Bakteri entomopatogen • Proses infeksi dan toksisitas
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Adams BJ, Nguyen KB. 2002. Taxonomy and systematics. Dalam: Gaugler R, editor. Entomopathogenic nematology. CABI: Publishing New York. Hlm 1-34.
Atmosoedarjo S, Kartasubrata J, Kaomini M, Saleh W, Moerdoko W,
Pramoedibyo, Ranoeprawiro S. 2000. Sutera alam Indonesia. Yayasan Sarana Wana Jaya: Jakarta.
Baig M, Nataraju B, Samson MS. 1990. Studies on spread of disease in the rearing of silkworm Bombyx mori L. through different sources of contamination. Indian J. Seric. 29: 145-146.
Barbara CA, Dow DS, Peter A. 2002. Virulence mechanisms. Dalam: Gaugler R Editor. Entomopathogenic nematology. CABI: Publishing New York.
Barnett HL and Hunter BB. 1972. Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi. Third Edition. Minneapolis: Burges Publishing company.
Broome JR, Sikorowski PP, Norment BR. 1976. A mechanism of pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana on larvae of the imported fire ant Selenopsis richteri. J Invertebr Pathol 28: 87-91.
Budisantoso H. 1998. Pedoman teknis pengujian dan klasifikasi mutu kokon. Ujung Pandang : Balai Penelitian dan Kehutanan Ujung Pandang.
Campbell JF, Gaugler R. 1993. Nictation behavior and its ecological implication in the host search strategies of entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae). J Behaviour 126(3): 155 – 169.
Chapmann RF 1998. The insects: Structur and function. Cambridge University Press: New York.
[CTE] Centrum voor Terrestrische Ecologie. 2004. Spatial and temporal variation in vegetation in relation to the population ecology of soil-borne pathogenic and parasitic micro-organisms.
Ekesi S, Maniania NK, Lux SA. 2003. Effect of soil temperature and moisture of survival and invectivity of, Metarhizium anisopliae to faour tephritid fruit fly puparia. J Invertebr Pathol 83: 157 – 167.
Furlong MS, Groden E. 2003. Starvation induced stress and susceptibility of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, to infection by Beauveria bassiana. J Invertebr Pathol 83: 127 – 138.
Gouge DH, Snyder JL. 2006. Temporal association of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) and bacteria. J Invertebr Pathol 91: 147 – 157.
Hadioetomo RS 1985. Mikrobiologi dasar, dalam praktek, teknik dan prosedur dasar laboratorium. PT. Gramedia: Jakarta.
Hee RC. 1998. Pandua n teknis persuteraan alam Indonesia. PT Indojado Sutera Pratama, Silk Industri.
Isroi. 2006. Bioteknologi mikroba untuk pertanian organik. Balai Penelitian Bioteknologi Perkebunan Indonesia, Lembaga Riset Perkebunan Indonesia.
http://www.indobiogen.or.id/berita_artikel/artikel_2006_biotekn ologi_mikroba.php. [7 Juni 2006]
Kaya HK and Stock SP. 1997. Techniques in insect nematologi. Dalam : Lacey LA, Editor. Manual of techniques in insect pathology. Academic Press: California, USA. hlm 281 – 322
Kaya HK, Gaugler R. 1990. Entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control. Boca Raton: CRC Press Inc. hlm 93-115.
Kaya HK, Bedding RA, Akhurst RJ. 1993. An overview of insect-parasitic and entomopathogenic nematodes. Dalam: Bedding RA, Akhurst RJ, Kaya HK, Editors. Nematodes and biological control of insect pest. CSIRO: Australia. Hlm 1-4.
Kelompok Peneliti Persuteraan Alam. 1990. Pedoman teknis pemeliharaan ulat sutera. Bogor. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hutan, Bogor.
Koppenhöfer AM, Fuzy EM. 2003. Ecologcal characterization of Steinernema scarabaei, a scarab-adapted entomopahogenic nematode from New Jersey. J Invertebr Pathol 83: 139-148.
Krishnaswami S, Narasimhana MN, Suryanarayan SK. 1973. Silkworm rearing, manual on sericulture agric Seri Bull, Mysore India 15: 71-73. Lee Y. 2000. Silk reeling and testing manual. Nation Sericulture and
Entomology Institute Seoul: Republic of Korea.
Maddox JV. 1982. Use of insect pathogens in pest management. Dalam: Metcalf RL dan Luckmann WH. Editor. Introduction to insect pest
management. John Wiley and Sons: New York. Hlm. 175-195.
Mai WF & Mulin PG. 1996. Plant-parasitic nematodes: a pictorial key to genera. Fifth Edition. Cornell University Press: New York.
Nataraju B, Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Sharma SD, Selvakumar T, Thiagarajan V, Datta RK. 2002. A practical technology for diagnosis and management of diseases in silkworm rearing. Int J Indust. Entomol 2: 169 – 173.
Perez EE, Lewis EE, Shapiro-Ilan DI. 2003. Impact of the host cadaver on survival and infectivity of entomopathogenic nematode (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) under desiccating conditions. J Invertebr Pathol 82: 111-118.
Rukaesih O, Maryani S, Purnomosidhi B, Sutisna. 1991. Petunjuk praktis reeling kokon sutera. Bandung: Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan indistri Tekstil.
Samsijah dan Andadari L. 1995. Petunjuk teknis pemeliharaan ulat sutera (Bombyx mori L.), Pusat Penelitian Kehutanan Bogor.
Santoso T 1993. Dasar-dasar patologi serangga. Dalam: Simposium Patologi Serangga I. Prosiding Makalah Simposium Patologi Serangga I, Yogyakarta: Persatuan Entomologi Indonesia Cabang
Yogyakarta. hlm. 1-5.
Saranga A, Budisantoso H, Sampe B, Allo NL. 1992. Pengaruh beberapa jenis murbei sebagai pakan ulat sutera terhadap aspek biologi dan mutu kokon yang dihasilkan. J Pen Kehut. Ujung Pandang. 6(2) : 10-18.
Schloter M, Dilly O and Munch JC. 2003. Indictors for evaluation soil quality. Agriculture Ecosistem and Environment 98: 9255 – 262.
Sharma SD, Chandrasekharan K, Nataraju B, Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Selvakumar T, Thiagarajan, Dandin SB. 2003. The cross infectivity between pathogens of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. and murlberry leaf roller, Diaphania pulverulentalis (Hampson). J Sericol. 43(2): 203 – 209.
Singh GP, Selvakumar T, Sharma SD, Nataraju B, Datta RK. 2002. Susceptibility of CSR hybrids of silkworm Bombyx mori L. to two species of Aspergillus fungi. J. Sericol 43(2): 319 – 323.
Singh T, Sarachandra B. 2003. Microsporidian disease of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). Int J Indust Entomol 6(1): 1 – 9).
Steel RGD and Torrie JH. 1993. Prinsip dan prosedur statistik; suatu pendekatan biometric. Summatri B, penerjemah. PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama: Jakarta.
Steinhaus EA. 1949. Prinsciples of Insect pathology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc: New York.
Stock SP and Gress JC. 2006. Diversity and phylogenetic relationship of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) from The Sky Island of Southern Arizona. J Inverteb. Pathol. 91: 68 - 72.
Sunanto H. 1997. Budidaya murbei dan usaha persuteraan alam. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.
Tanada Y and Kaya HK. 1993. Insect pathology. San Diego: Academic Press, INC. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publisher.
Tazima Y. 1978. The silkworm: An important of laboratory tool. Tokyo, Kodansha Ltd.
Walsh KT, Webster JM. 2003. Interaction of microbial population in Steinernema (Steinernematidae, Nematode) infected Galleria mellonella larvae. J Invertebr Pathol 83: 118-126.
Wang XD, Ishibashi N 1999. Infection of entomopathogenis nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae, as affected by the presence of Steinernema gleseri. J Nematol 31(2) 207-211.
Watanabe H. 2002. Genetic resistence of the silkworm, Bombyx mori to viral diseases. Current Science 83(4): 439 – 446.
Wooding JL, Kaya HK. 1988. Steinernematid and Heterorhabditid nematodes: a handbook of biology and techniques. Arkansas: Southern Cooperative Series Bull 331, Arkansas Agri Exp Stat Fayetteville AR. 25 p.
Wouts WM. 1991. Steinernema (Neoaplectana) and Heterrhabditis species Dalam: Nicle WR, Editor. Manual of Agricultural Nematology. Marcel Dekker, Inc: New York. Hlm 883 – 884.
Zimmermann G. 1986. The Galleria bait method for detection of entomopathogenic fungi in soil. J Appl. Entomol 102: 213 – 215.
Lampiran 1. Plot sampling kebun murbei P Q 6 m ? ? 3 m A1? ? ? ? ? ? B1 ? ? ? ? ? C1 ? ? ? ? A2 ? ? ? ? ? B2 ? ? ? ? ? C2? ? ? ? ? ? A3 ? ? ? ? ? B3 ? ? ? ? ? ? C3 ? R S Keterangan : PQ = Panjang total kebun : 18 m
PR = Lebar total kebun : 9 m A1 – C3: Sub sampling ? : Titik pengambilan sampel
Lampiran 2. Isolasi mikroorganisme dari kebun murbei
Tanah
Daun Atas
Daun Bawah Daun Tengah
Lampiran 3. Siklus hidup B. mori