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NILDAYANTI. The Role of Chitinolytic Bacterial and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi to Control Basal Stem Rot Palm Oil. Under the direction of MEITY SURADJI SINAGA and GIYANTO
Basal stem rot (BSR) is the most serious disease of palm oil that caused by Ganoderma boninense Pat. The objectives of these researches were to find chitinase-producing bacterial which inhibit G.boninense growth and to determine the relationship between mycorrhizal and chitinolytic bacterial in controlling the BSR. The experimenthals were conducted in laboratory, secreen house dan fields. The research activities were: (i) exploration of chitinolytic bacterial as antagonistic agents of pathogens (ii) evaluate the pathogenicity, index chitinolitic of the chitinolytic bacterial and their antagonism effect against G. boninense, (iii) study on the application of chitinolytic bacterial and AMF in controlling the oil palm BSR through split plot experimenthal design. There were seven isolate B13, B14, B16, B42, Al11, TB41 and L34 have been selected as the best chitinolase- producing bacterial and they were not pathogenic to plants. The study showed that selected bacterial have differences on chitinolytic index. All of them suppressed the growth of G. boninense above 95% in vitro antagonism test using dual culture method on liquid media. However the antagonism test on PDA only isolate of AL11, TB41 and L34 had higher antagonism capacity against the pathogen. The severity of basal stem rot that expressed by the root necrotics were reducted since the oil palm seedling showed high degrees of mycorrhizal root colonization. The application of combination of chitinolytic bacterial and AMF suppressed the disease severity (95%) higher compare to the single one (55% - 70%).
PENDAHULUAN
Latar Belakang
Ganoderma boninense Pat. merupakan penyebab penyakit busuk pangkal batang (BPB), yang menjadi kendala utama dalam pengembangan dan peningkatan produksi kelapa sawit di Asia Tenggara termasuk Indonesia (Idris et al. 2004). Menurut Sinaga et al. (2003) pengembangan kelapa sawit secara besar- besaran di Indonesia dan Malaysia, dan iklim yang cocok untuk G. boninense, menyebabkan perkembangan BPB menjadi sangat pesat. Serangan G. boninense pada perkebunan sawit terus meningkat terutama pada kebun-kebun peremajaan dan timbulnya gejala juga semakin dini dengan tingkat serangan yang lebih berat. Zakaria et al. (2005) melaporkan bahwa pada kebun peremajaan kedua, kematian tanaman akibat BPB dapat mencapai 60%.
Penyakit BPB saat ini menjadi sangat penting pada perkebunan kelapa sawit di Indonesia karena tanaman yang terserang G. boninense cepat atau lambat akan berakhir dengan kematian. Anggapan bahwa G. boninense hanya menyerang tanaman tua merupakan suatu anggapan yang keliru karena saat ini G. boninense juga menyerang tanaman yang belum berproduksi. Penyakit ini menyebabkan busuk pangkal batang namun untuk menimbulkan gejala pada permukaan tanaman memerlukan periode inkubasi yang cukup lama. Gejala awal di pembibitan dapat diamati pada akar berupa nekrotik. Nekrotik pada akar ini meluas seiring dengan perkembangan penyakit, dan bila infeksi berlanjut sampai pangkal batang dapat menimbulkan pembusukan dan akhirnya tanaman mati.
Sampai saat ini usaha-usaha pengendalian G. boninense belum berhasil menekan perkembangan penyakit dalam populasi tanaman kelapa sawit. Pengendalian dengan kultur teknis, mekanis, dan kimiawi sering mengalami kegagalan karena G. boninense merupakan patogen tular tanah yang mempunyai kemampuan saprofitik yang tinggi dengan kisaran inang yang luas. Dengan demikian patogen tidak kesulitan mendapatkan nutrisi untuk membentuk inokulum yang cukup banyak sehingga mampu melakukan infeksi pada tanaman maupun untuk bertahan hidup. Kondisi ini diduga merupakan salah satu penyebab sulitnya pengendalian penyakit ini. Untuk itu perlu dikembangkan
alternatif pengendalian lain yang efisien dan efektif sehingga perkembangan penyakit dapat ditekan, antara lain dengan menggunakan mikrob agens antagonis (Sinaga et al. 2003; Susanto 2002)
Bakteri kitinolitik berpotensi untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai agens hayati. Bakteri ini memiliki kemampuan menghasilkan enzim kitinase untuk menghidrolisis polimer kitin dalam memperoleh karbon, nitrogen, dan energi. Kemampuan itu menyebabkan bakteri kitinolitik dapat menekan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan fungi patogen, nematoda atau serangga hama karena kitin merupakan komponen struktural dari sebagian besar dinding sel organisme tersebut (Adams 2004). Penggunaan bakteri kitinolitik sebagai agens pengendali patogen diantaranya dilaporkan oleh El-Tarabily et al. (2000), Chung et al. (2005), Suryanto et al. (2006), dan Kamil et al. (2007).
Mikroorganisme lain yang berpotensi untuk digunakan sebagai agens pengendali hayati G. boninense adalah fungi mikoriza arbuskular (FMA). FMA telah banyak dilaporkan memiliki kemampuan sebagai agens biokontrol terhadap patogen tular tanah seperti P. parasitica (Cordier et al. 1998 dan Pozo et al. 2002), Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Khaosaad et al. 2007). Sclerotuim rolfsii (Ozgonen et al. 2010). Hasil penelitian Hashim (2003) menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan mikoriza di pembibitan sawit mampu menekan penyakit yang disebabkan G. boninense mencapai 80%.
Beberapa literatur menyatakan bahwa FMA dapat berinteraksi dengan berbagai jenis bakteri tanah. Interaksi antara FMA dan bakteri bisa positif (Artursson et al. 2006), negatif (McAllister et al. 1995) atau netral (Edwards et al. 1998). Salah satu alternatif pengendalian yang dapat ditawarkan adalah penggunaan bakteri kitinolitik dan fungi mikoriza arbuskular, baik aplikasi secara tunggal ataupun dengan kombinasi keduanya. Hal ini didasarkan pada beberapa penelitian sebelumnya bahwa FMA berinteraksi dengan berbagai jenis bakteri tanah dan berpotensi sebagai agens antagonis untuk patogen tular tanah.
Tujuan
Penelitian bertujuan mendapatkan bakteri kitinolitik yang mampu mengekspresikan enzim kitinase yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan Ganoderma boninense penyebab busuk pangkal batang (BPB) serta melihat pengaruh kombinasi antara mikoriza dan bakteri kitinolitik terhadap penyakit BPB.
Manfaat
Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi salah satu alternatif pengendalian penyakit busuk pangkal batang kelapa sawit yang efektif, efisien, dan berkelanjutan.