesotho sa Leboa – English / English Sesotho sa Leboa dictionary (2005).
PRONUNCIATION
- CONCISE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY (2006)
- OXFORD ADVANCED LEARNER’S DICTIONARY (2006)
- PHAROS POPULAR NORTHERN SOTHO DICTIONARY (1996)
- SESOTHO SA LEBOA / ENGLISH PUKUNTŠU DICTIONARY (2006)
The treatment of the above entries does not contain any suggestion as to how they should be pronounced. It would be appreciated if pronunciation was one of the aspects covered in the above dictionary.
PARTS OF SPEECH
- CONCISE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTION (2006)
- OXFORD ADVANCED LEARNER’S DICTIONARY (2006)
- PHAROS POPULAR NORTHERN SOTHO DICTIONARY
- SESOTHO SA LEBOA / ENGLISH PUKUNTSU DICTIONARY (2006)
In the Concise Oxford English Dictionary (2006), lexicographers played their part in ensuring that the issue of parts of speech is fully addressed. Some of the parts of speech covered in the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (2006) are adjectives, adverbs, nouns and verbs.
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
- INTRODUCTION
- SUMMARY OF CHAPTERS
- FINDINGS
- RECOMMENDATIONS
Two English monolingual dictionaries have instructions on how to use them regarding cross-referencing. The two Northern Sotho-English bilingual dictionaries have no cross-referencing instructions.
