• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

University of Cape Town

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2025

Membagikan "University of Cape Town"

Copied!
171
0
0

Teks penuh

(1)

The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source.

The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only.

Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author.

University of Cape Town

(2)

Universit

y of Cape Town

!"#$%&'(#)*'+,-'."#&$%/0''

!)**1%$+2'34567489'!"#-':)#;'"/'9)<$"='>-?#)@1<+$)%'$%'+,-'A#"')(' 34567489'

!

"#$%&'!()&#*+),-(./0),!

123"45667!

!

!

!

8!'&,,)%*/*&.#!,9:;&**)'!&#!<9=<&==;)#*!.<!*>)!%)?9&%);)#*,!<.%!*>)!/@/%'!.<!*>)!!

')$%))!.<!(/,*)%!.<!A.B&/=!AB&)#B)!

!

!

!

8<%&B/#!5)#')%!A*9'&),C!D/B9=*E!.<!F9;/#&*&),!

G#&H)%,&*E!.<!I/J)!K.@#!

L6ML!

'

!

!B.CDE9B>F'8A!E7>7G4BH'

K>&,!@.%0!>/,!#.*!:))#!J%)H&.9,=E!,9:;&**)'!&#!@>.=)C!.%!&#!J/%*C!<.%!*>)!/@/%'!.<!/#E!')$%))N!

"*!&,!;E!.@#!@.%0N!!O/B>!,&$#&<&B/#*!B.#*%&:9*&.#!*.C!/#'!?9.*/*&.#!&#C!*>&,!'&,,)%*/*&.#!<%.;!

*>)!@.%0C!.%!@.%0,C!.<!.*>)%!J).J=)!>/,!:))#!/**%&:9*)'C!/#'!>/,!:))#!B&*)'!/#'!%)<)%)#B)'N!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !! ! 76!(/E!L6ML!

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP!

I84Q"Q8KORA!A"548KGSO! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! Q8KO!

!

(3)

Universit

y of

Cape Town

(4)

Universit

y of Cape Town

!"#$%&'$( ( (

!"#$%&"'$"%(")&*&+)#,"-.'&)&*'"',)$/0,"&12&)-&.#&*"+*"+."+#'-3-*'4",$56-.0"7-)%"'$"',&"

8&5-&7"',+'"#$%%/.-'("9!:;<!=>"#+)&"?$)@"-*"2)$7$/.65("6&2)-3+'-$.+5"7$)"',&"?$%&."?,$"

6$"-'A"B-',"+"#$%%-'%&.'"'$"7&%-.-*'")&*&+)#,4"!"?+*"-.'&)&*'&6"-."&125$)-.0"?,+'"#+)&"?$)@"

%&+.'"7$)"0&.6&)"&C/+5-'("+.6"#$%%&.*/)+'&"6&3&5$2%&.'"#$.*&C/&.#&*A""

D%25$(-.0"',&"',&$)&'-#+5"7)+%&?$)@"$7"7&%-.-*'"6&3&5$2%&.'"&#$.$%-#*4"!"+6$2'&6"+"

C/+5-'+'-3&" %&',$6$5$0(" '$" &125$)&" %(" -.'&)&*'*" -." ?$%&." #$%%/.-'(" 9!:;<!=>" #+)&"

?$)@&)*E" &12&)-&.#&*A" F&%-.-*'" &2-*'&%$5$0(" ,$56*" ',+'" +55" -." ',&" *'/6(" '&))+-." ,+3&"

&2-*'&%-#" +0&.#(4" +.6" +*" */#," !" ?+*" -.'&)&*'&6" -." %[email protected]" %&+.-.0" $7" #+)&" ?$)@&)*E" $?."

)&2)&*&.'+'-$.*" $7" ',&-)" &12&)-&.#&*4" +.6" ?,+'" ',&-)" )&2)&*&.'+'-$.*" #$/56" %&+." 7$)"

',&$)-*-.0" +8$/'" #+)&" ?$)@" +*" +" .&?" 7$)%" $7" *$#-+5" )&2)$6/#'-$.4" *-'/+'&6" -." ',&" *2&#-7-#"

*2+#&"$7"',&"9!:;<!=>"&2-6&%-#"-.">$/',"<7)-#+A"!."+66-'-$.4"!"?+*"-.'&)&*'&6"-."?,+'"#+)&)*E"

)&2)&*&.'+'-$.*"#$/56"%&+."7$)"/.6&)*'+.6-.0"*(*'&%*"+.6"*')/#'/)&*"',+'"2&)2&'/+'&"+.6"

)&2)$6/#&"0&.6&)"-.&C/+5-'(4"+.6"5$#+'-.0"',-*"?-',-."+"6-*#/**-$."$7"6&3&5$2%&.'"2$5-'-#*A"

!" #$.6/#'&6" &5&3&." -.G6&2',4" 6-+5$0-#" -.'&)3-&?*" ?-'," ?$%&." #$%%/.-'(" 9!:;<!=>"

#+)&" ?$)@&)*" 5$#+'&6" -." H(+.0+" +.6" I+7&5*-0A" !.7$)%&6" 8(" H/**8+/%E*" ?$)@" JKLMLN4" !"

-.#$)2$)+'&6"',&"#+2+8-5-'-&*"+22)$+#,"-.'$"+"7&%-.-*'"#$.'&.'"+.6"',&%+'-#"+.+5(*-*"$7"',&"

-.'&)3-&?" %+'&)-+5A" H/**8+/%E*" #+2+8-5-'-&*" +22)$+#," '$" 6&3&5$2%&.'" ,+*" ,+6" *-0.-7-#+.'"

-.75/&.#&" $." 7&%-.-*'" ',[email protected]" *2&#-7-#+55(4" ,&)" +22)$+#," 2)$3-6&*" +" *')+'&0(" '$" 6-*'-5" ,$?"

',&" -%2+#'*" $7" 2$3&)'(4" #$%8-.&6" ?-'," 0&.6&)" -.&C/+5-'(4" 5&+6*" '$" +." " P+#/'&" 7+-5/)&E" $7"

?$%&.E*"#&.')+5",/%+."#+2+8-5-'-&*"JH/**8+/%4"KLMLNA"

F)$%" ',&" 2$*-'-$." +*" +" 7&%-.-*'" +#'-3-*'" &%8&66&6" -." ',&" ?$)56" $7" #$%%/.-'("

9!:;<!=>"#+)&"?$)@&)"2$5-#("#$.'&*'+'-$.4"!"?+*".$'"*/)2)-*&6"',+'"#+)&)*E")&2)&*&.'+'-$.*"

#$.7-)%&6"',&"6&2)-3+'-$.+5"+.6"$7'&."6&8-5-'+'-.0".+'/)&"$7"#+)&"?$)@A"!"6-64",$?&3&)4"7-.6"

(5)

Universit

y of Cape Town

',&"7+#'"',+'"#$%%/.-'("9!:;<!=>"#+)&"?$)@"#$/56"!"#$%#&#+2+8-5-'-&*"*-0.-7-#+.'A""

I,&"#+2+8-5-'-&*"+22)$+#,4"+225-&6"-."',&"$3&)G+)#,-.0"7)+%&?$)@"$7"7&%-.-*'"+.+5(*&*"

#$/56" 6-*'-5" #+)&)*" +*" P+0&.'-#" -.6-3-6/+5*E" JQ+3+5-&)-4" KLMMNA" I,&" 6-*#/)*-3&" ./+.#&" $7" ',-*"

+22)$+#,4" ,$?&3&)4" -*" *-0.-7-#+.'" 7$)" 6&3&5$2%&.'" #$.*-6&)+'-$.*O" -'" *,$?*" ',+'" +0&.#("

?-',-."',&"#$.'&1'"$7"#$%%/.-'(G8+*&6"9!:;<!=>"#+)&"?$)@4"+*"$/'5-.&6"-."',-*"6-**&)'+'-$.4"

-*"P+6+2'-3&E")+',&)"',+."*/8*'+.'-3&"#+2+8-5-'("7$)%+'-$."J</*'&."+.6"R&$.+)64"KLLSNA"I,&"

#+2+8-5-'-&*"+22)$+#,"-*"',/*"+85&"'$"6-77&)&.'-+'&"8&'?&&."+0&.#("?,-#,"#$.')-8/'&*"'$"',&"

C/+5-'("$7"5-7&"?$%&."+)&"+85&"'$"+#,-&3&4"+.6"+0&.#("?,-#,"P6&G7$)%*E"#+2+8-5-'-&*A"<*"*/#,4"

',&" 8&.&7-'" $7" ',-*" 7&%-.-*'" +22)$+#," -*" -'*" +8-5-'(" '$" &.0+0&" ?-'," ?$%&.E*" 6-#,$'$%-*&6"

&12&)-&.#&*T"'$"-6&.'-7("%$%&.'*"$7"#+2+8-5-'("7$)%+'-$."?-',-."6&2)-3+'-$.+5"#$.'&1'*"+.6"

+3$-6" +" .+))$?" 7$#/*" $." 3-#'-%"'"" +0&.'T" '$" */)7+#&" ',&" ./+.#&" -.#/%8&.'" ',&)&-." ?,-#,"

&3-.#&*" ',&" &125$-'+'-$." $7" ?$%&.E*" +6+2'-3&" $)" #$2-.0" #+2+#-'(" '$" .$)%+5-*&" +.6"

)&;&.')&.#,",&'&)$.$)%+'-3&"+.6"$22)&**-3&"-6&+5*"+8$/'"0&.6&)"+.6"#+)&"-."',&"*&)3-#&"$7"

.&$5-8&)+5" 2+')-+)#,+5" -.'&)&*'*T" +.64" '$" *')+'&0-#" &.')(" 2$-.'*" 7$)" &77&#'-3&" 6&3&5$2%&.'"

-.-'-+'-3&*4" 8&#+/*&4" ?,&." '[email protected]" ',&" &12&)-&.#&*" $7" #+)&)*E" *&)-$/*5(4" ?&" *&&" ',+'" ',&-)"

+0&.'-#" +#'-$." -*" $7'&." -." $22$*-'-$." G" +.6" ',/*" 2$-.'*" '$" G" ',&" #+/*&*" $7" 6&2)-3+'-$."

&12&)-&.#&6" -." ',&-)" *&''-.0*A" I,/*4" /.6&)*'+.6-.0" ',&" &12&)-&.#&*" $7" ?$%&." #+)&)*E4"

?,&',&)" -." ',&$)&'-#+5" $)" 2$5-'-#+5" &.6&+3$/)*" )&5+'&6" '$" -.7$)%-.0" 6&3&5$2%&.'" 2)+#'-#&4"

)&C/-)&*" #$.#&2'/+5-*+'-$.*" +.6" -.'&)3&.'-$.*" ?,-#," -.'&))$0+'&" ',&" &1&)#-*&" $7" +0&.#("

/.6&)"&1')&%&"#$.*')+-.'*A""

H$'" $.5(" ,+*" 7&%-.-*'" *#,$5+)*,-2" 2)$3-6&6" +" 25+'7$)%" 7)$%" ?,-#," '$" +)'-#/5+'&" ',&"

2)$85&%*" -.#/%8&.'" ?-',-." ',&" #/))&.'" #+)&" ?$)@" #$.'&1'4" ',-*" +)'-#/5+'-$." -*" -." -'*&57"

')+.*7$)%+'-3&" -." ,$?" -'" &.+85&*" ',$*&" &.0+0&6" -." ',-*" ?$)@" '$" ',-.@" +8$/'" #+)&)*"

6-77&)&.'5(O"+0&.'-#"?$%&."*')/005-.0"-."',&"7+#&"$7"$22)&**-3&")&+5-'-&*A""

"

(6)

Universit

y of Cape Town

!"#$%&'()*(+($,-!

!

"#$!%&''()*+!',*-$./$+!$./(&),0$1$.*!,.2!-.%'-),*-(.+!0-3$.!0$.$)(&%45!,.2!6)$7&$.*45!6)(1!

%(! 1,.5+! 1,2$! *#$! /(1'4$*-(.! (6! *#-%! *#$%-%! '(%%-84$9! :(! /4(%$! *(! 15! #$,)*+! 15! 1-.2+! 15!

8(25+! 15! '(4-*-/%! ,.2! 15! %(&4+! *#-%! ;()<! #,%! %',..$2! (.$! (6! *#$! 1(%*! *),.%6()1,*-3$!

/#,'*$)%!-.!15!4-6$9!=*!*-1$%!(3$);#$41-.0+!(6*$.!/#,44$.0-.0+!8&*!,4;,5%!,%*(&.2-.0! >!15!

'$)%(.,4!,.2!'(4-*-/,4!?(&).$5!-%!$18(2-$2!-.!*#-%!@/)$,*&)$@9!A!;(&42!.(*!#,3$!8$$.!,84$!*(!

6-.-%#! *#-%! ;()<! ;-*#(&*! *#$! 6)-$.2%#-'%+! 6$1-.-%1%+! 0&-2,./$+! /)-*-/-%1+! /(44$0-,4-*5+!

$./(&),0$1$.*!,.2!$B'$)*-%$!(6!*#$%$!,1,C-.0!'$('4$D!!

!

E)(6!F,.$!G$..$**D!H()!5(&)!*)&%*+!',*-$./$+!6()!6&44!$.0,0$1$.*+!6()!,44(;-.0!1$!*(!'$)/(4,*$+!

6()!8$-.0!-.%*)&1$.*,4!-.!15!@'-/<-.0!&'!*#$!'-$/$%@+!6()!-.%'-),*-(.+!I6()!*#$!;()2!@/)$,*&)$@J!

,.2!6()!15!'$)%(.,4!*),.%6()1,*-(.9!

!

:-'#(<,C-!K*#,*#-+!L$8(),#!G5).$+!M&<-,!N().$4-&%+!O-.2,!K,6&D!H()!15!'(4-*-/,4!

,'')$.*-/$%#-'9!H()!6$1-.-%19!H()!6)-$.2%#-'9!

!

G$).-/$!M($4,.2+!O().,!P(&%*(.+!K,.2-%,!K8,4-.0(*%-!,.2!,44!,*!=AL:!M$%'(.%$D!H()!%&''()*!

,.2!6()!*#$!,1,C-.0!;()<!5(&!2(!;-*#!,.2!(.!8$#,46!(6!/(11&.-*5!/,)$!;()<$)%9!!

!

L$88-$!G&24$.2$)+!Q,4-;$!N4,)<+!R,*,%#,!L-%*-44$)+!N#)-%!:*,.2$)D!H()!%#,)-.0+!6()!5(&)!*-1$+!

6()!%&''()*+!6()!5(&)!6,-*#+!6()!*#$!%,6$!%',/$%!-.!;#-/#!*(!%*)$*/#!15!,/,2$1-/!;-.0%+!6()!

6$1-.-%*!)(4$!1(2$4%9!

!

:-1(.$!P(.-<1,.+!:,445!H-$42+!G)(.;5.!S3,.%+!"#,.2-!3,.!P$5.-.0$.+!N#,)4(**$!K,.2$>

A4&.0,+!S1-45!G,)(.!,.2!,44!,*!*#$!E$)-.,*,4!K$.*,4!P$,4*#!E)(?$/*D!H()!8$-.0!',)*!(6!15!

?(&).$5+!6()!$./(&),0$1$.*+!6()!*#$!')-3-4$0$!(6!;()<-.0!-.!,!'(4-*-/,4!,.2!'#-4(%('#-/,4!

-2$,4+!6()!%&''()*!,.2!/(44$0-,4-*5+!,.2!6()!*-1$9!!

!

F$,..$!H4,3-.+!F$%%-/,!L&**(.+!O-$3$!T,.4$$&;!,.2!,44!*#(%$!;#(!%#,)$2!"&$%2,5!H$1-.-%*!

L-..$)%!>!,.2!,44!*#,*!1$,.%9!

!

U$C-;$!G&*-D!H()!8)-.0-.0!$B'$)*-%$+!&.;,3$)-.0!2$2-/,*-(.+!,.2!$1',*#5!*(!*#-%!')(?$/*9!

H()!8)$,<-.0!2(;.!8(&.2,)-$%9!!

!

K,&2$!K,)*-.D!H()!&./(.2-*-(.,4!%-%*$)#((29!

!

V,)*#!K$-.*?$%+!15!8)(*#$)D!H()!;#(!A!,1+!6()!/(.%/-(&%.$%%+!6()!%&)3-3,4+!6()!%,6$*5+!6()!

#(1$+!6()!6,1-45+!6()!4(3$+!6()!$3$)5*#-.09!

!

G((D!H()!4(5,4!/(1',.-(.%#-'9!H()!1,<-.0!1$!,!8$**$)!#&1,.!8$-.09!P$)!.$$2!6()!)$0&4,)!

;,4<%!;,%!*#$!/,*,45%*!6()!1,.5!6)$%#!-2$,%9!P$)!/&))$.*!;()<!-.3(43$%!2$8&.<-.0!*#$!

$0)$0-(&%!15*#!,8(&*!2(0%!$,*-.0!#(1$;()<9!

(7)

Universit

y of Cape Town

!

!

.

/()0"1,().,%."12(.&%2#(2-3.%4.1''.*($)(2-5.6(.12(.7("18-(.9%8.12(5..

!

(8)

Universit

y of Cape Town

!"#$%&'(&)'*+%*+,&

&

&

&

&

-*+.'/01+2'*&& & & & & & & & & !"

)3"4+%.&56&!"#$%#&'()*+,%)-#.$%/+ + + + + + #+

)3"4+%.&76&!"#+0$1&#2&+$3+0$--41'&5+6789:7;<+0)%#+=$%/+'1&<$4&"+:3%'()+ $%"

)3"4+%.&86&>#?#)%("+;#?'@1+ + + + + + + &'"

)3"4+%.&96&:1)*5?'?+7+A+0)B)C'*'&5+;#B%'D)&'$1+ + + + + '(!

)3"4+%.&:6&:1)*5?'?+77+A+0)B)C'*'&5+,$%-)&'$1+ + + + +++++++++++++!(%!

)3"4+%.&;6+;'?(4??'$1+ + + + + + + +++++++++++++!!%&

)'*1$0,2'*& & & & & & & & & &&&&&&&&&&&&&!#%&

<%(%.%*1%,&&&&&& & & & & & & & &&&&&&&&&&&&&!#)"

(9)

Universit

y of

Cape Town

(10)

Universit

y of Cape Town

!"#$%&'(#)%"*

!

"#$%! &$%%'()*)$+,! '-./+('%! )#'! '-.'($',0'%! +1! 2+3',! 4567859:! 0+33;,$)<! 0*('!

2+(='(%!$,!)#(''!0+33;,$)<>?*%'&!+(@*,$%*)$+,%!/+0*)'&!$,!A*.'!"+2,B!:+;)#!81($0*C!!

5!#*D'!?'',!2+(=$,@!2$)#!0+33;,$)<!0*('(%!%$,0'!EFFGB!',@*@'&!$,!*0)$D$%3!1+(!)#'!

('0+@,$)$+,!+1!$,1+(3*/!4567859:!0*('(%B!.*()$0;/*(/<!$,!.+/$0<!.(+0'%%'%C!H<!'-.'($',0'!$,!

)#$%!/+0*)$+,!#*%!'D$,0'&!)#*)!0*('!2+(=!$%!*!&''./<!&'.($D*)$+,*/!*,&!0+,)'%)'&!)'((*$,C!8%!

*! 1'3$,$%)>*0)$D$%)>%0#+/*(B! 5! *3! $,)'('%)'&! $,! )#'! .+%%$?$/$)$'%! +11'('&! ?<! 1'3$,$%)!

%0#+/*(%#$.! )+! 0+,)($?;)'! )+! *! 0+,)'-);*/$%'&! *,&! ?(+*&! ;,&'(%)*,&$,@! +1! )#$%! 0+3./'-!

$%%;'C!!

I'3$,$%)!%0#+/*(%#$.!#+/&%!)#*)!0*('!2+(=B!*%!%+0$*/!('.(+&;0)$+,B!.'(.');*)'%!*,&!

('.(+&;0'%!%<%)'3%!+1!@',&'(!$,'J;*/$)<!KL*%/'))!*,&!M(',,'(B!NOPOQ!I+/?('B!EFFRSC!"#;%B!

)#$%! &$%%'()*)$+,! '-./+('%! )#'! 3'*,$,@! +1! 0+33;,$)<! 4567859:! 0*('! 2+(='(%T! +2,!

('.('%',)*)$+,%! +1! )#'$(! '-.'($',0'%Q! )($'%! )+! ;,&'(%)*,&! )#'%'! 3'*,$,@%! $,! )#'! '(*! +1!

4567859:Q! *,&! '-./+('%! 2#*)! )#'%'! ('.('%',)*)$+,%! 3$@#)! 3'*,! 1+(! )#'! @+*/! +1!

%;?%)*,)$D'B!%;%)*$,*?/'!&'D'/+.3',)!2#$0#!.('%;..+%'%!*!0+33$)3',)!)+!%+0$*/!U;%)$0'B!

'J;$)<!*,&!$3.(+D'&!J;*/$)<!+1!/$1'!1+(!*//C!!

"#'!1$(%)!0#*.)'(!+;)/$,'%!*!)#'+(')$0*/!1(*3'2+(=!?*%'&!+,!='<!&'?*)'%!$,!%+0$*/!

('.(+&;0)$+,B!0*('!)#'+(<B!*,&!1'3$,$%)!&'D'/+.3',)!'0+,+3$0%B!,+)$,@!)#'!1'3$,$%*)$+,!+1!

0*('!2+(=C!"#$%!&$%0;%%$+,!.('%',)%!)#'+($'%!)#*)!/+0*)'!0*('!2+(=!2$)#$,!)#'!0+,)'-)%!+1!

.+D'()<B! .+2'(B! *,&! @',&'(C! 4'('! 5! *(@;'! )#*)! )#'! +D'(*(0#$,@! )#'+(')$0*/! 1(*3'2+(=! +1!

1'3$,$%)!&'D'/+.3',)!'0+,+3$0%!$&',)$1$'%!)#'!0+3./'-!*,&!$,)'(%'0)$,@!$3.*0)%!+1!0*('!

2+(=! KA*D*/$'($B! EFNNV! NWXGSB! *,&! 'D$,0'%! )#*)! 4567859:! 0*('! 2+(=! $%! &'.($D*)$+,! 1+(!

2+3',!2#+!.'(1+(3!$)C!!

!

(11)

Universit

y of Cape Town

! E!

"#'! %'0+,&! 0#*.)'(! +;)/$,'%! )#'! #$%)+($0*/! *,&! %+0$*/! 0+,)'-)! +1! 0+33;,$)<! 0*('!

2+(=B! *,&! &'1$,'%! 0+33;,$)<! 0*('! 2+(=! $,! )#'! 0+,)'-)! +1! )#'! :+;)#! 81($0*,! 4567859:!

'.$&'3$0C! 5,! )#$%! 0#*.)'(! 5! */%+! %;33*($%'! ('0',)! ',&'*D+;(%! *(+;,&! 0+33;,$)<! 0*('!

2+(=!.+/$0<C!!

"#'! )#$(&! 0#*.)'(! &'%0($?'%! 3<! ('%'*(0#! .(+U'0)C! 5! /+0*)'! )#$%! ('%'*(0#! $,! 3<!

'.$%)'3$0! %)*,0'! *%! *! 1'3$,$%)! *0)$D$%)B! *,&! 5! &'%0($?'! .('D$+;%! ('%'*(0#! K*%! *,! 4+,+;(%!

%);&',)S!2#$0#!$,1+(3'&!3<!J;*/$)*)$D'!('%'*(0#!&'%$@,C!8))',)$+,!$%!@$D',!)+!3<!+D'(*//!

1'3$,$%)! *..(+*0#B! )#'! .(+0'%%! +1! 0+,&;0)$,@! $,>&'.)#! $,)'(D$'2%B! )#'! 2*<! $,! 2#$0#! 5!

*../$'&!0+,)',)!*,&!)#'3*)$0!*,*/<%'%B!*,&!5!,+)'!)#'!D*/;'!+1!1*0$/$)*)$,@!$,)'(D$'2%!2$)#!

)#'!*%%$%)*,0'!+1!*,!$%$Y#+%*>%.'*=$,@!)(*,%/*)+(C!

Z('%',)*)$+,!*,&!*,*/<%'%!+1!)#'!('%'*(0#!1$,&$,@%!*('!.('%',)'&!$,!)2+!0#*.)'(%C!I$(%)B!5!

'-./+('! 0*('(%[! ('.('%',)*)$+,%! D$%>\>D$%! 0*.*?$/$)$'%! &'.($D*)$+,! )#(+;@#! 0*)'@+($'%!

&'/$,'*)'&!?<!];%%?*;3B!,*3'/<V!KNS!?+&$/<!#'*/)#B!KES!?+&$/<!$,)'@($)<B!K^S!'3+)$+,%B!*,&!

KWS! 3*)'($*/! *,&! .+/$)$0*/! 0+,)(+/! +D'(! +,'T%! ',D$(+,3',)C! :'0+,&B! 5! 2*,)'&! )+! #$@#/$@#)!

0*('(%[!.+%$)$D'!('.('%',)*)$+,%!+1!)#'$(!2+(=C!"+!('D'*/!)#'%'!'-.'($',0'%B!5!*../$'&!)#'!

1+//+2$,@! 0*.*?$/$)<! 0*)'@+($'%V! KNS! .(*0)$0*/! ('*%+,Q! KES! '3+)$+,%Q! K^S! *11$/$*)$+,! *,&! KWS!

%',%'B!$3*@$,*)$+,!*,&!)#+;@#)!K];%%?*;3B!EFNN*V!^^>^WSC!M<!*../<$,@!)#'%'!0*)'@+($'%B!5!

#+.'&!)+!('D'*/!2*<%!$,!2#$0#!0*('(%!*()$0;/*)'&!0*.*?$/$)<!1+(3*)$+,C!!

5,!)#'!/*%)!0#*.)'(!5!&$%0;%%!#+2!)#'!3'*,$,@!+1!0*('!2+(='(%T!+2,!('.('%',)*)$+,%!

3*<!$,1/;',0'!+;(!,+)$+,%!+1!%+0$*/!('.(+&;0)$+,!*,&!#+2!2'!)#$,=!*?+;)!&'D'/+.3',)!$,!

)#'!0+,)'-)!+1!.+D'()<B!4567859:B!*,&!@',&'(C!!

!

!

!

!

(12)

Universit

y of Cape Town

! ^!

+,-.#/$*0*

1234531!+67*85693:45;**

!

!"#$%&'(#)%"*

H<!$,)'('%)!$,!'-./+($,@!)#'!('.('%',)*)$+,%!+1!0+33;,$)<!0*('!2+(='(%!)+!.(+&;0'!

=,+2/'&@'! *?+;)! )#'! .+%%$?/'! $3.*0)%! +1!"#$%&! 0*('! 2+(=! +,! 2+3',! $%! $,1+(3'&! ?<!

1'3$,$%)! &'D'/+.3',)! .+/$)$0%C! 5! 2$//! )#;%! .('%',)! )#'+($'%! 2$)#$,! )#$%! +D'(*(0#$,@!

1(*3'2+(=! )+! /+0*)'! 0*('! 2+(=! 2$)#$,! )#'! 0+,)'-)%! +1! .+D'()<B! .+2'(B! *,&! @',&'(C! "#$%!

0#*.)'(!2$//!+;)/$,'!*!)#'+(')$0*/!1(*3'2+(=!?*%'&!+,!='<!&'?*)'%!$,!%+0$*/!('.(+&;0)$+,B!

0*('! )#'+(<B! *,&! 1'3$,$%)! &'D'/+.3',)! '0+,+3$0%B! ,+)$,@! &$%0;%%$+,%! *(+;,&! )#'!

1'3$,$%*)$+,!+1!0*('!2+(=C!!

*

<%()-=*$/.$%&'(#)%"*

"#'!0+,0'.);*/!1+;,&*)$+,%!+1!%+0$*/!('.(+&;0)$+,!2$)#!2#$0#!5!2+(=!$,!)#$%!)#'%$%!

/$'!$,!1'3$,$%)!'0+,+3$0!)#'+(<B!2#$0#!_#$@#/$@#)%!)#'!$3.+()*,0'!+1!('.(+&;0)$D'!*0)$D$)<!

1+(!)#'!2+(=$,@!+1!*,<!'0+,+3<B!*,&!*(@;'%!)#*)!)#$%!%#+;/&!?'!0',)(*/!)+!*,<!*,*/<%$%!+1!

'0+,+3$0%[!KI'(@;%+,B!EFNFV!^>WSC!!

4$%)+($0*//<B!T%+0$*/!('.(+&;0)$+,T!#*%!('1'(('&!)+!3*$,)*$,$,@!'-$%)$,@!/$1'!+,!*!&*$/<!

?*%$%B! *,&! ('.(+&;0$,@! )#'! ,'-)! @','(*)$+,! KL*%/'))! *,&! M(',,'(B! NOPOSC! "#$%! $,0/;&'%!

.(+0('*)$+,! *,&! #+2! 1++&B! 0/+)#$,@B! *,&! %#'/)'(! *('! 3*&'! *D*$/*?/'! 1+(! $33'&$*)'!

0+,%;3.)$+,C! 5)! #*%! 0+3'! )+! $,0/;&'! T)#'! 2*<%! $,! 2#$0#! )#'! 0*('! *,&! %+0$*/$`*)$+,! +1!

0#$/&(',!*('!.(+D$&'&T!*,&!T)#'!0*('!+1!)#'!$,1$(3!*,&!'/&'(/<T!KL*%/'))!*,&!M(',,'(B!NOPOV!

^PE>^PXSC!a%%',)$*//<B!%+0$*/!('.(+&;0)$+,!$%!*!?(+*&!('1'(',0'!)+!)#'!T.(+0'%%!+1!3'')$,@!

)#'!,''&%!+1!$,&$D$&;*/%!*,&!1*3$/$'%T!$,!%+0$')<!KI+/?('B!NOORV!NPRSC!!

"#'! _,*3$,@[! +1! %+0$*/! ('.(+&;0)$+,! *%! *,! '0+,+3$0! 0+,0'.)! $%! *))($?;)'&! )+!

(13)

Universit

y of Cape Town

! W!

8/)#;%%'(!KNOGNSB!)#'!I(',0#!H*(-$%)!.#$/+%+.#'(B!*%!.*()!+1!#$%!0($)$J;'!+1!_0+,)'3.+(*(<!

0*.$)*/$%)!%+0$')<[C!8/)#;%%'(!'-./*$,'&!('.(+&;0)$D'!*0)$D$)<!*%!)#'!.(+0'%%!)#(+;@#!2#$0#!

_1;,&*3',)*/!%)(;0);('%!*,&!('/*)$+,%!+1!%+0$')<!0+,)$,;*//<!('0('*)'!)#'!'-$%)$,@!3+&'!+1!

.(+&;0)$+,[! Kb$?%+,>b(*#*3B! EFFRV! EWSC! 5,! )#$%! 2*<B! %+0$*/! ('.(+&;0)$+,! *,&! .(+&;0)$+,!

*('!_3;);*//<!0+,%)$);)$D'!*,&!$,!)',%$+,[!Kc*)`B!EFFNV!GNNSC!

8/)#;%%'(!*(@;'&!)#*)!)#'!%)(;0);('%!+1!@',&'(!&+3$,*,0'!*('!)#;%!*/%+!('0('*)'&!

*,&!3*$,)*$,'&!2$)#$,!)#$%!_'-$%)$,@!3+&'!+1!.(+&;0)$+,[!Kb$?%+,>b(*#*3B!EFFRV!EW>EXSC!

I'3$,$%)! %0#+/*(%#$.! #*%! $,)'((+@*)'&! 2#<! )#$%! $%! %+! ?<! 1+0;%%$,@! +,! )#'! T%+0$*/!

+(@*,$%*)$+,T! +1! .(+&;0)$+,! *,&! ('.(+&;0)$+,B! )#*)! $%B! T)#'! %')! +1! %+0$*/! ('/*)$+,%#$.%!

)#(+;@#!2#$0#!.'+./'!*0)!)+!@')!$)!&+,'T!KL*%/'))!*,&!M(',,'(B!NOPOV!^PWSC!"#$%!('1'(%!)+!

)#'!_%+0$*//<!0+,%)(;0)'&!&$D$%$+,!+1!/*?+;([!+1!2#$0#!@',&'(!$%!*!!_1;,&*3',)*/!&$3',%$+,[!

KL*%/'))! *,&! M(',,'(B! NOPOV! WFFSC! "#;%B! *(@;'! L*%/'))! *,&! M(',,'(B! %+0$*/! ('.(+&;0)$+,!

0('*)'%! *,! _*(',*! +1! %+0$*/! 0+,1/$0)[! 2#$0#! %#*.'%! )#'! _.+/$)$0*/B! '0+,+3$0! *,&! $&'+/+@$0*/!

0+,)+;(%! +1! %+0$')<! *%! *! 2#+/'[! KL*%/'))! *,&! M(',,'(B! NOPOV! WFFSC! d,'! *%.'0)! +1! )#'!

_&$D$%$+,!+1!/*?+;([!$%!)#'!%'.*(*)$+,!+1!.(+&;0)$D'!.*$&!/*?+;(B!0+,&;0)'&!$,!)#'!3*(=')B!

1(+3!('.(+&;0)$D'!;,.*$&!/*?+;(B!.'(1+(3'&!$,!)#'!#+3'!_;%;*//<!?<!2+3',[!KI'(@;%+,B!

EFNFV! ^>WSC! "#'! _0+,1/$0)[! )#;%! 0('*)'&B! *(@;'! e*`*D$! *,&! 4*%%$3! KEFFRS! $%B! #+2'D'(B! *,!

*()$1$0'!+1!,'+/$?'(*/!'0+,+3$0!)#'+($%)%C!!

L*%/'))!*,&!M(',,'(B!$,!)#'$(!0+3./')'!&'1$,$)$+,!+1!%+0$*/!('.(+&;0)$+,B!$,0/;&'!)#'!

_3',)*/B!3*,;*/!*,&!'3+)$+,*/[!2+(=!$,D+/D'&!$,!.(+D$&$,@!)#'!_#$%)+($0*//<!*,&!%+0$*//<B!*%!

2'//!*%!?$+/+@$0*//<!&'1$,'&!'()*!)+!3*$,)*$,!'-$%)$,@!/$1'[!KNOPOV!^P^SC!A*('!2+(=!$%!_.*()!+1!

)#'! $,1(*%)(;0);('! +1! U+?%! $,D+/D'&! $,! (;,,$,@! *,&! $3./'3',)$,@! )#'! @/+?*/! '0+,+3$0!

%<%)'3[! K4*(0+;()B! EFFOV! GOS! *,&! *11'0)%! )#'! J;*,)$)<! *,&! J;*/$)<! +1! )#'! /*?+;(! 1+(0'B! *%!

2'//!*%!)#'!.*))'(,!*,&!(*)'!+1!'0+,+3$0!&'D'/+.3',)!Ke*`*D$B!EFFGSC!"#'%'!1+(3;/*)$+,%!

#$@#/$@#)! )#'! 0+>0+,%)$);)$D'! ,*);('! +1! %+0$*/! ('.(+&;0)$+,! *,&! .(+&;0)$+,! KI'(@;%+,B!

(14)

Universit

y of Cape Town

! X!

EFNFV! ^Q! c*)`B! EFFNSB! *,&! %#+2! #+2! *,<! *))'3.)! *)! &$D$%$+,! 3*<! $,&''&! *..'*(! )+! ?'!

_*()$1$0'[!Ke*`*D$!*,&!4*%%$3B!EFFRSC!!

A*('! 2+(=B! *(@;'%! 4*(0+;()B! /+0*)'%! 2+3',! $,! 2#*)! L*%/'))! *,&! M(',,'(! 0*//! )#'!

_*(',*!+1!%+0$*/!0+,1/$0)[!KNOPOSC!9'%.$)'!)#'$(!0/'*(/<!$,&$D$%$?/'!,*);('B!2+3',[%!)2+!(+/'%!

2$)#$,!.(+&;0)$+,!*,&!('.(+&;0)$+,!*('!_(*('/<!0+,%$&'('&!)+@')#'([!KEFFOV!GN>GESC!f')B!$)!

$%! )#'! D'(<! &;*/$)<! +1! 2+3',[%! '0+,+3$0! /+0*)$+,! 2#$0#! #*%! ?(+;@#)! *?+;)! _/+,@>)'(3!

0#*,@'! $,! )#'! &+3'%)$0! %.#'('[! *,&! %''%! 3*(=')%! )+&*<! .',')(*)'! &+3*$,%! +,0'!

0+,%$&'('&!_)#'!*,)$)#'%$%!+1!3*(=')!.($,0$./'%V!)#'!%.#'('%!+1!1*3$/<!('.(+&;0)$+,!*,&!)#'!

&+3'%)$0! '0+,+3<[! KEFFOV! GESC! 5)! 0*,! ?'! *(@;'&! )#*)! )#'! ($%'! $,! )#'! ,''&! 1+(! *,&!

.'(1+(3*,0'! +1! 0*('! 2+(=! $%! +,'! ('*%+,! 1+(! )#$%! 0#*,@'C! 5,! )#'! 0+,)'-)! +1! )#'! @/+?*/!

'0+,+3<B! %)(;0);(*/! *&U;%)3',)! #*%! $(('D+0*?/<! 0#*,@'&! _%)*)'>/'&! ,*)$+,! ?;$/&$,@!

.(+0'%%'%[Q! @+D'(,3',)%! 3;%)! .($+($)$%'! .(+1$)>3*-$3$%*)$+,! *,&! '11$0$',)! '0+,+3$'%B!

('%;/)$,@!$,!0;)%!$,!%+0$*/!'-.',&$);('!K4*(0+;()B!EFFOV!G^SC!!

L;,&!*,&!M;&/',&'(!KEFFOS!&'%0($?'!#+2!)#'!4567859:!'.$&'3$0B!$,!.*()$0;/*(B!#*%!

$,)(+&;0'&!,'2!,''&%!1+(!0*('C!"#'<!&'%0($?'!)#'!$3.*0)!+1!)#'!'.$&'3$0!*%!T%#$1)$,@!#+2!

.'+./'!2+(=B!*,&!#+2!.'+./'!,''&!0*('B!*,&!2#+!.(+D$&'%!)#'!0*('T!KL;,&!*,&!M;&/',&'(B!

EFFOV! ERSC! 5,! )#'! 0+;,)(<! 2$)#! )#'! /*(@'%)! .+.;/*)$+,! +1! .'+./'! /$D$,@! 2$)#! 456! K8D'()B!

EFNFS!_*!0+3./'-!*,&!&$D'(%'!,'2!'0+,+3<!+1!0*('[!#*%!'3'(@'&!Kd@&',B!a%$3B!g!b(+2,B!

EFFRSC! "#$%! '0+,+3<! +1! 0*('! 1;()#'(! ?/;(%! )#'! /$,'! ?')2'',! )#'! 3*(=')! *,&! )#'! .($D*)'!

%.#'('!K:0#,'$&'(!*,&!L'#3*,,B!EFNFV!RF>RNSC!!

! +-$/*#,/%$>*

A*('! )#'+(<! #*%! *%! *! .($3*(<! 0+,0'(,! )#'! $&'*! )#*)! _0*('! 2+(=! $%! 2+3',[%! 2+(=[!

Ka%./',B!EFFOV!XSC!h+3',!0+,)$,;'!)+!.(+D$&'!*!/*(@'(!*3+;,)!+1!0*('!)#*,!3',!*0(+%%!(++!

%+0$')$'%B! '%.'0$*//<! $,! ('%.'0)! +1! ;,.*$&! 0*('! Ka%./',B! EFFOV! XSC! 5,! )#'! 0;((',)! .;?/$0!

(15)

Universit

y of Cape Town

! R!

1$,*,0'! ',D$(+,3',)B! 2#$0#! ',0+;(*@'%! /'%%! %+0$*/! '-.',&$);('B! K*%! &$%0;%%'&! $,! )#'!

.('D$+;%! %'0)$+,SB! *! _0*('! @*.[! #*%! '3'(@'&! )#*)! 2+3',! 1('J;',)/<! %;?%$&$%'! 2$)#! )#'$(!

+2,!)$3'B!','(@<!*,&!('%+;(0'%!Kd@&',!')!*/B!EFFRQ!a%$3!g!b(+2,B!EFFRV!^^WSC!!!

"#'('! $%! 2$&'! 0+,%',%;%! )#*)! 0*('! 2+(=! $,0('*%'%! )#'! ($%=! +1! 2+3',[%!

$3.+D'($%#3',)B! '%.'0$*//<! 1+(! )#+%'! */('*&<! 3*(@$,*/$%'&! ?<! %+0$*/! +(! #$%)+($0*/! 1*0)+(%!

('/*)'&! )+! (*0'B! 0;/);('! +(! 0/*%%! Kc*,@[')#'B! EFFOQ! a%./',B! EFFOQ! a%$3! g! b(+2,B! EFFRQ!

d@&',!')!*/B!EFFRQ!M*=*('>f;%;1B!EFF^Q!H0I*&&',B!EFFFSC!6;/,'(*?$/$)<!$%!'-*0'(?*)'&!?<!

)#'! _$,D$%$?/'! ,*);('! +1! 3;0#! +1! )#'$(! 2+(=B! 2#$0#! )*='%! ./*0'! $,%$&'! .($D*)'! #+3'%[!

Ka%./',B! EFFOV! EXSC! "#'! 2+(=! $%! ;,&'(D*/;'&! *,&! +1! /+2! %)*);%! KM;&/',&'(B! EFFEV! GSC!

h+(=$,@! 0+,&$)$+,%! *('! .++(B! $1! ,+)! &*,@'(+;%B! *,&! )#'! 2+(=! $%! $,1+(3*/! *,&! 2$)#+;)!

*))*0#3',)!)+!/*?+;(!',)$)/'3',)%!+(!.(+)'0)$+,%C!"#'%'!;,1*D+;(*?/'!0+,&$)$+,%B!*(@;'%!

a%./',B! *('! _)#'! ('%;/)! +1! @',&'(! $&'+/+@$'%! 2#$0#! .+()(*<! 0*('! 2+(=! *%! %+3')#$,@!

('J;$($,@!1'2!%=$//%!)#*)!*//!2+3',!*,&!@$(/%!*('!*?/'!)+!&+[!KEFFOV!EXSC!!

"#'! .+/$)$0%! +1! 0*('! 2+(=! #*%! ?'',! *! 0',)(*/! 1'3$,$%)! 0+,0'(,! 1+(! &'0*&'%C! M'))<!

I($'&*,! $%! ,+)'&! 1+(! #'(! 0($)$0$%3! +1! )#'! 0+,%)(;0)$+,! +1! *,! _;,('2*(&$,@! 1'3$,$,'! $&'*/[!

KI(''&3*,B! EFFGV! EROS! (++)'&! $,! ,+)$+,%! +1! 0*('! 2+(=C! h($)$,@! $,! .+%)>h+(/&! h*(! 55!

83'($0*B! I($'&*,[%! 0($)$J;'! 2*%! '3?'&&'&! $,! *! 0+,)'-)! +1! .+%)>2*(! *11/;',0'! *,&!

*&&('%%'&! NORF%! 2#$)'B! 3$&&/'>0/*%%B! '&;0*)'&! 2+3',C! 9'%.$)'! )#'! %.'0$1$0$)<! +1! #'(!

/+0*)$+,B!I($'&*,[%!&'0+,%)(;0)$+,!+1!)#'!_(+/'!+1!2+3',[B!)+/&!)#(+;@#!2+3',[%!.'(%+,*/!

%)+($'%B!('3*$,!('/'D*,)B!,+)!+,/<!$,!)#'!h'%)B!?;)!$,!%'))$,@%!2#'('!)#'!'-.'0)*)$+,!+1!*,!

+..('%%$D'!_1'3$,$,'!$&'*/[!.'(%$%)%C!I($'&*,[%!2($)$,@!*&&('%%'%!)#'!#+3+@',$`$,@!,+)$+,!

+1!2+3',!*%!0*('@$D'(%B!.*()$0;/*(/<!$,!)#'!#+3'!KI(''&3*,B!EFFGV!EGF>EGNSC!"#'!?;(&',%!

+1!)#$%!.*()$0;/*(!+..('%%$+,!i!)#'!+..('%%$+,!+1!_2+3',[%!2+(=[B!)#'!_@',&'(!(+/'[!?$,*(<!

*,&! )#'! '-.'0)*)$+,%! $,0;3?',)! )#'('$,! i! 2'('! ,+)'&! *%! #*D$,@! D'(<! ('*/! ('.'(0;%%$+,%!

1+(!2+3',[%!2'//>?'$,@!KI(''&3*,B!EFFGV!EGR>EGPSC!

(16)

University of Cape Town

! G!

"#'! @',&'(>&$D$%$+,! +1! /*?+;(! #*%! ?'',! #$%)+($0*//<! +(@*,$%'&! */+,@! .*)($*(0#*/!

$,)'('%)%! $,! %;0#! *! 2*<! )#*)! 2+3',! 2'('! *,&! ('3*$,! )#'! .($3*(<! 0*('@$D'(%! $,! %+0$')<!

KM*=*('>f;%;1B!EFF^Q!H0I*&&',B!EFFFSC!h+3',[%!;,.*$&!/*?+;(!$%!%'',!*%!)#'!_.(+&;0)!+1!

.*)($*(0#*/! *,&! 0*.$)*/$%)! %<%)'3%! +1! .(+&;0)$+,! 2#$0#! @$D'! 3',! .+2'(! +D'(! 2+3',!

)#(+;@#!%'-;*/!&$D$%$+,!+1!/*?+;([!KI(''&3*,B!EFFNV!XNSC!"#'!(+/'!+1!2+3',!$,!%+0$')<!$%!

)#'('1+('! _0+;0#'&! $,! )'(3%! +1! +/&! ('/*)$+,%! +1! .+2'(! 2#$0#! #*D'! &'1$,'&! 2+3',! *%!

,;();('(%! *,&! 0*('>@$D'(%[! KH0I*&&',B! EFFFSC! "#'%'! (+/'%! #*D'! ?'',! 1;()#'(! ',)(',0#'&!

)#(+;@#! ,+)$+,%! +1! 0;/);('! KbJ+/*B! EFFPS! *,&! )(*&$)$+,! KM',,'))B! EFFESB! 0+;0#'&! $,!

'%%',)$*/$%)!,+)$+,%!+1!*!,*);(*/!1'3$,$,'!$&'*/!K4*3$,@)+,B!EFFWQ!];%%?*;3B!EFFFSC!!

5,!D$();*//<!*//!0;/);('%B!$)!#*%!?'',!2+3',[%!)(*&$)$+,*/!(+/'!)+!0*('!1+(!)#'!#+3'B!

)#'! %$0=B! )#'! #;%?*,&B! )#'! 0#$/&(',B! )#'! 1*3$/<! *,&! )#'! '/&'(/<! K];%%?*;3B! EFFN*V! EWESC!

I;()#'(3+('B!)#'%'!(+/'%!#*D'!?'',!*%%+0$*)'&!2$)#!%+3'!$3.+()*,)!_3+(*/!D$();'%[!%;0#!

*%!*/)(;$%)$0!0+,0'(,B!('%.+,%$D','%%!)+!)#'!,''&%!+1!+)#'(%B!*,&!_*!2$//$,@,'%%!)+!%*0($1$0'!

+,'[%! +2,! $,)'('%)%! 1+(! )#+%'! +1! +)#'(%[! K];%%?*;3B! EFFN*SC! f')B! %+0$')<! *%! *! 2#+/'!

?','1$)%! 1(+3! )#$%! _2+(=[! 3+('! )#*,! 2+3',! )#'3%'/D'%! KH0I*&&',B! EFFFSC! 5)! #*%! ?'',!

*(@;'&! )#*)! .*)($*(0#*/! $,)'('%)%! #*D'! _3'&$*)'&[! )#$%! *0J;$'%0',0'! ?<! )#'! $&'+/+@$0*/!

0/*$3!)#*)!)#'!$,)'('%)%!+1!'D'(<+,'!*('!3+('!$3.+()*,)!)#*,!)#'!$,&$D$&;*/!($@#)%!+1!)#'!

+,'! .'(1+(3$,@! )#'! 0*('! 2+(=! KH0I*&&',B! EFFFSC! bJ+/*! *(@;'%! %$3$/*(/<! 2#',! %#'! %*<%!

0;/);('!.+%$)$+,%!_0*($,@!1+(!)#'!%$0=!*%!1'3$,$,'[!*,&!)#*)!_)#'!'-.'0)*)$+,%!+1!2+3',!*%!

,;();('(%[! 3'*,%! )#*)! )#'$(! +2,! $//,'%%'%! *,&! @','(*/! 2'//>?'$,@! *('! _+1)',! ,+)! )*=',!

%'($+;%/<[!KEFFPV!WWSC!!

h#$/'! 0*('! )#'+(<! *%! &$%0;%%'&! %+! 1*(! $%! 0+,0'(,'&! 2$)#! 0*('! 2+(=!(,!2+3',[%!

2+(=B! )#'! /$)'(*);('! */%+! *))'3.)%! )+! ;,(*D'/!-#.! 0*('! 2+(=! 0*3'! )+! ?'! 2+3',[%! 2+(=C!

4*3$,@)+,! KEFFWS! *))',&%! )+! )#'! 0+3./'-B! 0+,)'-);*/! ,*);('! +1! 0*('! 2+(=C! b$//$@*,!

&'%0($?'%! $)! *%! '3?'&&'&! $,! )#'! 0+,,'0)$+,%! ?')2'',! .'+./'! *,&! )#'! _',)*,@/'&! 2'?! +1!

(17)

University of Cape Town

! P!

&<,*3$0! ('/*)$+,%#$.%[! )#;%! '%)*?/$%#'&C! 53.+()*,)/<B! b$//$@*,! %#+2%! )#*)! )#'%'!

('/*)$+,%#$.%B! )#'%'! .*()$0;/*(! ?+,&%! +1! 0*('B! +(! _3+(*/$)<[! &'.',&$,@! +,! +,'[%! *..(+*0#B!

*('!,+)!*//!1(''/<!0#+%',C!A*('B!*%!*!0+,0'.)B!0*,,+)!?'!('3+D'&!1(+3!)#'!0+,)'-)!$,!2#$0#!

$)! +00;(%Q! 0*('! */2*<%! +00;(%! $,! *! _,')2+(=! +1! 0+,,'0)$+,B! *! 2'?! +1! ('/*)$+,%#$.%! )#*)! $%!

%;%)*$,'&!?<!*!.(+0'%%!+1!0+33;,$0*)$+,[!K4*3$,@)+,B!EFFWV!NW>NRQ!b$//$@*,B!NOPE!jNOO^kV!

EW>R^SC!"#'!2'?!+1!#;3*,!0+,,'0)'&,'%%!$,)($,%$0!$,!0*('!#*%!0+,U;('&!)#'+(')$0*/!&'?*)'!

*(+;,&!0*('!*%!/#)(+!0$)12*3!:.'0$1$0*//<B!')#$0*/!@',&'(!'%%',)$*/$%3!.'()*$,$,@!)+!,+)$+,%!

+1!3+)#'(#++&!K4*3$,@)+,B!EFFWV!EW>ERS!0+,)($?;)'%!)+!)#'!2$&'/<>#'/&!?'/$'1!)#*)!0*('!

1*//%! +,! )#'! %$&'! +1! 1'3$,$,'! D$();'%C! 4*3$,@)+,! 2($)'%! )#*)! )#'! _$%%;'! +1! )#'! @',&'(!

0+,,'0)$+,!)+!0*('!0*,!?'!%'',!*%!*!?*0=@(+;,&>1+('@(+;,&!0+,0'(,[Q!0*('!#*%!?'',!_$,!)#'!

?*0=@(+;,&!+1!3*/'>&+3$,*)'&!*..(+*0#'%!)+!')#$0%B!?;)!$)!#*%!?'',!$,!)#'!1+('@(+;,&!+1!

2+3',[%!3+(*/!$&',)$)<[!KEFFWV!NOSC!

"#;%B!)#(+;@#!3+(*/$)<B!)(*&$)$+,B!0;/);('!+(!('/$@$+,B!2+3',!#*D'!?'',!.+()(*<'&!

_*%!45! %(12)*! &'.',&',)! *,&! 3*&'! 1+(! +?'&$',0'B! 2$)#! *! .($3*(<! &;)<! )+! %'(D'! 3',[!

K];%%?*;3B!EFFFV!EWGB!EX^SC!51!2+3',[%!_.(+.',%$)<!)+!0*('[!'-$%)%!?<!,*);('B!$)!0*,!)#;%!

?'! *%%$@,'&! K?<! _b+&[B! )(*&$)$+,B! 0;/);('! +(! 3+(*/! ,+(3%S!4*'(2,*! $)! &'($D'%! 1(+3! ,*);('!

K];%%?*;3B!EFFFV!EX^SC!Z+/$)$0*/!*(@;3',)%!2#$0#!*..'*/!)+!,*);('!%/$.!?')2'',!0/*$3%!+1!

_?$+/+@<[B! _)(*&$)$+,[B! _,'0'%%$)<[! *,&! _,+(3[B! 2#$0#! $3./<! ('%.'0)$D'/<! )#*)V! 0*($,@! $%! _*,!

$,,*)'!',&+23',)!+(!)',&',0<[Q!2+3',!#*D'!(+.(5,!?'',!0*('(%!>!$)!$%!)#'!+,/<!2*<!2'!

=,+2Q! )#$,@%! 0*,,+)! ?'! *,<! +)#'(! 2*<Q! *,&! $)! $%! ($@#)! *,&! .(+.'(! )#*)! 2+3',! *('! )#'!

0*('(%! >! )#$%! $%! )#'! 2*<! )#$,@%! %#+;/&! ?'! K];%%?*;3B! EFFFV! EXWSC! M*%'&! +,! *,<! +1! )#'%'!

,+)$+,%B! 0*('! #*%! ?'',! _2+3*,[%! &'%)$,<B! *,&! *%! &'%)$,<B! ('J;$('%! ,+! (');(,! $,! =$,&[!

K];%%?*;3B!EFFFV!ERWSC!"#;%B!0*('!2+(=!$%!'3?'&&'&!$,!*!%+0$*//<!0+,%)(;0)'&!.*(*&$@3!

2#'('!$)!$%!_,*);(*/[!,+)!)+!*))($?;)'!3+,')*(<!K+(!+)#'(S!D*/;'%!)+!)#'!2+(=!2#$0#!2+3',!

&+!_*,<2*<[!K];%%?*;3B!EFFFV!ERW>EGFB!M;&/',&'(B!EFFEV!GSC!!

(18)

University of Cape Town

! O!

I'3$,$%)!%0#+/*(%!%;0#!*%!b$//$@*,!KNOPE!jNOO^kSB!]+&&$,@%!KNOPWSB!e;&&$0=!KNOPOS!

*,&! M;?'0=! KNOOXS! *(@;'! )#*)! 0*('! #*%! 0+3'! )+! ?'! @(+;,&'&! $,! 2+3',[%!*67*)$*%'*,!

(*)#'(!)#*,!$,!)#'$(!4$#+#&5Q!'-.'($',0'%!2#$0#!+00;(!2$)#$,!)#'!*!%+0$*//<!0+,%)(;0)'&!(+/'!

D$%>\>D$%! 0*('! (*)#'(! )#*,! ?'0*;%'! +1! *,! _'%%',)$*/! ,*);('[! K4*3$,@)+,B! EFFWV! NPSC!

];%%?*;3! %)*)'%! )#*)! )#'! ,*);('! +1! 2+3*,! $%! *,! _'3$,',)/<! *()$1$0$*/! )#$,@[B! *! %+0$*/!

*()'1*0)! 0+,%)(;0)'&! $,! *! _./;(*/$)<! +1! 0+3./'-! %+0$*/! %)(;0);('%[! K];%%?*;3B! EFFFV! ERW>

EGFSC!A*('!$%!*!.(*0)$0'B!(*)#'(!)#*,!*!3+(*/!+($',)*)$+,!Ka,@%)'(B!EFFXV!RO>GFSC!4*3$,@)+,!

*(@;'%!)#*)!.(*0)$0'B!+(!_)#'!#*?$)%!+1!)#'!?+&<[!3*='!$)!%''3!_?;$/)!1+(!0*('[!KEFFWV!^NSC!:#'!

*/%+!,+)'%!)#*)!%;0#!_#*?$)%[!3*<!?'!)#'!('%;/)!+1!%.'0$1$0!&'0$%$+,%!2#$0#!$,D+/D'!_%*0($1$0'B!

.*$,B! *,&! @('*)! '11+()! +1! 2$//[! KEFFWV! ^N>^XSC! H+D$,@! 1;()#'(! *2*<! 1(+3! )#'! _,*);(*/$%)$0!

1*//*0<[!+1!0*('!*%!.*%%$D'B!$,%)$,0);*/B!*,&!?'1$))$,@!+1!)#'!0+,%)(;0)'&!_,;();($,@!0#*(*0)'([!

+1! )#'! 1'3*/'! @',&'(! K4*3$,@)+,B! EFFWV! ^XSB! 0*('! $%! */%+! '3.#*%$%'&! *%! 2+(=! Ke;&&$0=B!

NOPOV!NGQ!"(+,)+B!NOO^V!NFN>NEEQ!4*3$,@)+,B!EFFWV!^W>^XSB!('J;$($,@!'11+()!*,&!','(@<C!5,!

)#$%!2*<B!1'3$,$%)!0+,0'.)$+,%!+1!0*('!',%;('!)#*)!)#'!_%#''(!*3+;,)!+1!2+(=!,'0'%%*(<!$,!

3*,<!0*($,@!('/*)$+,%#$.%[!K4*3$,@)+,B!EFWV!^XS!&+'%!,+)!@+!;,('0+@,$%'&C!

!

8/?)")@-#)%"*%A*(-$/*B%$C*

"#'!.('D$+;%!&$%0;%%$+,!#'/.%!)+!&'/$,'*)'!0*('!2+(=B!'%.'0$*//<!;,.*$&!0*('!2+(=B!

*%!1'3$,$%'&C!800+(&$,@!)+!H+#*,)<!KEFF^V!NWNS!)#$%!3'*,%!)#*)!@',&'(B!(*0'!*,&!0/*%%!*('!

_,*);(*/$%'&[!)#(+;@#!)#$%!.*()$0;/*(!0*)'@+(<!+1!_2+3',[%!2+(=[C!H+#*,)<!3+D'%!?'<+,&!

)#'!*0);*/!)*%=%!.'(1+(3'&!*,&!1+('@(+;,&%!_)#'!$&'+/+@$0*/!0+,%)(;0)$+,!+1!U+?%!*,&!)*%=%!

$,! )'(3%! +1! ,+)$+,%! +1! *..(+.($*)'! 1'3$,$,$)<B! &+3'%)$0$)<B! K#')'(+S%'-;*/$)<B! *,&! (*0$*/!

*,&!0;/);(*/!%)'('+)<.'%[!KEFF^V!NWESC!"#;%B!$)!$%!$3.+()*,)!2#',!)#'+($%$,@!0*('!2+(=!)+!

/+0*)'! )#'! *,*/<%$%! $,! #+2! _2+3',[%! 2+(=! $%! 0+,%)$);)$D'/<! &'1$,'&[! )#(+;@#! )#'!

_,*);(*/$%*)$+,!+1!0*.$)*/$%)!.(+0'%%'%B!$&'+/+@$'%!*,&!D*/;'%[!KEFF^V!NWESC!"#'!1*0)!+1!4*$%&!

(19)

University of Cape Town

! NF!

.#/*%8! 2$)#! .*()$0;/*(! (*0$*/B! .+/$)$0*/B! %+0$*/B! ')#,$0B! 0;/);(*/B! %'-;*/B! *,&! @'+@(*.#$0*/!

#$%)+($'%B!#*%!'D'(<)#$,@!)+!&+!2$)#!&'1$,$)$+,%!*,&!$&',)$)$'%!*%!2+(='(%!KEFF^V!NWESC!A*('!

2+(=B! $,! );(,B! &(*2%! ;.+,! *,&! ('70+,%)(;0)%! ,+)$+,%! +1! 3*%0;/$,$)<B! 1'3$,$,$)<B! *,&!

%'-;*/$)<!KEFF^V!NWWSC!

51!0*('!2+(=!$%!,'$)#'(!,*);(*/!)+B!,+(!3+(*/!&;)<!1+(!2+3',B!)#',!2#*)!$%!$)l!A*('!

2+(=! 0+3.($%'%! 0+3./'-! .*))'(,%! +1! ?'#*D$+;(! $,1/;',0'&! ?<! T&$11'(',)! *-'%! +1!

&+3$,*)$+,TB!%;0#!*%!0/*%%B!')#,$0$)<B!(*0'B!.+/$)$0%B!#$%)+($'%B!*?/'>?+&$'&,'%%!*,&!%'-;*/$)<B!

2#$0#! 3;);*//<! 0+,%)(;0)! +,'! *,+)#'(! *,&! %;%)*$,! $,'J;*/$)$'%B! 2#$0#! @','(*//<!

T&'.($D$/'@'!2+3',!('/*)$D'!)+!3',!$,!%+0$')<T!KM('&%)(m3B!EFFRV!E^E!*,&!E^GQ!c;;3?*B!

EFFEV!XFXSC!A*('!2+(=!$%!T1+(0'&!('.('%%$+,!$,!%+3'!&$('0)$+,%B!;,,*);(*/!%)$3;/*)$+,!$,!

+)#'(%T!K];%%?*;3B!EFFFV!ERXSC!5,!)#'!1+(3'(!%',%'B!.'(%$%)',)!@',&'(!,+(3%!('$,1+(0'!)#'!

(+/'!+1!2+3',!*%!0*('(%!$,!)#'!#+3'B!&+,'!*%!*,!'-)',%$+,!+1!)#'$(!&+3'%)$0!&;)$'%C!5,!)#'!

/*))'(!%',%'B!2+3',!3*<!_0#++%'[!0*('!2+(=!&;'!)+!T)#'!%+0$*/!,+(3%!*,&!)(*&$)$+,%!)#*)!

1+(3!2+3',T%!.('1'(',0'%B!*,&!)#*)!$,1/;',0'!)#'$(!*%.$(*)$+,%!*,&!)#'$(!'11'0)$D'!0#+$0'%T!

Ke+?'<,%B!EFNFV!EEPSC!!

"#'!.+$,)!+1!0*('!2+(=!?'$,@!.'(1+(3'&!$,!)#'!-#/*!*%!*,!'-)',%$+,!+1!2+3',[%!

&+3'%)$0!&;)$'%!,''&%!1;()#'(!;,.*0=$,@C!4+3'!$%!)#'!.($D*)'!('*/3!2#'('!)#'!%)*)'!(*('/<!

$,)'(D','%! Kh*($,@B! EFF^SC! 4+3'! $%! )#'! ('*/3! 2#'('! @',&'(! +.'(*)'%! KH+#*,)<B! EFF^V!

NWNSC!4+3'!$%!2#'('!)#'!3*U+($)<!+1!)#'!.++(!%;(D$D'B!*,&!)#;%!2#'('!)#'!,'2!2+(=1+(0'!

)#*)!$%!)#'!0*('!'0+,+3<!+.'(*)'%B!*,&!2#'('!_)#'!'3?+&$'&!/$D'%!+1!2+3',[!)#*)!0+3.($%'!

)#$%! 2+(=! 1+(0'! ('3*$,! _/*(@'/<! $,D$%$?/'! $,! 3*$,%)('*3! *,*/<%$%! +1! )#'! @/+?*/! 3*(=')!

'0+,+3<[!K4*(0+;()B!EFFOV!GF>GNSC!I'3$,$%)!%0#+/*(%!D$'2!)#'!#+3'!*%!T*B!$1!,+)!)#'B!3*U+(!

%$)'! +1! +..('%%$+,! +1! 2+3',TB! $,! ,+! %3*//! 3'*%;('! *))($?;)'&! )+! )#'! +..('%%$+,!

',@',&'('&! ?<! %+0$*/! ('.(+&;0)$+,! K];%%?*;3B! EFFFV! EW^Q! %''! */%+! 4*(0+;()B! EFFOQ!

H+#*,)<B! EFF^Q! ]*(*<*,B! NOOGSC! "#'! %)*)'! #*%! %+! +1)',! 1*$/'&! 3*(@$,*/$%'&! 3'3?'(%! +1!

(20)

University of Cape Town

! NN!

1*3$/$'%!$,!)#$%!T%.*0'T!2#',!$)!',1+(0'%!.*()$0;/*(!/*2%B!%;0#!*%!;,'J;*/!.(+.'()<!($@#)%!1+(!

@$(/%B!+(!2#',!$)!1*$/%!)+!',1+(0'!/*2%B!%;0#!*%!&+3'%)$0!D$+/',0'!/*2%Q!/*2%!2#$0#!('J;$('!*!

)<.'! +1! T3'&&/$,@T! $,! )#'! .($D*)'! ('*/3! K];%%?*;3B! EFFFV! ERNSC! 5,! +)#'(! 2*<%B! )#'! %)*)'!

('2*(&%!)#'!,+(3*)$D'!1*3$/<!%)(;0);('!)#(+;@#!'0+,+3$0!$,0',)$D'%!+(!.(+)'0)$+,%C!"#'!

#+3'B! *%! 1;,&*3',)*/! )+! )#'! ('.(+&;0)$+,! +1! )#'! '0+,+3<B! $%! )#;%! ('$,1+(0'&! *,&!

.(+)'0)'&! K];%%?*;3B! EFFFV! ERX>EGFSC! 8%! *! 0($)$0*/! %.*0'B! #+3'! $%! 2#'('! )#'! @',&'(!

.+2'(!&$11'(',)$*/%!)#*)!3*$,)*$,!0*.$)*/+0',)($0!*,&!#')'(+,+(3*)$D'!'0+,+3$0!.+/$0$'%!

*('! ('7.(+&;0'&B! )#;%! 3*$,)*$,$,@! )#'! %)*);%! J;+! ! K4*(0+;()B! EFFOV! GWSC! h$)#! )#'! %)*)'!

('/;0)*,)!)+!_3'&&/'[!$,!.($D*)'!*11*$(%!>!$,!)#'!&+3$,$+,!+1!.($D*)'!.*)($*(0#<!>!0*('!2+(=B!

)#+%'! 2#+! .'(1+(3! $)B! )#'! D*/;'! +1! $)B! *,&! $)%! ('.'(0;%%$+,%B! ('3*$,! +;)%$&'! +1! .;?/$0!

.;(D$'2C!"#;%B!0*('!2+(=!$%!$,D$%$?/'C!!

"+!?'!$,D$%$?/'!*%!*!2+(='(B!+(!*%!h*($,@!2($)'%B!*!_.(+&;0'([B!3'*,%!)#*)!<+;!*('!

$,D$%$?/'!$,!)#'!%)*)'[%!*//+0*)$+,!+1!'0+,+3$0!?','1$)%!*,&!.(+)'0)$+,%!KEFF^SC!"#'('1+('B!

0*('! 2+(=! $%! ;,('@;/*)'&B! ;,.(+)'0)'&! *,&! ;,('3;,'(*)'&C! 9'%.$)'! /*(@'! ,;3?'(%! +1!

2+3',!',)'($,@!)#'!@/+?*/!3*(=')B!_,'2!U+?%!1+(!2+3',!*('!$,!)#'!;,('@;/*)'&!$,1+(3*/!

'0+,+3<[! K4*(0+;()B! EFFOV! GWSC! "#'! 1'3$,$%*)$+,! +1! /*?+;(! $%! /'%%! *?+;)! )#'! '0+,+3$0!

'3.+2'(3',)!+1!2+3',!*,&!3+('!*?+;)!$,1+(3*/$%*)$+,!*,&!_*!./',)$1;/!%;../<!+1!0#'*.!

/*?+;([! K4*(0+;()B! EFFOV! G^SC! I'3$,$%*)$+,! +1! 0*('! 2+(=! _$%! *?+;)! %;?>0+,)(*0)'&! %;../<!

0#*$,%!+.'(*)$,@!+;)%$&'!+1!)#'!1+(3*/!%'0)+([!K4*(0+;()B!EFFOV!GWSC!"#'!0+,0'.)!+1!D*/;'!

2$//!?'!'-.*,&'&!;.+,!$,!)#'!,'-)!%'0)$+,C!M;)!1$(%)B!)#'!$,0('*%$,@!,''&!1+(!0*('!('J;$('%!

$,)'((+@*)$+,C!!

Z+.='!KEFFRV!XFWS!%;@@'%)%!)#'!$,0('*%'&!,''&!1+(!0*('!$%!?+(,'!+;)!+1!)#'!0+,)'-)!

+1! ,'+/$?'(*/! '0+,+3$0%! *%! '-*0'(?*)'&! ?<! )#'! 4567859:! '.$&'3$0C! e*`*D$! *,&! 4*%%$3!

KEFFRS!*(@;'!)#*)!%)*)'!2$)#&(*2*/B!*)!)#'!)$3'!+1!$,0('*%'&!%+0$*/!,''&!K&;($,@!)#'!859:!

0($%$%! $,! .*()$0;/*(SB! %#+2%! )#'! /$3$)%! +1! )#$%! '0+,+3$0! .*(*&$@3V! $)! *%%;3'%! ;,/$3$)'&!

(21)

University of Cape Town

! NE!

0+.$,@! 0*.*0$)$'%! *3+,@! 1*3$/$'%! *,&! 0+33;,$)$'%B! *,! *%%;3.)$+,! 2#$0#! ('>',)(',0#'%!

@',&'(!$,'J;*/$)$'%!Ke*`*D$!*,&!4*%%$3B!EFFRSC!5,!*&&$)$+,B!$,1+(3'&!?<!@',&'(!,+(3%!*%!

&$%0;%%'&! .('D$+;%/<B! )#'! ?;(@'+,$,@! $,1+(3*/! 2'/1*('! %'0)+(B! $,! )#'! 1+(3! +1! $,1+(3*/!

0+33;,$)<>?*%'&! *,&! ,+,>.(+1$)! +(@*,$%*)$+,%B! 0+,%$&'(%! $)! *00'.)*?/'! *,&! *..(+.($*)'!

1+(!2+3',!)+!.(+D$&'!0*('!%'(D$0'%!$,!)#'$(!0+33;,$)$'%C!Z*)'/!*(@;'%!)#*)!)#'!$,1+(3*/!

4567859:! 0*('! %'0)+(! ('$,1+(0'%! )#'! ,'+/$?'(*/! '0+,+3$0! .(+U'0)! _?'0*;%'! $)! 3$3$0%! *,&!

&+'%! ,+)! &$%)$,@;$%#! $)%'/1! 1(+3! )#'! )(',&! +1! ;,'J;*/! @',&'(! ('/*)$+,%! *,&! .+2'(!

$,'J;*/$)$'%!?')2'',!3',!*,&!2+3',!$,!)#'!%+0$')<!*)!/*(@'[!KZ*)'/B!EFFOV!R>GSC!

!

8/?)")@#*D/E/=%.?/"#*1,/%$>*

"#'! &$%0;%%$+,! %+! 1*(! .+$,)%! )+! )#'! 0+,0'.);*/! @*.%! $,! 3*$,%)('*3! '0+,+3$0!

*,*/<%'%!+1!1'3$,$%'&!%+0$*/!('.(+&;0)$+,B!@*.%!2#$0#!*('!$3./$0*)'&!$,!_$,1+(3$,@!@',&'(!

*,&!&'D'/+.3',)!.+/$0<[!K4*(0+;()B!EFFOV!GF>GNSC!e'0+@,$%$,@!)#*)!0*('!2+(=!$%!*!1+(3!+1!

%+0$*/! ('.(+&;0)$+,B! *! ?$+/+@$0*/B! .+/$)$0*/! *,&! %+0$+/+@$0*/! .#',+3',+,B! *,&! T.*()! +1! )#'!

1*?($0! +1! %+0$')<! *,&! $,)'@(*/! )+! %+0$*/! &'D'/+.3',)T! Ke*`*D$B! EFFGS! 3'*,%! )#*)! $)! $%! +1!

0+,0'(,! 1+(! 1'3$,$%)! %0#+/*(%#$.C! "#;%B! 0+,)'3.+(*(<! 1'3$,$%)! )#'+($%)%! #*D'! $&',)$1$'&!

)#'! 0+,0'.)! +1! _%+0$*/! ('.(+&;0)$+,[! *%! *! 0',)(*/! 0#*//',@'! )+! @',&'(! 'J;*/$)<! *,&!

&'D'/+.3',)! Kc*?''(B! H*@,;%! *,&! :)*(=B! EFFPV! XSC! h+3',T%! ('%.+,%$?$/$)<! 1+(! %+0$*/!

('.(+&;0)$+,B!*(@;'!3*)'($*/$%)!1'3$,$%)%B!$%!$//;%)(*)$D'!+1!)#'!$,#'(',)!$,'J;*/$)<!2$)#$,!

)#'!%+0$*/!*,&!'0+,+3$0!+(@*,$%*)$+,!+1!%+0$')<!Ke**?'(B!EFNFSC!5,!)#'!_1'3$,$%)!J;'%)[!+1!

',0+3.*%%$,@! 0*('! $,)+! '0+,+3$0! *,&! &'D'/+.3',)! *,*/<%'%! Ke*`*D$B! EFFGSB! %+0$*/!

('.(+&;0)$+,! .(+D$&'%! )#'! _%)*()$,@! .+$,)[! 1(+3! 2#$0#! )+! '-./+('! @',&'(! $,'J;*/$)<! $,!

@/+?*/! .(+&;0)$+,! *,&! ?($,@%! )+! )#'! 1+('! T)#'! &'@(''%! +1! ;,1(''&+3T! $,0;3?',)! )#'('$,!

KI'(@;%+,B!EFNFV!OSC!"#'!1+//+2$,@!&$%0;%%$+,!+;)/$,'%!%+3'!+1!)#'!1'3$,$%)!&'D'/+.3',)!

&'?*)'%! ('/'D*,)! )+! )#$%! &$%%'()*)$+,B! 2#$0#! %.'0$1$0*//<! 0+,1(+,)! %+0$*/! ('.(+&;0)$+,! *%!

(22)

University of Cape Town

! N^!

1;,&*3',)*/! )+! $3.'&$,@! 2+3',[%! %;?%)*,)$D'! &'D'/+.3',)! Kn*0=%+,B! EFFNQ! ];%%?*;3B!

EFFFSC!!

:$,0'!M+%'(;.[%!2*)'(%#'&!2+(=!+,!2+3',[%!.(+&;0)$D'!*,&!('.(+&;0)$D'!(+/'%!$,!

)#'! 0+,)'-)! +1! 81($0*T%! &'D'/+.3',)B! 1'3$,$%)! &'D'/+.3',)! &$%0+;(%'! #*%! 1+0;%'&! +,!

%#+2$,@! _2+3',[%! $3.+()*,)! 0+,)($?;)$+,! )+! '0+,+3$0! .(+&;0)$+,[B! _#+2! 2+3',! *('!

0($)$0*/! )+! '0+,+3$0! &'D'/+.3',)[B! *,&! #+2! )#'<! #*D'B! /$)'(*//<B! ?+(,'! )#'! ?;(&',! +1!

'0+,+3$0!@(+2)#!K4*(0+;()B!EFFOV!ROSC!aD+/D$,@!)#(+;@#!)#'!&$%0+;(%'%!('/*)'&!)+!_2+3',!

$,!&'D'/+.3',)[B!_2+3',!*,&!&'D'/+.3',)[!*,&!_@',&'(!*,&!&'D'/+.3',)[B!0+,)'3.+(*(<!

1'3$,$%)! $,)'((+@*)$+,%! &(*2! +,! (*&$0*/! .+/$)$0%! *,&! H*(-$%)! *,*/<%$%! )+! _2('%)!

o&'D'/+.3',)p! 1(+3! $)%! )(*&$)$+,*/! 3++($,@%! $,! /$?'(*/$%3! *,&! &$%0+;(%'%! +1!

3+&'(,$%*)$+,[!KL'2$%B!EFFEV!WESC!

"#'!$&'*!+1!*!.'+./'>0',)('&!*..(+*0#!)+!&'D'/+.3',)!'3'(@'&C!5,1+(3'&!?<!:',[%!

D$'2!+1!_&'D'/+.3',)!*%!1(''&+3[!2#$0#!*(@;'%!1+(!0+,0'.)$+,%!+1!'0+,+3$0!&'D'/+.3',)!

)+!3+D'!?'<+,&!'0+,+3$0!@(+2)#!*,&!3*(=')!'11$0$',0<!)+!0+,%$&'($,@!)#'!0+,%'J;',0'%!

+1!'0+,+3$0!*,&!3*(=')!1+(0'%!+,!.'+./'!KNOOOV!R>PSB!M','(q*!&',+;,0'%!)#'!.*)($*(0#*/B!

_'0+,+3$%)$0! ?$*%[! +1! &'D'/+.3',)! *..(+*0#'%! *,&! KEFF^V! NS! .(+.+%'%! %)(*)'@$'%! )#*)!

_?'@$,!*,&!',&!2$)#!)#'!&$@,$)<!+1!'*0#!#;3*,!?'$,@[!KEFF^V!EQ!E^Q!^ESC!:#'!*&D+0*)'%!1+(!*!

@',&'('&! *..(+*0#! )+! '0+,+3$0! &'D'/+.3',)! 2#$0#! '3.#*%$%'%! _#;3*,[! (*)#'(! )#*,!

%+/'/<! _'0+,+3$0[! &'D'/+.3',)! KEFF^V! NPSC! 5,! #'(! ?++=! 9*%"*)8! :*0*+#7/*%1! (%"!

9+#4(+$,(1$#%;! <'#%#/$',! (,! $=! (++! 7*#7+*! /(11*)*"B! M','(q*! ',D$%$+,%! &'D'/+.3',)! *%! _*,!

$,);$)$D'!$&'*!+1!*!/$1'!)#*)!$%!2+()#<!+1!)#'!&$@,$)<!+1!)#'!#;3*,!?'$,@!r!1+(!'*0#!*,&!'D'(<!

.'(%+,[! *,&B! *(@;'%! M','(q*B! $%! _3;0#! $,! );,'! 2$)#! )#'! ?*%$0! +?U'0)$D'%! +1! 1'3$,$%)!

'0+,+3$0%[!KEFF^V!ENSC!"#$%!*@*$,!'0#+'%!:',[%!*..(+*0#!$,!2#$0#!'0+,+3$0!@(+2)#!$%!?;)!

*!3'*,%!)+!.;(%;'!*!/$1'!+1!D*/;'B!,+)!*,!',&!KNOOOV!NFSC!!

"#$%!.'+./'>0',)('&!('%.+,%'B!+(!_)#'!(');(,!)+!)#'!%+0$*/[!$,!&'D'/+.3',)!.+/$0<B!*%!

(23)

University of Cape Town

! NW!

+;)/$,'&! $,! e*`*D$[%! 2+(=B! $%! *! 0($)$J;'! +1! )2',)<! <'*(%! +1! %)'*&1*%)! 0+33$)3',)! )+!

_*?%)(*0)$,@!)#'!'0+,+3$0!1(+3!)#'!%+0$*/[!KEFFGV!^GGSC!"#'!/*))'(!$%!('%.+,%$?/'!1+(!%+0$*/!

&'@(*&*)$+,! *0(+%%! )#'! 81($0*,! 0+,)$,',)! )#(+;@#! *&U;%)3',)! *,&! %)*?$/$%*)$+,! .+/$0$'%!

2#$0#! 0*//'&! 1+(! &(*3*)$0! ('&;0)$+,%! $,! %+0$*/! '-.',&$);('! Ke*`*D$B! EFFGV! ^GPSC! "#$%! $%!

?'0*;%'B!0',)(*/!)+!,'+/$?'(*/$%3B!$%!*,!'11$0$',)!,*)$+,*/!3*0#$,'(<!2#$0#!0+,)',&%!)#*)!

_%+0$*/!%'0;($)<!%#+;/&!,+!/+,@'(!('%$&'!%+/'/<!2$)#!)#'!%)*)'[!Ke*`*D$B!EFFGV!^GPSC!5,!)#$%!

2*<B! %+0$*/! ,''&%! *('! %;?/$3*)'&! )+! .($,0$./'%! +1! ,'+/$?'(*/! @/+?*/$%*)$+,C! "#;%B! %+0$*/!

%*1')<! ,')%! *('! $,0('*%$,@/<! ?'$,@! /'1)! )+! 3*(=')! 1+(0'%Q! +,! )#'! @(+;,&B! )#$%! 3'*,%! )#*)!

0+33;,$)$'%! #*D'! )+! 1',&! 1+(! )#'3%'/D'%! Kn',%+,! *,&! :*$,)>H*()$,! EFF^VPN! *%! 0$)'&! $,!

e*`*D$B!EFFGV!EFQ!e*`*D$B!EFFGV!^GPSC!!

8! .*()$0;/*(! *('*! +1! %)*)'! 2$)#&(*2*/! $%! $,! .;?/$0! #'*/)#! %'(D$0'%Q! 2#',! )#'%'! *('!

,+)! *&'J;*)'/<! 1$,*,0'&! )+! 0*)'(! )+! )#'! ,''&%! +1! *//! 0$)$`',%B! )#'! 3'%%*@'! $%! )#*)! +)#'(!

$,%)$);)$+,%! 3;%)! 1$//! )#'! @*.C! 5,! 3*,<! .++('(! 0+;,)($'%B! .($D*)'! %3*//>%0*/'! *,&! /*(@'/<!

;,('@;/*)'&!.(+D$%$+,!#*%!0+3'!)+!./*<!*,!$3.+()*,)!(+/'!$,!;(?*,!.($3*(<!#'*/)#!0*('!*%!

*! ('%;/)! +1! ;,&'(>$,D'%)3',)! $,! .;?/$0! %'(D$0'%! Ke*`*D$B! EFFGV! EFSC! d,'! 3*,$1'%)*)$+,! +1!

_1',&$,@! 1+(! )#'3%'/D'%[! $,! )#$%! ('@*(&! $%! )#'! '3'(@',0'! +1! ;,.*$&! 0*('! 2+(=! *%! _)#'!

?'&(+0=!+1!%+0$*/!.(+)'0)$+,!*,&!.(+D$%$+,$,@[!Ke*`*D$B!EFFGV!^GPSC!

"#'!&$/'33*B!*%!e*`*D$!.;)%!$)B!$%!_#+2!)+!('%.+,&!)+!%+0$*/!,''&%!2#$/'!('3*$,$,@!

2$)#$,!)#'!0+,%)(*$,)%!+1!3*0(+'0+,+3$0!%)*?$/$%*)$+,[!*,&!2$)#+;)!_*?*,&+,$,@!,'+/$?'(*/!

?*%$0%[! KEFFGV! ^GPSC! "#'! )',%$+,! $%! $(('0+,0$/*?/'! >! *%! ,'+/$?'(*/$%3! $%! %+/'/<! 1+0;%'&! +,!

.(+&;0$,@!.'+./'!)+!%'(D'!)#'!K@/+?*/S!'0+,+3<V!*!,'+/$?'(*/!'0+,+3<!?<!$)%!,*);('!$%!,+)!

@'*('&! )+! %'(D'! )#'! ,''&%! +1! .'+./'C! 5)! 1+%)'(%! _1$%0*/! ('%)(*$,)! *,&! *! ,$3?/'! %)*)'! )#*)!

1*0$/$)*)'%!)#'!$,)'@(*)$+,!+1!.'+./'!$,)+!)#'!3*(=')[!Ke*`*D$B!EFFGV!^GPSC!"#$%!&$%0;%%$+,!

+;)/$,'%!#+2!0*('!2+(=!.(+/$1'(*)'&!*%!*!('%.+,%'!)+!0+,)'3.+(*(<!'0+,+3$0!.+/$0$'%C!!

M','(q*! &'%0($?'%! #+2! )#'! '0+,+3$0! ('*/3! ',0+3.*%%$,@! 0*('! 2+(=! $%! @',&'('&!

(24)

University of Cape Town

! NX!

KEFF^V!^XSC!I(+3!.('>h+(/&!h*(!55!)+!2+3',[%!$,0('*%'&!.*()$0$.*)$+,!$,!)#'!/*?+;(!1+(0'!

$,! )#'! NOXF%B! M','(q*! &'%0($?'%! #+2! )#'! _*,&(+0',)($0[! *,&! _'%%',)$*/$%)[! *%%;3.)$+,%!

2$)#$,!'0+,+3$0!)#'+(<!0*3'!)+!?'!*../$'&!*%!*!2*<!+1!;,&'(%)*,&$,@!)#'!%.#'('!+1!)#'!

_#+;%'#+/&[! KEFF^V! NW! *,&! ^WSC! _]'2! 4+;%'#+/&! a0+,+3$0%[! '3'(@'&! $,! )#'! NORF%B! *!

0+,0'.)!.*$,1;//<!?/$,&!)+!@',&'(!&$%0($3$,*)$+,!*,&!.+2'(!&$11'(',)$*/%!?')2'',!3',!*,&!

2+3',!$,!)#'!&+3'%)$0!%.#'('C!]+,')#'/'%%B!)#'!_#'@'3+,<!+1!]'2!4+;%'#+/&!a0+,+3$0%[!

.('&$0*)'&!+,!%+0$+?$+/+@$0*/!'-./*,*)$+,%!1+(!2+3',[%!./*0'!$,!)#'!#+;%'#+/&!*,&!/*?+;(!

3*(=')%! #'/&! %2*<! ;,)$/! )#'! NOPF%! KEFF^V! ^X>^RSC! I'3$,$%)! 0($)$J;'! '3.#*%$%'&!

0+,%)(;0)$D$%)! *..(+*0#'%! )+! ;,&'(%)*,&$,@! ;,'J;*/! &$D$%$+,%! +1! /*?+;(B! ('%+;(0'%! *,&!

+..+();,$)$'%B! /*(@'/<! $@,+('&! $,! &+3$,*,)! '0+,+3$0! )#'+(<! )+! &*)'C! "#$%! 3*&'! 2*<! 1+(!

1'3$,$%)! )#+;@#)! )+! '-.*,&! '0+,+3$0! *,*/<%$%! )+! ',0+3.*%%! *! 3+('! #+/$%)$0! *..(+*0#B!

%;0#!*%!)#'!2+(=!+1!I($'&*,!2#$0#!%#+2'&!)#'!D*/;'!+1!,+,>'0+,+3$0!1*0)+(%!$,!*%%'%%$,@!

;,'J;*/! &$D$%$+,%! D$%>\>D$%! .+2'(B! *;)+,+3<! *,&! 3*/'>&+3$,*)$+,! KEFF^V! ^RSC! "#$%!

'3'(@',)! @',&'('&! *..(+*0#! %#+2'&! )#*)! '0+,+3$0! )#'+($'%B! %;0#! *%! ]'2! 4+;%'#+/&!

a0+,+3$0%B! 2'('! ,+)! $,)'((+@*)$,@!.-5! @',&'(! &$D$%$+,%! *,&! $,'J;*/$)$'%! '-$%)'&! *,&!

.'(%$%)'&!$,!)#'!#+;%'#+/&!*,&!$,!/*?+;(!3*(=')%!KEFF^V!^G>^PSC!!

"#'%'! J;'%)$+,%B! ,+)'%! M','(q*! KEFF^SB! %*2! @',&'(! '3'(@'! *%! *! 0*)'@+(<! +1!

'0+,+3$0! *,*/<%$%! $,! )#'! /*)'! NOPF%! *,&! '*(/<! NOOF%! KEFF^V! ^ESC! I+(! '-*3./'B! :',[%!

_0++.'(*)$D'! 0+,1/$0)[! )#'+(<! +1! #+;%'#+/&! '0+,+3$0%! .(+.+%'&! *! D*/;*?/'! */)'(,*)$D'!

3')#+&+/+@<!1+(!*,*/<%$,@!)#'!_1*0)+(%!?'#$,&!2+3',[%!%;?+(&$,*)$+,B!.+2'(/'%%,'%%!*,&!

/+2! ?*(@*$,$,@! .+2'([! *,&! 0*.);('&! #+;%'#+/&! &<,*3$0%! $,! *! 3;0#! 3+('! ('*/$%)$0! 2*<B!

;,/$='! )#'! ,+)$+,%! .;)! 1+()#! ?<! M'0='(! %;0#! *%! )#'! _#*(3+,$+;%! (*)$+,*/! 0#+$0'! 3+&'/[!

KEFF^V!^G>^OSC!s,&'(%)*,&$,@!)#'!#+;%'#+/&!_*%!*!/+0;%!+1!0+,1/$0)[!*//+2'&!1+(!*!1'3$,$%)!

0($)$J;'! +1! ,'+0/*%%$0*/! 3+&'/%Q! $)! $,)'((+@*)'&! )#'! %<%)'3*)$0*//<! $,1'($+(! .+%$)$+,! +1!

2+3',!$,!%+0$')<!KEFF^V!^OSC!I;()#'(3+('B!)#'!_#+;%'#+/&[!0+;/&!,+2!?'!%'',!*%!*!0($)$0*/!

(25)

University of Cape Town

! NR!

%$)'!1+(!*,*/<%$,@!)#'!,'-;%!?')2'',!1$,*,0'B!.(+&;0)$+,!*,&!%+0$*/!('.(+&;0)$+,!Ka/%+,B!

EFFWV!XSC!"#;%B!1'3$,$%)!'0+,+3$0!*,*/<%$%!#$@#/$@#)'&!)#'!_%+0$*/[!Ke*`*D$B!EFFGSQ!$)!0+;/&!

,**! *0)$D$)$'%! 2#$0#! .(+D$&'&! 1+(! .'+./'[%! ,''&%B! _(*)#'(! )#*,! ?'$,@! +($',)'&! )+! 3*=$,@!

3+,'<[!Ka/%+,B!EFFWV!RSC!5,!%+!&+$,@B!)#'!*()$1$0$*/!&$D$&'!?')2'',!)#*)!2#$0#!_0+;,)%[!*,&!

)#*)! 2#$0#! &+'%! ,+)! $%! 'D$,0'&C! I'3$,$%)! '0+,+3$0! )#'+(<! */%+! *()$0;/*)'%! )#*)! %+0$*/!

('.(+&;0)$+,!_$%!&$%.(+.+()$+,*)'/<!('/$*,)!+,!)#'!;,.*$&!2+(=!+1!2+3',!*,&!@$(/%!$,!)#'!

1*3$/<! *,&! 0+33;,$)<[! KEFFWV! RSC! 8%! %;0#B! 1'3$,$%)! &'D'/+.3',)! '0+,+3$0%! 0*//%! $,)+!

J;'%)$+,!)#'!*%%;3.)$+,!)#*)!2+3',[%!;,.*$&!2+(=!2$//!?'!&+,'!('@*(&/'%%!+1!'0+,+3$0!

D*@*($'%!*,&!_0*,!?'!('/$'&!;.+,!)+!*0)!*%!*!%*1')<!,')!+1!/*%)!('%+()!$,!)$3'%!+1!'0+,+3$0!

0($%$%[!Ka/%+,B!EFFWV!RSC!!

"#(+;@#! *! 1'3$,$%)! /',%B! )#'! 0($)$0*/! /'D'/! +1! ,+,>3+,')*(<! $,D'%)3',)! $,!

3*$,)*$,$,@! )#'! '0+,+3<! $%! %;(1*0'&! KEFFWV! RSC! I'3$,$%)! '0+,+3$0%! $,)'((+@*)'%! )#'!

,+)$+,! +1! _D*/;'[C! "($..! *(@;'%! 1+(! */)'(,*)$D'! _;,$)%[! +1! .(+&;0)$+,B! 0+,%;3.)$+,! *,&!

$,D'%)3',)!?'<+,&!)#'!#+;%'#+/&!*,&!1+(!('0+@,$%$,@!_)#'!(+/'!+1!2+3',!*%!$,&'.',&',)!

'0+,+3$0! *0)+(%[! KNOOEV! NROSC! t*u*)*<! 0#*//',@'%! 3*0(+>'0+,+3$0! ,+)$+,%! +1! D*/;'!

)#(+;@#! )#'! 0+,0'.)! +1! _@',&'(! ?;&@')! *,*/<%$%[! KEFF^V! NXSC! M;&/',&'(! 0*//%! )#$%! _@',&'(!

('%.+,%$D'!?;&@')$,@[C!5)!('1/'0)%!)#'!_D*/;'%!+1!*!0+;,)(<!i!2#+!$)!D*/;'%B!2#+%'!2+(=!$)!

D*/;'%!*,&!2#+!$)!('2*(&%!r!*,&!2#+!*,&!2#*)!*,&!2#+%'!2+(=!$)!&+'%,[)[!KM;&/',&'(B!

EFF^V! R! 0$)$,@! b+D',&'(SC! "#$%! $,! );(,! ('%+,*)'%! 2$)#! h*($,@[%! *(@;3',)! 1+(! *%%'%%$,@!

_2#'('! D*/;'! /$'%! $,! %+0$')<[! KEFF^V! ^GSC! h*($,@! ;%'%! *! @',&'('&! *,*/<%$%! )+! %#+2! #+2!

0+,D',)$+,*/!3'*%;('%!+1!'0+,+3$0!&'D'/+.3',)!#*D'!(',&'('&!/*(@'!*3+;,)%!+1!/*?+;(!

$,D$%$?/'!KEFF^V!^XSC!8%!,+)'&!'*(/$'(B!h*($,@!'J;*)'%!)#'!0',)(*/!.(+?/'3!+1!('0+@,$%$,@!

%+0$*/! ('.(+&;0)$+,! )+! $)%! $,D$%$?$/$)<V! _$1! <+;! *('! $,D$%$?/'! *%! *! .(+&;0'(! $,! *! ,*)$+,[%!

'0+,+3<B!<+;!*('!$,D$%$?/'!$,!)#'!&$%)($?;)$+,!+1!?','1$)%[!KEFF^V!^XSC!

!

(26)

University of Cape Town

! NG!

+-.-F)=)#)/@*-..$%-(,*

h$)#! ('%.'0)! )+! 0*('! 2+(=B! $)! $%! ,'0'%%*(<! )+! *&+.)! *! ?(+*&B! #+/$%)$0! *..(+*0#! )+!

&'D'/+.3',)! )#*)! $,)'((+@*)'%! )#'! 0+,%'J;',0'%! +1! '0+,+3$0! *,&! 3*(=')! 1+(0'%! +,!

.'+./'B!%.'0$1$0!)+!)#$%!)#'%$%B!2+3',C!

:',[%! .'+./'>0',)('&! *..(+*0#! )+! &'D'/+.3',)! $%! ('/'D*,)C! 5,! &+3$,*,)!

&'D'/+.3',)!&$%0+;(%'B!)#'!_3*(=')[!$%!%'',!*%!*!%+;(0'!+1!3*)'($*/!@(+2)#!*,&!$,&$D$&;*/!

1(''&+3C!4+2'D'(B!*%!*(@;'&!?<!:',!KNOOOV!GS!$)!0*,,+)!',%;('!)#$%!1+(!'D'(<+,'C!51!)#'!

3*(=')!0*,,+)!.(+D$&'!1+(!'D'(<+,'B!)#',!2#*)!$%!)#'!)(;'!.;(.+%'!+1!3+&'(,!'0+,+3$0%l!

5%! $)! *! 3'0#*,$%3! 1+(! +(@*,$%$,@! %+0$')<! *(+;,&! )#'! .(+0'%%! +1! '-0#*,@'! &$0)*)'&! ?<!

_(*)$+,*/! 0#+$0'%[B! +(! $%! $)! )#'! 3'*,%! ?<! 2#$0#! %+0$')<! .(+D$&'%! 1+(! #;3*,! /$1'l! KM','(q*B!

EFF^V!WE>W^SC!!

:',! &+'%! ,+)! &',+;,0'! )#'! ('/'D*,0'! +1! 3*(=')%B! $,%)'*&! #$%! 1+0;%! %#$1)%! )+! )#'!

_.($3*0<! +1! $,&$D$&;*/! 1(''&+3%[! )+! .*()$0$.*)'! $,! '0+,+3$0! *0)$D$)<! 2$)#$,! )#'! 3*(=')!

KNOOOV! RSC! I+(! :',B! T1(''! *,&! %;%)*$,*?/'! *@',0<T! '3'(@'%! *%! *! 3*U+(! T',@$,'! +1!

&'D'/+.3',)T! KNOOOV! WS! *,&! _D$'2$,@! &'D'/+.3',)! $,! )'(3%! +1! '-.*,&$,@! %;?%)*,)$D'!

1(''&+3%! &$('0)%! *))',)$+,! )+! )#'! ',&%! )#*)! 3*='! &'D'/+.3',)! $3.+()*,)[! (*)#'(! )#*,!

3'('/<!)+!%+3'!+1!)#'!3'*,%!)#*)!0+3.($%'!+,/<!.*()!+1!)#'!.(+0'%%!KNOOOV!^SC!"#$%!*@',)>

+($',)'&!*..(+*0#!#*%!%'D'(*/!.(+3$%$,@!0+(+//*($'%C!!

9'D'/+.3',)! *%! 1(''&+3! ('J;$('%! )#'! _('3+D*/! +1! 3*U+(! %+;(0'%! +1! ;,1(''&+3%[!

%;0#!*%!.+D'()<B!.++(!'0+,+3$0!+..+();,$)$'%B!%<%)'3*)$0!%+0$*/!&'.($D*)$+,!*,&!,'@/'0)!+1!

.;?/$0!1*0$/$)$'%B!)+!,*3'!*!1'2!KNOOOV!^SC!8!%#$1)!$,!1+0;%!)+!)#'!_',&%[!2#$0#!_*&D*,0'!)#'!

@','(*/!0*.*?$/$)$'%!+1!.'+./'!)+!/'*&!)#'!=$,&!+1!/$D'%!)#'<!#*D'!('*%+,!)+!D*/;'[!*//+2%!1+(!

*! ?(+*&'(! ,+)$+,! +1! &'D'/+.3',)! KNOOOV! NF>NNQ! PPSB! +,'! 2#$0#! $,0/;&'%! *! 0+,)'-);*/!

;,&'(%)*,&$,@! +1! .+D'()<! *,&! $)%! ('/*)'&! _&'.($D*)$+,%[! KNOOOV! PP>POSC! I+(! $,%)*,0'B!

&'.($D*)$+,%!('/*)'&!)+!@',&'(B!('%+;(0'!*//+0*)$+,B!+(B!2#*)!:',!0*//%!)#'!_'.$&'3$+/+@$0*/!

(27)

University of Cape Town

! NP!

*)3+%.#'('[B!*('!,+)!('D'*/'&!$,!$,0+3'!*,*/<%$%!*/+,'C!s,&'(%)*,&$,@!)#'!.(5,!$,!2#$0#!

.'+./'!*('!&'.($D'&!*//+2%!;%!)+!;,&'(%)*,&!#+2!$,0+3'!*/+,'!0*,,+)!%'(D'!)+!0#*,@'!)#'!

0*.*?$/$)$'%! +(! /$D$,@! 0$(0;3%)*,0'%! +1! )#'! 2+(=$,@! .++(! K:',B! NOOOSC! d,'! 0*,! #*D'! *,!

$,0+3'B!?;)!/$D'!*!%;(D$D*/$%)!'-$%)',0'C!:',[%!*@',)>+($',)'&!*..(+*0#!*))'3.)%!)+!%;(1*0'!

)#'! %+0$*/B! '0+,+3$0! *,&! .+/$)$0*/! &'.($D*)$+,%! 2#$0#! 3*<! /$3$)! +,'[%! 0*.*?$/$)$'%! KNOOOV!

ONSC!!

];%%?*;3! $%! *?/'! )+! '-.*,&! +,! :',[%! 0*.*?$/$)$'%! *..(+*0#! ?<! 1+0;%$,@! +,! #$%!

1+(3;/*)$+,!+1!_0+3./'3',)*($)<[B!+(!$,)'(%'0)$+,*/$)<!$,!1'3$,$%)!)#'+(<C!9*D$%!KEFFPV!GNS!

*(@;'%! )#*)! $,)'(%'0)$+,*/$)<! .(+D$&'%! *! _U+$,)! ,+&*/! .+$,)[B! *! ./*)1+(3! 2#$0#! ',*?/'%!

3;/)$./'!)#'+($'%!*,&!*..(+*0#'%!)+!?'!$,0+(.+(*)'&!2$)#$,!1'3$,$%)!%0#+/*(%#$.C!"#$%!$%!

$3.+()*,)! $,! ?;$/&$,@! *! )#'+(')$0*/! 1(*3'2+(=! 2#$0#! *$3%! )+! ;,&'(%)*,&! )#'! 3;/)$./'!

2*<%! $,! 2#$0#! 2+3',! *('! %+0$*//<! 0+,%)(;0)'&! *%! 0*('(%C! 8,! $,)'(%'0)$+,*/! *..(+*0#!

%#+2%! #+2! )#'! T&$11'(',)! *-'%! +1! &+3$,*)$+,TB! %;0#! *%! 0/*%%B! ')#,$0$)<B! (*0'B! .+/$)$0%B!

#$%)+($'%B! *?/'>?+&$'&,'%%! *,&! %'-;*/$)<B! 3;);*//<! 0+,%)(;0)! +,'! *,+)#'(! *,&! %;%)*$,!

$,'J;*/$)$'%! ?')2'',! 2+3',! *,&! ?')2'',! 3',! KM('&%)(m3B! EFFRV! E^E! *,&! E^GSC! 8,!

$,)'(%'0)$+,*/!*..(+*0#!)+!)#'+(<>?;$/&$,@!#$@#/$@#)%!)#'!3;/)$./'!*,&!$,)'(*0)$,@!%<%)'3%!

+1!$,'J;*/$)<!2#$0#!T&'.($D$/'@'!2+3',!('/*)$D'!)+!3',!$,!%+0$')<T!Kc;;3?*B!EFFEV!XFXSC!

8%! %;0#B! ];%%?*;3! $%! *?/'! )+! .(+.+%'! *! 0+3.('#',%$D'! *%%'%%3',)! +1! #+2! .'(%+,*/B!

%+0$*/B!',D$(+,3',)*/B!.+/$)$0*/!*,&!'0+,+3$0!1*0)+(%!*0)!2$)#B!*,&!,+)!$,&'.',&',)!+1!'*0#!

+)#'(!)+!/$3$)!0*.*?$/$)$'%!Kb$;//*($!*,&!L'2$%B!EFFXV!NXQ!#++=%!NOPW!jEFFFkQ!:',B!NOOOSC!!

d,'!+1!)#'!;,&'(/<$,@!*%%;3.)$+,%!+1!)#$%!('%'*(0#B!*%!'D$&',0'&!$,!)#'!/$)'(*);('!

KA+,&+,B!EFNFQ!a%./',B!EFFOQ!6*,!9<=B!EFFGQ!I(''&3*,B!EFFGQ!d@&',B!a%$3!*,&!b(+2,B!

EFFRV!^^RQ!h4dB!EFF^S!$%!)#*)!*!3*U+(!$3.*0)!+1!0*('!2+(=!$%!)#'!&'.($D*)$+,!+1!2+3',[%!

0*.*?$/$)$'%! K:',B! NOOOQ! ];%%?*;3B! EFNFSC! "#$%! $%! .('3$%'&! +,! )#'! $&'*! )#*)! _.+D'()<!

0+3?$,'&!2$)#!@',&'(!$,'J;*/$)<!/'*&%!)+!)#'!*0;)'!1*$/;('!+1!0',)(*/!#;3*,!0*.*?$/$)$'%[!

(28)

University of Cape Town

! NO!

K4*(0+;()B!EFFNV!^SC!!

I*$/;('! +1! #;3*,! 0*.*?$/$)$'%B! +(! )#'! &'.($D*)$+,! +1! 0*.*?$/$)$'%B! *($%'! 1(+3! )#'!

_',+(3+;%! )$3'>)*-[! $3.+%'&! ?<! 0*('! 2+(=B! )#'! /$3$)%! +,! +)#'(! *%.'0)%! +1! %+0$*/!

',@*@'3',)!+(!$,0+3'>@','(*)$,@!3*(=')!.*()$0$.*)$+,!K8,)+,+.+;/+%B!EFFPV!NRSC!5)!*/%+!

3*<!/$3$)!+,'[%!)$3'!)+!%.',&!+,!%'/1>0*('B!)+!',@*@'!$,!.+/$)$0*/!.(+0'%%!2#$0#!3*<!%'0;('!

+,'[%!($@#)%!K'%.'0$*//<!$3.+()*,)!*%!*!D;/,'(*?/'!2+(='(!/+0*)'&!$,!)#'!$,1+(3*/!%'0)+(S!+(!

)+!*))',&!%0#++/!+(!+)#'(!0*(''(!&'D'/+.3',)!+..+();,$)$'%!KEFFPV!NRSC!];%%?*;3!&'1$,'%!

#'(!*..(+*0#!;%$,@!0',)(*/!#;3*,!1;,0)$+,*/!0*.*?$/$)$'%!*%!_*,!*..(+*0#!)+!0+3.*(*)$D'!

J;*/$)<>+1>/$1'! *%%'%%3',)! *,&! )+! )#'+($%$,@! *?+;)! ?*%$0! %+0$*/! U;%)$0'[! 2#$0#! #+/&%! )#*)!

2#',!*%%'%%$,@!%+0$')$'%!1+(!)#'$(!?*%$0!&'0',0<!+(!U;%)$0'B!)#'!J;'%)$+,!)+!*%=!$%!Th#*)!$%!

'*0#!.'(%+,!*?/'!)+!&+!*,&!)+!?'lT!KEFNFV!NP>NOSC!"#$%!*..(+*0#!)*='%!'*0#!.'(%+,!*%!*,&!

',&B! _*%=$,@! ,+)! U;%)! *?+;)! )#'! )+)*/! +(! *D'(*@'! 2'//>?'$,@! r! )#'! *..(+*0#! $%! 0+,0'(,'&!

2$)#!',)(',0#'&!%+0$*/!$,U;%)$0'!*,&!$,'J;*/$)<B!'%.'0$*//<!0*.*?$/$)<!1*$/;('%!)#*)!*('!)#'!

('%;/)!+1!&$%0($3$,*)$+,!+(!3*(@$,*/$%*)$+,[!KEFNFV!NP>NOSC!

];%%?*;3! *../$'%! :',[%! ,+)$+,! +1! &'.($D*)$+,! )+! 0*('! 2+(=! %.'0$1$0*//<Q! ('1'(($,@!

,+)! +,/<! )+! _$,0+3'! &'.($D*)$+,[B! $)! $,1'(%! _&'.($D*)$+,[! *%! *,<! &*3*@'B! &$%.+%%'%%$+,B!

&$D'%)3',)B!+(!&',$*/!KNOOOV!PP>POSC!5,!)#'!0+,)'-)!+1!0*('!2+(=B!&'.($D*)$+,!0*,!)#;%!?'!

%'',! *%! ,+)! +,/<! '-.'($',0$,@! /*0=! +1! .*<3',)C! "#'! .'(1+(3*,0'! +1! 0*('! 2+(=! 0*,!

&$%.+%%'%%!+(!&$D'%)!)#'!0*('(!+1!#'(!3*)'($*/!3'*,%!+1!'-$%)',0'B!$)!0*,!0*;%'!#'(!.#<%$0*/!

+(!.%<0#$0!&*3*@'B!+(!$)!0*,!&',<!#'(!($@#)%!*%!*!1;//!*,&!'J;*/!0$)$`',B!%*<B!)#(+;@#!#'(!

/*0=!+1!($@#)%!*%!*!2+(='(C!5)!$%!,+)!',+;@#!)+!*0=,+2/'&@'!2+3',[%!@('*)'(!?;(&',!+1!0*('!

Kb$;//*($!*,&!L'2$%B!EFFXSC!"#'!0*.*?$/$)$'%!*..(+*0#!.(+D$&'%!*!3'0#*,$%3!1+(!&$%)$//$,@!

)#'!?(+*&'(B!3;/)$>1*0')'&!,*);('!+1!)#'$(!?;(&',C!!

e+?'<,%!*@(''%!)#*)!)#'!0*.*?$/$)<!*..(+*0#!$%!_*!.(+3$%$,@!'D*/;*)$D'!1(*3'2+(=!

1+(!@',&'(!$,'J;*/$)$'%[!KEFFWV!NSC!5)!$%!*!;%'1;/!2*<!+1!$//;3$,*)$,@!#+2!%+0$*/!%)(;0);('%B!

(29)

University of Cape Town

! EF!

$,%)$);)$+,%! *,&! #;3*,! ('/*)$+,%#$.%! *11'0)! 2+3',[%! 2'//>?'$,@! KEFFWV! ESC! 4*(0+;()! #*%!

*/%+!1+;,&!)#'!0*.*?$/$)$'%!*..(+*0#!)+!?'!*!@++&!*,*/<)$0!)++/!)+!;,&'(%)*,&!)#'!'0+,+3$0!

*,&! .+/$)$0*//<! _&$%*?/$,@! ',D$(+,3',)[B! '%.'0$*//<! #+2! .+D'()<! 0+3?$,'%! 2$)#! @',&'(!

$,'J;*/$)<! )+! /'*&! )+! )#'! _*0;)'! 1*$/;('! +1! 0',)(*/! #;3*,! 0*.*?$/$)$'%[! KEFFNV! N>^SC! "#'!

;%'1;/,'%%! +1! )#'! *..(+*0#! /$'%! $,! )#'! *,*/<)$0! .+%%$?$/$)$'%! $)! .('%',)%! ?<! /++=$,@! *)!

2+3',[%! /$D'%B! /++=$,@! *)! 2#*)! 2+3',! &+B! 2#*)! )#'<! *('! $,! *! .+%$)$+,! )+! &+B! *,&! #+2!

('%+;(0'%! *,&! +..+();,$)$'%! 2#$0#! *('! .('%',)! 2+(=! +(! &+! ,+)! 2+(=! )+2*(&! ',*?/$,@!

2+3',!)+!1;,0)$+,!K];%%?*;3B!EFFN?V!XESC!!

];%%?*;3!*(@;'%!)#*)!)#'!0*.*?$/$)$'%!*..(+*0#B!2#$0#!)('*)%!'*0#!$,&$D$&;*/!*%!*,!

',&B!*%!*!.+/$)$0*/!%;?U'0)!$,!#'(!+2,!($@#)!%'.*(*)'!1(+3!)#'!_+(@*,$0!',)$)<[!+1!1*3$/<!+(!

0+33;,$)<B!_.(+D$&'%!)#'!?'%)!1(*3'2+(=!2$)#$,!2#$0#!?+)#!)+!D*/;'!0*('!*,&!)+!@$D'!$)!

)#'!,'0'%%*(<!0($)$0*/!%0(;)$,<[!KEFFFV!EWWSC!

A($)$0*/!%0(;)$,<!%;(1*0'%!)#'!+D'(*//!'11'0)!+1!0*('!2+(=!+,!0*('(%[!_0*.*?$/$)<!%')[B!

2#')#'(! $,! )'(3%! +1! &'.($D*)$+,!#)! 1+(3*)$+,C! "#$%! 1$)%! $,)+! )#'! ;,&'(/<$,@! )#'3'! +1!

'3*,0$.*)+(<!.+/$)$0%!*,&!)(*,%1+(3*)$+,Q!$)!$%!*,!*..(+*0#!2#$0#!%''%!?'<+,&!+,/<!/*0=B!

&$%'3.+2'(3',)B! *?%',0'! *,&! D$0)$3#++&B! $)! */%+! %''%! +..+();,$)<! *,&! *@',0<! K:',B!

NOOOQ! b$;//*($! *,&! L'2$%B! EFFXSC! 5,! )#$%! 2*<B! 0*.*?$/$)<! $%! /$,='&! )+! #;3*,! ($@#)%V! 2#*)!

($@#)%!*('!0*('(%!*0);*//<!*?/'!)+!('*/$%'l!I(''&+3!$%!_,+)!U;%)!*!3*))'(!+1!#*D$,@!($@#)%!+,!

.*.'(B!$)!('J;$('%!?'$,@!$,!*!3*)'($*/!.+%$)$+,!)+!'-'(0$%'!)#+%'!($@#)%[!K];%%?*;3B!EFFNV!

WOSC! M'$,@! 0*.*?/'! +1! ('*/$%$,@! +,'[%! ($@#)%B! *,&! ?'$,@! *?/'! )+! 1+(3! )#'%'! ('J;$%$)'!

0*.*?$/$)$'%B!0+3.($%'!)#'!0*.*?$/$)$'%!*..(+*0#C!!

H<!*..(+*0#!)+!('%'*(0#!%;?%0($?'%!)+!4$//[%!0+,)',)$+,!)#*)!1'3$,$%)!%0#+/*(%!*('!

)+! _*0)! *%! 0*)*/<%)%! 1+(! )#'! 0('*)$+,! +1! =,+2/'&@'! )#*)! '11'0)$D'/<! *&D*,0'%! )#'! @+*/! +1!

#;3*,!1(''&+3[!KEFF^V!N^NSC!5!;,&'(%)*,&!)#$%!)+!3'*,!'-./+($,@!3<!)+.$0!$,!*!2*<!2#$0#!

('0+@,$%'%!)#'!'-$%)',0'!+1!_0*.*?$/$)<!%.*0'%[!KEFF^V!N^NSB!*,&!)#*)!)#'!+.'(*)$+,!+1!.+2'(!

(30)

University of Cape Town

! EN!

*,&! 1(''&+3! $,! %;0#! %.*0'%! 0*,! ?+)#! K,+)! '$)#'(S! &'.($D'! *,&! .(+3+)'! 0*.*?$/$)<!

1+(3*)$+,C! e'0+@,$%$,@! )#'! /*))'(! ('J;$('%! *,! *..(+*0#! 2#$0#! %)($D'%! )+! ?'! 0+@,$%*,)! +1!

&+3$,*,)!?$,*($'%!2#$0#!/+0*)'!$,%)$);)$+,%!$,!%+0$')<!*%!*$1-*)!&'.($D$,@!+(!'3*,0$.*)+(<C!

"#'! 0*.*?$/$)$'%! *..(+*0#! .(+D$&'%! *! .+)',)$*//<! )(*,%1+(3*)$D'! 3'0#*,$%3! )+! %''! )#'!

+..+();,$)$'%!*($%$,@!+;)!+1!)#'!.#',+3',+,!+1!0+33;,$)<!0*('!2+(=B!,+)!+,/<!)#'!3+('!

$33'&$*)'/<! *..*(',)! '-./+$)*)$D'B! $3.+D'($%#$,@! *,&! &'.($D*)$+,*/! ,*);('C! 4$//! 2($)'%V!

_)#'!0*.*?$/$)<!*..(+*0#!.(+D$&'%!,+)!+,/<!*!1(*3'2+(=!1+(!'D*/;*)$,@!#;3*,!2'/1*('B!?;)!

*! )++/! 1+(! *&D*,0$,@! $)[! KEFF^V! NNOSC! :',! KNOOOS! *(@;'%! )#*)! )#'! 0*.*?$/$)<! *..(+*0#!

.(+D$&'%! *,! ;,&'(%)*,&$,@! +1! '0+,+3$0! &'D'/+.3',)! )#*)! @$D'%! *! 1$(3'(! 1+;,&*)$+,! )+!

)#+%'!2+(=$,@!)+2*(&%!$)%!*0#$'D'3',)!K4$//B!EFF^V!NNOSC!!

8,! ;,&'(/<$,@! *%%;3.)$+,! +1! )#$%! ('%'*(0#B! *%! 'D$&',0'&! $,! )#'! /$)'(*);('B! $%! )#*)!

+,'!+1!)#'!3*,<!$3.*0)%!+1!0*('!2+(=!$%!)#'!&'.($D*)$+,!+1!2+3',[%!0*.*?$/$)$'%B!*%!&'1$,'&!

?<! :',! KNOOOS! *,&! '-.*,&'&!+,!?<!];%%?*;3!KEFFFQ!EFFN*!*,&!?SC! "#;%B! *! 0*.*?$/$)$'%!

*..(+*0#! 2+;/&! *%%$%)! $,! 0+,)'-);*/$%$,@! )#'! '-.'($',0'%! +1! 0*('! 2+(='(%! $,! )'(3%! +1!

%.'0$1$0!$3.*0)%!D$%>\>D$%!@',&'(!'J;$)<B!%+0$*/!U;%)$0'!*,&!&'D'/+.3',)!@','(*//<C!5)!*/%+!

.(+D$&'%! 1+(! *0)$+,! $,! )#*)! $)! $%! _*! 3+('! @(+;,&'&! *,*/<%$%! +1! )#'! .(+?/'3%! 2+3',! 1*0'!

?'0*;%'!+1!)#'$(!@',&'(!r!j*,&k!/++=%!*)!2#*)!$%!,''&'&!)+!',*?/'!.++(!2+3',!)+!1;,0)$+,!

1;//<!2$)#$,!%+0$')<[!K4*(0+;()B!EFFNV!WSC!!

"#;%B! $,! )#$%! %);&<B! )#'! 0*.*?$/$)$'%! *..(+*0#! $%! *! D*/;*?/'! 2*<! +1! ;,&'(%)*,&$,@!

_#+2!)+!?;$/&!)#'!0*.*?$/$)$'%!+1!0*('(%!)+!1;,0)$+,!$,!*!1;//<!'3.+2'('&!2*<[!K4*(0+;()B!

EFFNV! PSC! 5)! 0+;/&! .+)',)$*//<! .(+D$&'! )#'! *(@;3',)! )#*)! 2+3',! 0*('(%[! ('*/$)$'%! ('J;$('!

3+('!%;?%)*,)$D'!*%%'%%3',)B!?'0*;%'!$)!$%!_.(+1+;,&/<!2(+,@!)+!%;?+(&$,*)'!)#'!',&%!+1!

%+3'! $,&$D$&;*/%! )+! )#+%'! +1! +)#'(%[! K4*(0+;()B! EFFNV! PSC! "#*)! $%! *)! )#'! 0+('! +1! 2#*)!

'-./+$)*)$+,!$%B!)+!)('*)!*!.'(%+,!*%!*!3'('!+?U'0)!1+(!)#'!;%'!+1!+)#'(%!K];%%?*;3B!EFFN?V!

X^SC!

(31)

University of Cape Town

! EE!

"#'!0;((',)!./$@#)!+1!0*('!2+(='(%!$%!$,)+/'(*?/'B!<')B!*,!*..(+*0#!'-$%)%!2#$0#B!$,!

$)%! $//;3$,*)$+,! +1! &'.($D*)$+,B! .+$,)%! )+! )#'! '-*0)! ',)(<! .+$,)%! 1+(! *! ('%.+,%'! 2#$0#!

',*?/'%!_.'+./'!'D'(<2#'('!)+!/$D'!1;//!*,&!0('*)$D'!/$D'%[!K];%%?*;3B!EFNFSC!!

!

+%"(='@)%"*

"#'!)#'+(')$0*/!*..(+*0#!&'%0($?'&!$,!)#$%!0#*.)'(!$%!$,1+(3'&!?<!3<!/+0*)$+,!*%!*,!

*&D+0*)'!1+(!)#'!($@#)%!*,&!('.('%',)*)$+,!+1!0+33;,$)<!0*('!2+(='(%!$,!.+/$0<!.(+0'%%'%C!

5!0#+%'!)#'+(')$0*/!0+,0'.)%!2#$0#!2+;/&!1(*3'!3<!$,)'('%)!$,V!'-./+($,@!)#'!'-.'($',0'%!

+1!2+3',!4567859:!0+33;,$)<!0*('!2+(='(%Q!3*=$,@!3'*,$,@!+;)!+1!0*('!2+(='(%T!+2,!

('.('%',)*)$+,%! +1! )#'$(! '-.'($',0'%Q! ;,&'(%)*,&$,@! )#'%'! 3'*,$,@%! $,! )#'! '(*! +1!

4567859:Q! *,&! '-./+($,@! 2#*)! )#'%'! ('.('%',)*)$+,%! 3$@#)! 3'*,! 1+(! )#'! @+*/! +1!

%;?%)*,)$D'B!%;%)*$,*?/'!&'D'/+.3',)!.('&$0*)'&!+,!*!0+33$)3',)!)+!%+0$*/!U;%)$0'B!'J;$)<!

*,&! $3.(+D'&! J;*/$)<! +1! /$1'! 1+(! *//C! s/)$3*)'/<B! 5! *3! 0+,0'(,'&! 2$)#! ;,&'(%)*,&$,@! *,&!

)#'+($%$,@!*?+;)!)#'!$3.*0)!+1!&+$,@!0+33;,$)<!0*('!2+(=!+,!2+3',B!)+!$,1+(3!*!3+('!

('%.+,%$D'! *0)$D$%3! *?/'! )+! 3*='! ('/'D*,)B! 3'*,$,@1;/! *,&! %;?%)*,)$D'! 0/*$3%! +,! .+/$0<!

&'D'/+.3',)C!!

I'3$,$%)!%0#+/*(%#$.!#+/&%!)#*)!0*('!2+(=B!*%!%+0$*/!('.(+&;0)$+,B!.'(.');*)'%!*,&!

('.(+&;0'%! %<%)'3%! +1! @',&'(! $,'J;*/$)<! KL*%/'))! *,&! M(',,'(B! NOPOQ! I+/?('B! EFFRSC! "#'!

@/+?*/! &$%)($?;)$+,! +1! 0*('! 2+(=! *,&! )#'! 0+(('%.+,&$,@! .*))'(,%! +1! @',&'(! *,&! (*0$*/!

$,'J;*/$)<B! *%! 2'//! *%! )#'! ;,&'(>.(+D$%$+,! +1! 0*('! *,&! ('%+;(0'%! 1+(! 0*('! (*$%'! J;'%)$+,%!

*?+;)!)#'!&'./+<3',)!+1!0*('!2+(=!*,&!)#'!3'*,$,@!+1!@',&'(!'J;*/$)<C!5,!*&&$)$+,B!)#'%'!

J;'%)$+,%! 0+,)$,;*//<! 1;'/! )#'+(')$0*/! &'?*)'%! +,! )#'! 0+,0'.);*/$%*)$+,! +1! &'D'/+.3',)!

2$)#$,!0<0/'%!+1!.+D'()<B!$,'J;*/$)<!*,&!%+0$*/!$,U;%)$0'!+,!*!@/+?*/!%0*/'!Ke+?$,%+,B!EFFRV!

X>EXSC!!

H<! '-.'($',0'! $,! )#'! 1$'/&B! '%.'0$*//<! *%! 2$),'%%! )+! )#'! '-.+,',)$*/! ,*);('! +1! )#'!

(32)

University of Cape Town

! E^!

3;/)$./'!$3.*0)%!+,!2+3',!0*('(%B!/'*&%!3'!)+!*%=!#+2!0*('!2+(=!0*,!?'!$3*@$,'&!2$)#$,!

)#'! .+/$)$0%! +1! &'D'/+.3',)C! "+! '-./+('! )#$%B! 5! *,*/<%'! $,)'(D$'2! 3*)'($*/! 1(+3! '/'D',!

4567859:! 0+33;,$)<! 0*('! 2+(='(%! @',&'('&! *%! 2+3',! )#(+;@#! ,+)$+,%! +1! 0*.*?$/$)$'%B!

;%$,@! ];%%?*;3[%! $&'*%! )+! &'D'/+.! )#'3'%! 1+(! ;,&'(%)*,&$,@! T)#'! 3*)'($*/! .+%%$?$/$)$'%!

+11'('&T! K9'! M'*;D+$(B! NOWO! jNOONkV! ONSC! 5,! )#$%! 2*<B! 5! '-./+('&! )#'! 3'*,$,@! +1! 0*('(%[!

'-.'($',0'%!D$%>\>D$%!#+2!0*.*?$/$)$'%!*('!i!+(!*('!,+)!i!@','(*)'&!?<!+.)$+,%!1+(!/*?+;(!$,!

;,&'(>('%+;(0'&!*,&!.++(!0+,)'-)%C!H<!J;'%)$+,!1+0;%'%!+,!#+2!)+!;,&'(%)*,&!0*.*?$/$)<!

2$)#$,!)#'!&*<>)+>&*<!.(+0'%%'%!+1!0('*)$,@!_0*(')*='(%[C!!

5! *..(+*0#'&! 3<! *,*/<%$%! )#$,=$,@! *?+;)! #+2! &+$,@! 0*('! 2+(=! *11'0)'&! 0*('(%T!

*@',0<B!($@#)%B!*,&!)#'$(!*?$/$)<!)+!T/'*&!)#'!=$,&!+1!/$D'%!)#'<!#*D'!('*%+,!)+!D*/;'[!K:',B!

NOOOV! NF>NNSC! b$D',! )#'! (*.$&! '%0*/*)$+,! +1! 0*('! 2+(=! 2$)#$,! )#'! 4567859:! '0+,+3<! $,!

:+;)#!81($0*!K)+!?'!&$%0;%%'&!$,!)#'!,'-)!0#*.)'(SB!$)!$%!0($)$0*/!)+!('%'*(0#!)#'!'-.'($',0'%!

+1! )#+%'! 3*)'($*//<! $,D+/D'&! *%! 0*('! 2+(='(%C! "#'%'! '-.'($',0'%! *('! '3?'&&'&! 2$)#$,! *!

,'-;%!+1!.+/$0<B!456!)('*)3',)B!@',&'(!*,&!/*?+;(C!"#'<!*/%+!*($%'!$,!*!0+,)'-)!2#'('!0*('!

2+(='(%[!/*?+;(!$%!.+%$)$+,'&!*%!*!_0',)(*/!./*,=!+1!@+D'(,3',)!.+/$0<[!&'*/$,@!2$)#!456!

)('*)3',)! *,&! 0*('! KL;,&! *,&! M;&/',&'(B! EFFOSC! "#$%! #$@#/$@#)%! )#*)! 0+33;,$)<!

&'D'/+.3',)!$%!0+('!)+!)#'!.('D',)$+,!*,&!3*,*@'3',)!+1!)#'!'.$&'3$0C!!

8%! *,! +D'(*(0#$,@! )#'+(')$0*/! 1(*3'2+(=B! 1'3$,$%)! &'D'/+.3',)! '0+,+3$0%!

$&',)$1$'%!)#'!0+3./'-!*,&!$,)'(%'0)$,@!$3.*0)%!+1!0*('!2+(=!KA*D*/$'($B!EFNNV!NWXGSC!"#$%!

'D$,0'%!4567859:!0*('!2+(=!*%!0*.*?$/$)<!&'.($D*)$+,!1+(!)#'!2+3',!2#+!.'(1+(3!$)B!$,!

)#*)!0*('!2+(=!('7.(+&;0'%!)#'!%+0$*//<!0+,%)(;0)'&!@',&'(!&$D$%$+,!+1!/*?+;(!2#$0#!#*%!

#$%)+($0*//<!%'(D'&!.*)($*(0#*/!$,)'('%)%!*,&!)#'!T&'.($D$/'@$,@!+1!2+3',!('/*)$D'!)+!3',!$,!

%+0$')<T! Kc;;3?*B! EFFEV! XFXQ! ];%%?*;3B! EFFFV! ERXQ! L*%/'))! *,&! M(',,'(B! NOPOSC! 5,! $)%!

$,D$%$?$/$)<B!0*('!2+(=[%!$3./$0*)$+,%!1+(!&'D'/+.3',)!*,&!)#'!.'(.');*)$+,!+1!)#'!'-$%)$,@!

@/+?*/!'0+,+3$0!%<%)'3!3*='%!$)!3+('!$,%$&$+;%C!!

(33)

University of Cape Town

! EW!

"#'!,'-)!0#*.)'(!2$//!0+,)'-);*/$%'!)#'!3'*,$,@!+1!0+33;,$)<!4567859:!0*('!2+(=!

*,&!/+0*)'!)#'!&'?*)'%!+;)/$,'&!)#;%!1*(!$,!)#'!:+;)#!81($0*,!0+,)'-)C!!

(34)

University of Cape Town

! EX!

+,-.#/$*G*

123*+4H13I1*48*+499JH!1K*2!LM6!D<*+653*:45;**

!H*<4J12*685!+6*

*

!"#$%&'(#)%"!

"#$%!0#*.)'(!+;)/$,'%!)#'!#$%)+($0*/!*,&!%+0$*/!0+,)'-)!+1!0+33;,$)<!0*('!2+(=B!*,&!

1+0;%'%! )#'! )#'+(')$0*/! &'?*)'%! &$%0;%%'&! )#;%! 1*(! +,! )#'! 0+,)'-)! +1! )#$%! &$%%'()*)$+,V!

0+33;,$)<! 4567859:! 0*('! 2+(=! $,! :+;)#! 81($0*C! 5! 2$//! &'%0($?'! )#'! *))'3.)%! )+! &'1$,'!

0+33;,$)<! 0*('! 2+(=! $,! )#'! 0+,)'-)! +1! )#'! :+;)#! 81($0*,! 4567859:! '.$&'3$0! *%! 2'//! *%!

&$%0;%%!)#'!$&'+/+@$0*/

Referensi

Dokumen terkait

10 List of Abbreviations AHP – Analytic Hierarchy Process AVP – Average Ranking Procedure BRT – Bus-Rapid Transport CBA – Cost-Benefit Analysis CoCT – City of Cape Town DM – Decision

f Cape Town SECOND CARNEGIE INQUIRY INTO POVERTY AND DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Nutritional status of adults in Willowrrore by Carnegie Conference Paper Nb.209 13 - 19 April

Irwin Brown Dr Elaine Byrne Department of Information Systems Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland University of Cape Town Mercer Street Lower, Dublin 2 [email protected]

Irwin Brown Dr Elaine Byrne Department of Information Systems Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland University of Cape Town Mercer Street Lower, Dublin 2 [email protected]

In Cape ToWTn Advertiaement• and Family Announcement• will be received in the Cape Town Office of the ZIONIST RECORD, 147, PLEIN STREET.. REPORTS OF JEWISH ACTIVITIES IN THE

1 Book Number 2 Question Number 3 Internal 4 External Examiner's Initials In block letters First Names Date UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN EXAMINATION ANSWER BOOK EVERY CANDIDATE

The Cape Town Tourism Department and the City of Cape Town have set targets to increase the economic gains from tourism in sustainable ways by encouraging innovation # Principle 1 To

11 List of acronyms ACC African Centre for Cities AMEU Association of Municipal Electricity Undertakings ANT Actor Network Theory CCT City of Cape Town CESU Cities Energy