Adar D. 2011. Keragaan usahatani dan efisiensi produksi jeruk keprok SoE berdasarkan zona agroklimat di provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur [disertasi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Adhiana. 2005. Analisis efisiensi ekonomi usahatani lidah buaya (Aloe vera) di Kabupaten Bogor: Pendekatan stochastic production frontier [tesis]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Aigner DJ, Chu SF. 1968. On estimating the industry production function. American Economic Review (13), hlm. 568-598. Di dalam: Coelli TJ, Rao
DSP, O‟Donnel CJ, Battese GE. β005. An introduction to efficiency and productivity analysis. 2nd edition. New York (US): Springer.
Aigner DJ, Lovell CAK, Schmidt P. 1977. Formulation and estimation of stochastic frontier production models. Journal of Econometrics (6): 21-37. Di
dalam: Coelli TJ, Rao DSP, O‟Donnel CJ, Battese GE. β005. An introduction to efficiency and productivity analysis. 2nd edition. New York (US): Springer. Aldila HF. 2013. Analisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi risiko produksi
jagung manis (Zea mays saccharata) di Desa Gunung Malang, Kecamatan Tonjolaya, Kabupaten Bogor[skripsi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor. Apriani LN. 2011. Analisis efisiensi teknis dan pendapatan usahatani bawang
merah (studi kasus: Desa Sukasari Kaler, Kecamatan Argapura, Kabupaten Majalengka, Provinsi Jawa Barat) [skripsi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
[BPS] Badan Pusat Statistik. 2014. Gross Domestic Product By Industrial Origin [internet]. (diakses pada 2014 Februari 12). Terdapat pada:
http://www.bps.go.id/eng/pdb.php
Badan Pelaksana Penyuluhan Pertanian, Perikanan, dan Kehutanan Kecamatan Cipeucang. 2013. Peran dan Fungsi Kelompoktani [internet]. (diunduh pada 2014 Maret 28). Terdapat pada:
http://bp3kkecamatancipeucang.blogspot.com/2013/07/peran-dan-fungsi- kelompok-tani.html
Baga LM, Yanuar R, Karokaro FW, Aziz K. 2009. Koperasi dan Kelembagaan Agribisnis: Suatu Peran Penting Dalam Pengembangan Agribisnis. Bogor (ID): Departemen Agribisnis, Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Jakarta. 2011. Pembinaan Kelompoktani dalam Pengembangan Kelembagaan Tani [internet]. (diakses pada 2014 Maret 30). Tersedia pada:
http://jakarta.litbang.deptan.go.id/ind/index.php?option=com_content&view=a rticle&id=73:pembinaan-kelompoktani-dalam-pengembangan-kelembagaan- tani-&catid=12:liptan&Itemid=67
Ball DL, Forzani FM. 2009. The work of teaching and the challenge for teacher education. Di dalam: Journal of Teacher Education (2009) 60; 497. [internet]. (diunduh pada 2014 Maret 31). Tersedia pada: http://www.ctc.ca.gov/educator- prep/TAP/JTE_The_Work_of_Teaching.pdf
Battese GE, Coelli TJ. 1995. A model for technical inefficiency effects in a stochastic frontier production function for panel data. Di dalam: Empirical
103 Economics (20). hlm 325-332. Armidale (AU): The University of New England.
Becker GS. 1993. Human Capital. 3rd ed. Chicago (US): The University of Chicago Press.
Becker GS, Murphy KM. 1993. The division of labor, coordination costs, and knowledge. Di dalam: Becker GS. 1993. Human Capital. 3rd ed. Chicago (US): The University of Chicago Press.
Beattie BR, Taylor CR. 1985. The Economics of Production. New York (US): Wiley.
Benson J. 2000. Working More Creatively with Group. London (UK): Routledge. Bishop J. 1989. Is the test score decline responsible for the productivity growth
decline? Di dalam: American Economic Review (79). Februari 1989. hlm 178- 179.
Braidotti G. 2008. Indigenous plants could herald new economy [internet]. (diunduh pada 2013 Okt 26). Tersedia pada:
http://aciar.gov.au/files/node/8925/indigenous_plants.pdf
Cartwright D, Zander A. 1968. Group Dynamics: Research and Theory. 3rd ed. London (UK): Tavistock Publications.
Coelli TJ, Rao DSP, O‟Donnel CJ, Battese GE. β005. An introduction to efficiency and productivity analysis. 2nd edition. New York (US): Springer. Collins J. 2001. Indigenous, Alien, and Invasives [internet]. (diunduh 2013 Jun
26). Tersedia pada: www.uwc.ac.za/envfacts/facts/aliens.htm.
Daniel M. 2001. Pengantar Ekonomi Pertanian. Jakarta (ID): PT. Bumi Aksara. Daryanto HKS. 2000. Analysis of the technical efficiency of rice production in
West Java Province, Indonesia: A stochastic frontier production approach [disertasi]. Armidale (AU): The University of New England.
De Houwer J, Barnes-Holmes D, Moors A. 2013. What is learning? On the nature and merits of functional definition of learning [internet]. (diunduh pada 2014 Maret 31). Tersedia pada: http://www.liplab.ugent.be/pdf/learningpreprint.pdf Debertin DL. 2002. Agricultural Production Economics. 2nd edition. Kentucky
(US): University of Kentucky.
[Ditjen Hortikultura] Direktorat Jenderal Hortikultura. 2006. Tanaman Biofarmaka. Jakarta (ID): Kementerian Pertanian.
[Ditjen Hortikultura] Direktorat Jenderal Hortikultura. 2014. Pertumbuhan Produksi 90 Jenis Hortikultura di Indonesia pada tahun 2011-2013. Jakarta (ID): Kementerian Pertanian.
Doll JP, Orazem F. 1978. Production Economics: Theory with Applications. 2nd ed. United States (US): John Willey & Sons, Inc.
Farrell MJ. 1957. The measurement of productive efficiency. Di dalam: Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General), Vol. 120, No. 3 (1957), hlm. 253-290 [internet]. (diunduh pada 2014 Januari 31). Tersedia pada: http://www.aae.wisc.edu/aae741/ref/farrell%201957.pdf
Feder G, Onchan T, Chalamwong Y, Hongladaron C. 1988. Land Policies and Farm Productivity in Thailand. Baltimore (US): John Hopkins University Press. Feiman-Nemser S, Remillard, JT. 1996. Perspectives on learning to teach. Di
dalam: F. Murray (Ed.), A knowledge base for teacher educators (hlm. 63-91). San Francisco (US): Jossey-Bass.
104
Göbel C, Zwick T. Age and productivity ― evidence from linked employer
employee data. Di dalam: ZEW Discussion Papers. hlm 9-20, April 2009 [internet]. (diunduh pada 2014 Mei 20). Tersedia pada:
ftp://ftp.zew.de/pub/zew-docs/dp/dp09020.pdf
Greater Taree City Council‟s Strategic Planning Department. 2010. Indigenous Plants of Greater Taree [internet]. (diunduh pada 2014 Maret 29). Tersedia pada:
http://www.gtcc.nsw.gov.au/files/FP_Strategic_Environtment/indigenous_plant s_of_greater_taree_version_3.pdf
Gupta SK, Prakash J, Srivastava S. 2002. Validation of traditional claim of Tulsi, Ocimum sanctum Linn, as a medical plant. Di dalam: Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. Vol. 40, Juli 2002. hlm. 765-773.
Harjadi SS. 1996. Pengantar Agronomi. Jakarta (ID): PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Hidayat A. 2007. Pengantar Ekonomi Kelembagaan. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Himma F. 2011. Pengaruh jarak tanam terhadap produksi tiga sayuran indigenous [skripsi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Homans G. 1951. The Human Group. London (UK): Routledge and Kegan Paul. Huffman WE. 1985. Human capital, adaptive ability, and the distributional
implications of agricultural policy. Di dalam: American Journal of Agricultural Economics (67). hlm 429-434.
Huffman WE. 1991. Human capital for the future economic growth. Di dalam: Johnson GL, Bonnen JT. Social Science Agricultural Agendas and Strategies. Part III. Michigan (US): Michigan State University Press. hlm 61-67.
Huffman WE. 2001. Human capital: education and agriculture. Di dalam: Gardner BL, Rausser GC. 2001. Handbook of Agricultural Economics. Volume 1A: Agricultural Production. Amsterdam (NL): Elsevier B.V. hlm 333-381.
Husyairi KA. 2012. Analisis efisiensi produksi tebu rakyat di wilayah kerja PTPN VII Unit Usaha Bungamayang Kabupaten Lampung Utara Propinsi Lampung [tesis]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Hutauruk TLP. 2008. Analisis efisiensi usahatani padi benih bersubsidi di Kecamatan Telagasari, Kabupaten Karawang, Jawa Barat: Pendekatan Stochastic Production Frontier [skripsi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor. Jones CI. 1998. Introduction to Economic Growth. New York (US): Norton. Kasper W, Streit M. 1998. Institutional Economics: Social Order, and Public
Policy. Cheltenham (UK): Edward Elgar.
Kebede TA. 2001. Farm household technical efficiency: A stochastic frontier analysis. A study of rice producers in Mardi Watershed in the western development region of Nepal [tesis]. Norwegia: Agricultural University of Norway [internet]. (diunduh pada 2014 Maret 27). Tersedia pada:
http://www.ub.uib.no/elpub/norad/2001/nlh/thesis01.pdf
Khotimah H. 2010. Analisis efisiensi teknis dan pendapatan usahatani ubi jalar di Kecamatan Cilimus Kabupaten Kuningan Jawa Barat: Pendekatan stochastic production frontier [skripsi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Kodde DA, Palm FC. 1986. Wald criteria for jointly testing equality and inequality restrictions. Di dalam: Econometrica (54). hlm. 1243-1248.
105 Koutsoyiannis A. 1977. Theory of Econometrics. London (UK): The Macmillan
Press.
Kumar A. 2009. Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) has potential as anticancer plant. Di dalam: Kumar, Ashwani. Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) An Indian Holy Plant Has Vast Medicinal Properties: Ethnobotany [Internet]. 2009 Sept 1 [diunduh pada 2013 Feb 14]. Tersedia pada:
http://www.science20.com/humboldt_fellow_and_science/blog/tulsi_ocimum_ sanctum_indian_holy_plant_has_vast_medicinal_properties_ethnobotany. Kurniawan AY. 2008. Analisis efisiensi ekonomi dan daya saing usahatani jagung
pada lahan kering di Kabupaten Tanah Laut, Kalimantan Selatan [tesis]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Kuznets S. 1973. Modern Economic Growth: Findings and Reflections. American Economic Review 63(3), 247-258. Di dalam: Tinaprilla N. 2012. Efisiensi usahatani padi antar wilayah sentra produksi di Indonesia: Pendekatan stochastic metafrontier production function [disertasi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Lestari MA. 2008. Pengaruh pemupukan terhadap pertumbuhan dan produktivitas beberapa sayuran indigenous [skripsi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor. Lewin K. 1951. Field Theory In Social Science: Selected Theoretical Papers.
New York (US): Harper & Row.
Lockwood M, Walpole S, Miles C. 2000. Economics of remnant native vegetation conservation on private property. Di dalam: National Research and Development Program on Rehabilitation, Management, and Conservation of Remnant Vegetation (research report 2/00). Canberra (AU): Land and Water Resources Research and Development Corporation.
Mahadevan R. 2002. A frontier approach to meaning total factor productivity
growth in Singapore Service‟s Sector. Journal of Economic Studies, β9(1): 48- 58. Di dalam: Adar D. 2011. Keragaan usahatani dan efisiensi produksi jeruk keprok SoE berdasarkan zona agroklimat di provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur [disertasi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Mapemba LD, Assa MM, Mango N. 2013. Farm household production efficiency in Southern Malawi: An Efficiency Decomposition Approach. Di dalam: Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development Vol. 4, No. 3 [internet]. (diunduh pada 2014 Agustus 15). Tersedia pada:
http://www.iiste.org/journals/index.php/JEDS/article/viewfile/4347/4415 Mardikanto T. 1993. Penyuluhan Pembangunan Pertanian. Surakarta (ID):
Sebelas Maret University Press.
Maryono. 2008. Analisis efisiensi teknis dan pendapatan usahatani padi program benih bersertifikat: Pendekatan stochastic production frontier (Studi kasus di Desa Pasirtalagam Kecamatan Telagasari, Kabupaten Karawang) [skripsi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Meeusen W dan van den Broeck J. 1977. Efficiency estimation from Cobb- Douglas production functions with composed error. International Economic Review (18): 435-444. Di dalam: Coelli TJ, Rao DSP, O‟Donnel CJ, Battese GE. 2005. An introduction to efficiency and productivity analysis. 2nd edition. New York (US): Springer.
106
Muthu C, Ayyanar M, Raja N, Ignacimuthu S. 2006. Medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Kancheepuram District of Tamil Nadu, India. Di dalam: Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2(43), 2006 Oktober 07 [internet]. hlm 1-10; (diunduh 2014 Maret 20). Tersedia pada:
http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/2/1/43
Natural Heritage Trust. 2003. Native vegetation management: A needs analysis of regional service delivery in Victoria. Victoria (AU): Commonwealth Government.
Nazarudin. 1995. Budidaya dan Pengaturan Panen Sayuran Dataran Rendah. Jakarta (ID): Penebar Swadaya.
Newcomb LH, McCracken JD, Warmbrod JR, Whittington MS. 2004. Methods of Teaching Agriculture, 3rd ed. New Jersey (US): Pearson Prentice Hall.
Nicholson W. 1995. Teori Mikroekonomi: Prinsip Dasar dan Perluasan. Jilid 1. Terjemahan dari: Microeconomic Theory Basic Prinsiples and Extensions. Jakarta (ID): Binarupa Aksara.
Nishimizu M, Page JM. 1982. Total factor productivity growth, technological progress and technical efficiency change: Dimensions of productivity change in Yugoslavia, 1965-78. The Economic Journal, 92(368): 920-936. Di dalam: Tinaprilla N. 2012. Efisiensi usahatani padi antar wilayah sentra produksi di Indonesia: Pendekatan stochastic metafrontier production function [disertasi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
North DC. 1990. Institutional Change and Economics Performance. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press.
Novasari F. 2011. Karakterisasi dan analisis kandungan nitrat tanaman pakis sayur (Pleocnemia irregularis (C. Presl) Holttum) di Kecamatan Dramaga, Bogor [skripsi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Pambayun R. 2008. Pengaruh jarak tanam terhadap produksi beberapa sayuran indigenous [skripsi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Partomo TS. 2008. Ekonomi Koperasi. Bogor (ID): Penerbit Ghalia Indonesia. Podesta R. 2009. Pengaruh penggunaan benih bersertifikat terhadap efisiensi dan
pendapatan usahatani padi Pandan Wangi [skripsi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Prathama A. 2012. Analisis efisiensi teknis dan pendapatan usahatani caisim: Pendekatan stochastic production frontier (Kasus di Desa Ciaruteun Ilir, Kecamatan Cibungbulang Bogor) [skripsi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Primantoro H. 1999. Memupuk Tanaman Sayur. Jakarta (ID): Niaga Swadaya. Purnell K. 2001. Using indigenous plants. Victoria (AU): Department of Natural
Resources and Environment.
Purwoko BS, Kurniatusolihat N, Susila AD. 2009. Effects of Fertilizers On Yield of Indigenous Vegetables. Di dalam: Kumpulan Makalah Seminar Ilmiah Perhorti; 2009. hlm. 367-372. Bandung (ID): Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran.
Ramdhani DR. 2002. Peranan kelompoktani dalam upaya meningkatkan kemampuan petani dalam pengambilan keputusan usahatani (Kasus petani lada di Kecamatan Loa Janan, Kabupaten Kutai-Kaltim) [tesis]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
107 Roza E. 2005. Peranan kelompoktani dalam peningkatan sosial ekonomi petani sayur-mayur di Kelurahan Tanah Enam Ratus, Kecamatan Medan Marelan, Kota Medan [skripsi]. Medan (ID): Universitas Sumatra Utara.
Rubatzky VE, Yamaguchi M. 1998. Sayuran dunia 2: Prinsip, produksi, dan gizi jilid 2. Terjemahan dari: World Vegetables 2: Principles, Production, and Nutritive Values. Penerjemah: Catur Herison. Bandung (ID): ITB Press.
Saptana, Hastuti EL, Indraningsih KS, Ashari, Friyatno S, Sunarsih, Darwis V. 2006. Pengembangan Kelembagaan Kemitraan Usaha Hortikultura di Sumatera Utara, Jawa Barat, dan Bali. Bogor (ID): Pusat Analisis Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, Departemen Pertanian.
Saptana. 2011. Efisiensi produksi dan perilaku petani terhadap risiko produktivitas cabai merah di Provinsi Jawa Tengah [disertasi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Schacter DL, Gilbert DT, Wegner DM. 2012. Psychology: 2nd ed. New York (US): Worth Publishers.
Schmid A. 1972. The Economic Theory of Social Institution. Di dalam: American Journal of Agricultural Economics (54). hlm 893-901.
Schotter A. 1981. The Economic Theory of Social Institutions. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press.
Schultz TW. 1963. The Economic Value of Education. New York (US): Columbia University Press.
Schultz TW. 1964. Transforming Traditional Agriculture. New Haven (US): Yale University Press.
Schultz TW. 1975. The value of the ability to deal with disequilibria. Di dalam: Journal of Economic Literature (13). hlm 827-846.
Septian D. 2010. Peran kelembagaan kelompok tani terhadap produksi dan pendapatan petani ganyong di Desa Sindanglaya, Kecamatan Sukamantri, Kabupaten Ciamis, Jawa Barat [skripsi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor. Sibiko KW, Owuor G, Birachi E, Gido EO, Ayuya OI, Mwangi JK. 2013.
Analysis of determinants of productivity and technical efficiency among smallholder common bean farmers in Eastern Uganda. Di dalam: Current Research Journal of Economic Theory [internet]. (diunduh pada 2014 Agustus 15). Tersedia pada:
http://www.pabra-
africa.org/sites/default/files/analysis%20of%20determinants%20of%20product ivity%20and%20technical%20efficiency%20among%20smallholder%20comm on%20bean%20farmers%20in%20eastern%20uganda,%202013.pdf
Siemonsma JS, Pilvek K. 1998. PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) No. 8: Vegetables.Montreal (CA): Renouf Publishing Company Ltd.
Siregar NM. 2011. Analisis pendapatan usahatani dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi produksi cabai merah keriting di Desa Citapen, Kecamatan Ciawi, Kabupaten Bogor [skripsi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Simatupang DV. 2010. Pengaruh dosis pupuk kandang terhadap pertumbuhan, produksi daun segar, dan kandungan minyak atsiri dari dua aksesi kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.) [skripsi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Sitio A, Tamba H. 2001. Koperasi: Teori dan Praktik. Jakarta (ID): Penerbit Erlangga.
108
Soekartawi, Soehardjo, Dillon JL, Hardaker JB. 1986. Ilmu Usahatani dan Penelitian untuk Pengembangan Petani Kecil. Jakarta (ID): Universitas Indonesia Press.
Soetiarso TA. 2010. Sayuran Indigenous: Alternatif Sumber Pangan Bernilai Gizi Tinggi. Bandung (ID): Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran.
Sumiyati. 2006. Analisis pendapatan dan efisiensi penggunaan faktor-faktor produksi usahatani bawang daun (studi kasus di Desa Sindangjaya, Kecamatan Pacet, Kabupaten Cianjur, Provinsi Jawa Barat) [skripsi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Suryadi K. 2004. Mengenal Sayuran Indijenes. Bandung (ID): Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran.
Suwandi. 1995. Strategi Pola Kemitraan dalam Menunjang Agribisnis Bidang Peternakan. Di dalam: Industrialisasi Usaha Ternak Rakyat dalam Menghadapi Tantangan Globalisasi, Prosiding Simposium Nasional Kemitraan Usaha Ternak. Bogor (ID): Balai Penelitian Ternak.
Tanjung I. 2003. Efisiensi teknis dan ekonomis petani kentang di Kabupaten Solok Propinsi Sumatera Barat: analisis stochastic frontier [tesis]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Tenaw S, Islam KMZ, Parviainen T. 2009. Effects of land tenure and property rights on agricultural productivity in Ethiopia, Namibia, and Bangladesh. Di dalam: University of Helsinki Discussion Papers (33) [internet]. (diunduh 2014 Mei 20). Tersedia pada:
www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/fsn/docs/HLPE/discussion_paper_33.pdf Thomas RL. 1996. Modern Econometrics: An Introduction. Harlow (GB):
Addison Wesley Longman Ltd.
Tinaprilla N. 2012. Efisiensi usahatani padi antar wilayah sentra produksi di Indonesia: Pendekatan stochastic metafrontier production function [disertasi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Warsana. 2009. Pemantapan kelembagaan pada Gapoktan. Di dalam: Tabloid Sinar Tani (2009 April 08). Jakarta (ID): PT. Duta Karya Swasta.
Widhiasih PL. 2013. Analisis pendapatan usahatani dan faktor-faktor produksi kemangi di Desa Ciaruteun Ilir, Kecamatan Cibungbulang, Bogor [skripsi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2000. General Guidelines for Methodologies on Research and Evaluation of Traditional Medicine. Geneva (CH): World Health Organization.
Yusdja Y, Basuno E, Ariani M, Purwantini TB. 2004. Analisis peluang peningkatan kesempatan kerja dan pendapatan petani melalui pengelolaan usahatani bersama. Bogor (ID): Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian.
Yustika AE. 2010. Ekonomi Kelembagaan: Definisi, Teori, dan Strategi. Malang (ID): Bayumedia Publishing.
109
110
Lampiran 1 Perbedaan produktivitas kemangi pada petani responden di Desa Ciaruteun Ilir musim tanam 2012-2013
Responden Produktivitas Kemangi (ton/ha)
1 38.85 2 64.00 3 120.00 4 80.00 5 34.00 6 139.20 7 40.00 8 121.60 9 38.00 10 40.00 11 36.00 12 38.40 13 48.00 14 140.00 15 84.00 16 128.00 17 128.00 18 104.00 19 53.33 20 46.00 21 58.67 22 43.73 23 54.00 24 85.33 25 60.00 26 72.00 27 85.71 28 32.00 29 41.60 30 61.33 31 80.00 Rata-rata 70.83
111 Lampiran 2 Hasil Uji T biaya input pada petani responden dengan
menggunakan SPSS 16
Group Statistics
Keikutsertaan
dalam poktan N Mean Std. Deviation
Std. Error Mean pbenih poktan 18 81481.4811 11630.04440 2741.22775 nonpoktan 13 83974.3592 13803.16105 3828.30807 ppukan poktan 18 138888.888 11826.63439 2787.56446 nonpoktan 13 142307.692 5991.44690 1661.72838 purea poktan 16 2506.2500 25.00000 6.25000 nonpoktan 12 2400.0000 195.40168 56.40761 pphonska poktan 3 2800.0000 173.20508 100.00000 nonpoktan 5 3000.0000 .00000 .00000 pherb poktan 11 15113.6364 1179.84976 355.73809 nonpoktan 6 17750.0000 3431.47199 1400.89257 ptk poktan 18 41574.0739 12306.97013 2900.78068 nonpoktan 13 38461.5385 10681.88018 2962.62051 plahan poktan 18 725974.372 309524.63048 72955.6550 nonpoktan 13 498646.488 222964.57081 61839.2455
112
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for Equality of
Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df Sig. (2- tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper pbenih Equal variances assumed .059 .810 -.545 29 .590 -2492.87 4576.96 -11853.80 6868.06 Equal variances not assumed -.529 23.16 .602 -2492.87 4708.53 -12229.45 7243.69 ppukan Equal variances assumed .741 .396 -.954 29 .348 -3418.80 3581.91 -10744.63 3907.05 Equal variances not assumed -1.053 26.49 .302 -3418.80 3245.28 -10083.83 3245.96 purea Equal variances assumed 21.69 .000 2.165 26 .040 106.25 49.07 5.37 207.1250 6 Equal variances not assumed 1.872 11.27 .087 106.25 56.75 -18.29 230.79 pphonska Equal variances assumed 30.00 .002 -2.739 6 .034 -200.00 73.02 -378.68 -21.30 Equal variances not assumed -2.000 2.00 .184 -200.00 100.00 -630.27 230.27 pherbisid a Equal variances assumed 13.92 .002 -2.358 15 .032 -2636.36 1118.04 -5019.46 -253.30 Equal variances not assumed -1.824 5.65 .121 -2636.36 1445.35 -6226.18 953.44 ptk Equal variances assumed .678 .417 .733 29 .469 3112.53 4244.69 -5568.84 11793.91 Equal variances not assumed .751 27.92 .459 3112.53 4146.28 -5381.79 11606.87 plahan Equal variances assumed .725 .402 2.255 29 .032 227327.88 100823.90 21119.81 433535.9 2 Equal variances not assumed 2.377 28.99 .024 227327.86 95637.96 31725.63 422930.1 2
113 Lampiran 3a Penyusutan alat-alat pertanian yang digunakan pada usahatani kemangi petani anggota kelompoktani di Desa Ciaruteun Ilir tahun 2012-2013
Jenis Peralatan
Jumlah Harga per Satuan (Rp) Total Biaya (Rp) Umur Teknis Penyusutan per Tahun Penyusutan per Musim Tanam Cangkul besar 18.30 51388.89 940416.67 4.61 211481.48 105740.70 Cangkul kecil 2.94 10882.35 31994.12 1.12 29215.69 14607.84 Garpu 1.11 4444.44 4933.33 0.44 11111.11 5555.56 Kored 0.56 1388.89 777.78 0.11 6944.44 3472.22 Tahang 11.67 211111.11 2463666.70 6.50 425000.00 212500.00 Total penyusutan 682129.63 341064.80
Lampiran 3b Penyusutan alat-alat pertanian yang digunakan pada usahatani kemangi petani non-anggota kelompoktani di Desa Ciaruteun Ilir tahun 2012-2013
Jenis Peralatan
Jumlah Harga per Satuan (Rp) Total Biaya (Rp) Umur Teknis Penyusutan per Tahun Penyusutan per Musim Tanam Cangkul besar 18.46 52307.69 965680.47 4.77 211794.87 105897.44 Cangkul kecil 3.08 10384.62 31952.66 1.46 22820.51 11410.26 Garpu 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Kored 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Tahang 15.38 213846.15 3289940.8 6.92 507060.44 253530.22 Total penyusutan 741675.82 370837.91
114
Lampiran 4 Hasil dugaan fungsi produksi stochastic frontier dengan metode Ordinary Least Square
Variabel Koefisien t-ratio VIF
Beta 0 0.390 0.368 Benih (x1) 0.822* 4.335 3.770 Pupuk kandang (x2) 0.197 1.046 2.137 Pupuk Urea (x3) 0.016 1.122 1.269 Pupuk Phonska (x4) 0.012 1.101 1.359 Herbisida Bravoxone (x5) 0.009 0.931 1.300 Tenaga kerja (x6) 0.248 0.773 2.528 Luas lahan (x7) 0.067 0.368 2.883 R2 0.797 Durbin-Watson 2.092 Log-likelihood OLS -0.188 F 12.865
115 Lampiran 5 Output program FRONTIER 4.1
Output from the program FRONTIER (Version 4.1c)
instruction file = terminal data file = F04.dta
Tech. Eff. Effects Frontier (see B&C 1993) The model is a production function
The dependent variable is logged
the ols estimates are :
coefficient standard-error t-ratio
beta 0 0.39046281E+00 0.17523144E+01 0.22282691E+00 beta 1 0.82157107E+00 0.18953205E+00 0.43347341E+01 beta 2 0.19787309E+00 0.18909654E+00 0.10464131E+01 beta 3 0.16040340E-01 0.14293703E-01 0.11221963E+01 beta 4 0.11903985E-01 0.10816412E-01 0.11005484E+01 beta 5 0.95821550E-02 0.10292527E-01 0.93098177E+00 beta 6 0.24793214E+00 0.32055483E+00 0.77344691E+00 beta 7 0.67228267E-01 0.18262802E+00 0.36811583E+00 sigma-squared 0.89086796E-01
log likelihood function = -0.18792182E+01
the estimates after the grid search were :
beta 0 0.43707926E+00 beta 1 0.82157107E+00 beta 2 0.19787309E+00 beta 3 0.16040340E-01 beta 4 0.11903985E-01 beta 5 0.95821550E-02 beta 6 0.24793214E+00 beta 7 0.67228267E-01 delta 0 0.00000000E+00 delta 1 0.00000000E+00 delta 2 0.00000000E+00 delta 3 0.00000000E+00 delta 4 0.00000000E+00 delta 5 0.00000000E+00 sigma-squared 0.68269749E-01 gamma 0.50000000E-01
iteration = 0 func evals = 20 llf = -0.18832645E+01 0.43707926E+00 0.82157107E+00 0.19787309E+00 0.16040340E-01 0.11903985E-01
0.95821550E-02 0.24793214E+00 0.67228267E-01 0.00000000E+00 0.00000000E+00
116
0.00000000E+00 0.00000000E+00 0.00000000E+00 0.00000000E+00 0.68269749E-01
0.50000000E-01 gradient step
iteration = 5 func evals = 44 llf = -0.17062814E+01 0.43638929E+00 0.82134543E+00 0.19732992E+00 0.20206434E-01 0.11499982E-01
0.82088138E-02 0.24533719E+00 0.69072252E-01 0.93727683E-03- 0.59897256E-02
-0.11604588E-01 0.11021464E-01-0.70995122E-02 0.15803199E-01 0.68514905E-01
0.50232583E-01
iteration = 10 func evals = 72 llf = -0.12464121E+01 0.43391889E+00 0.74241998E+00 0.26413533E+00 0.26753699E-01 0.83526703E-02
0.34761740E-02 0.26450813E+00 0.10558949E+00 0.39277161E-01- 0.25294352E-02
-0.23081012E+00 0.11553056E-01 0.55989119E-01 0.81382427E-02 0.69481234E-01
0.15361828E+00
iteration = 15 func evals = 108 llf = -0.43041564E-01 0.49838237E+00 0.75147192E+00 0.15930622E+00 0.27110238E-01 0.89567880E-02
0.36066528E-02 0.39087056E+00 0.27623081E+00-0.40547094E-01- 0.10175252E-01
-0.55270289E+00 0.28836724E-01 0.38918314E+00 0.15435934E+00 0.68461853E-01
0.32827648E+00
iteration = 20 func evals = 196 llf = 0.19322842E+01 0.85327855E+00 0.68105069E+00 0.16074274E+00 0.33263758E-01 0.98533384E-02
0.33290129E-02 0.37816095E+00 0.38613541E+00 0.64651747E+00- 0.29216612E-01
-0.86041584E+00 0.34608392E-01 0.65209424E+00 0.17774280E+00 0.60230802E-01
0.29313500E+00
iteration = 25 func evals = 254 llf = 0.22640858E+01 0.42678711E+00 0.71280030E+00 0.18000571E+00 0.32011478E-01 0.88528652E-02
0.44099964E-02 0.45976960E+00 0.36361852E+00 0.74466917E+00- 0.30843707E-01
-0.84384301E+00 0.33524874E-01 0.65816354E+00 0.15065584E+00 0.56061208E-01
0.20669274E+00
the final mle estimates are :
coefficient standard-error t-ratio
beta 0 0.42678711E+00 0.11615523E+01 0.36742824E+00 beta 1 0.71280030E+00 0.14399995E+00 0.49500037E+01 beta 2 0.18000571E+00 0.16639657E+00 0.10817874E+01 beta 3 0.32011478E-01 0.12574642E-01 0.25457169E+01 beta 4 0.88528652E-02 0.92371473E-02 0.95839818E+00 beta 5 0.44099964E-02 0.94045951E-02 0.46891933E+00
117 beta 6 0.45976960E+00 0.21572328E+00 0.21312934E+01 beta 7 0.36361852E+00 0.18414069E+00 0.19746778E+01 delta 0 0.74466917E+00 0.40308501E+00 0.18474246E+01 delta 1 -0.30843707E-01 0.15528017E-01 -0.19863263E+01 delta 2 -0.84384301E+00 0.37810100E+00 -0.22317926E+01 delta 3 0.33524874E-01 0.19824451E-01 0.16910872E+01
delta 4 0.65816354E+00 0.35605498E+00 0.18484885E+01 delta 5 0.15065584E+00 0.16605354E+00 0.90727265E+00 sigma-squared 0.56061208E-01 0.23375883E-01 0.23982499E+01 gamma 0.80669274E+00 0.38449716E+00 0.53756635E+00
log likelihood function = 0.22640841E+01
LR test of the one-sided error = 0.87866046E+01 with number of restrictions = 7
[note that this statistic has a mixed chi-square distribution]
number of iterations = 25
(maximum number of iterations set at : 100)
number of cross-sections = 31
number of time periods = 1
total number of observations = 31
thus there are: 0 obsns not in the panel
covariance matrix :
0.13492037E+01 -0.90857469E-01 -0.10487161E+00 0.17811069E-02 0.33827935E-02
0.16161269E-03 -0.21526811E+00 0.10713963E+00 0.45344006E-01 -0.35064929E-02
-0.11101408E+00 0.37524999E-02 0.98270954E-01 0.71992767E-01 0.96534934E-02
0.28146969E+00
-0.90857469E-01 0.20735987E-01 -0.12287568E-02 -0.40397301E-03 -0.35225316E-03
0.28370997E-03 0.81002409E-02 -0.16649628E-01 -0.20637609E-01 0.47500546E-03
0.13578984E-01 -0.33521817E-03 -0.53110610E-02 -0.39701645E-02 -0.94282265E-03
-0.24781170E-01
-0.10487161E+00 -0.12287568E-02 0.27687819E-01 -0.39064084E-03 0.11720422E-03
0.18358953E-03 0.15282963E-01 -0.94394858E-02 0.11751842E-01 0.53187894E-03
0.18090603E-01 -0.11047773E-02 -0.22082879E-01 -0.78250745E-02 -0.61813108E-03
-0.21920546E-01
0.17811069E-02 -0.40397301E-03 -0.39064084E-03 0.15812162E-03 -0.12980665E-04
118
-0.52250952E-04 -0.10942567E-03 0.44200062E-03 0.15302072E-02 -0.85156246E-04
-0.12448247E-02 0.10324360E-03 0.82209334E-03 0.18601303E-03 0.54899168E-04
0.12630890E-02
0.33827935E-02 -0.35225316E-03 0.11720422E-03 -0.12980665E-04 0.85324891E-04
-0.29440628E-05 -0.40126240E-03 0.30333725E-03 -0.18053046E-03 0.20841826E-04
0.52401361E-03 -0.21273696E-04 -0.78464758E-03 0.26364160E-03 0.17263498E-04
0.70701216E-03
0.16161269E-03 0.28370997E-03 0.18358953E-03 -0.52250952E-04 -0.29440628E-05
0.88446408E-04 -0.14455298E-03 -0.18676501E-03 -0.56536509E-03 0.26822784E-04
0.29465480E-03 -0.40104732E-04 0.17168335E-03 -0.42693730E-04 -0.41102938E-04
-0.92671739E-03
-0.21526811E+00 0.81002409E-02 0.15282963E-01 -0.10942567E-03 -0.40126240E-03
-0.14455298E-03 0.46536534E-01 0.55578778E-04 -0.22637185E-02 0.14598261E-03
-0.58419592E-02 0.26501149E-03 0.17799639E-02 -0.10359318E-01 -0.14934151E-02
-0.38462985E-01
0.10713963E+00 -0.16649628E-01 -0.94394858E-02 0.44200062E-03 0.30333725E-03
-0.18676501E-03 0.55578778E-04 0.33907793E-01 0.16676371E-01 -0.11157904E-02
-0.45885226E-01 0.16693792E-02 0.36544829E-01 0.58361957E-02 0.70163274E-03
0.29724751E-01
0.45344006E-01 -0.20637609E-01 0.11751842E-01 0.15302072E-02 -0.18053046E-03
-0.56536509E-03 -0.22637185E-02 0.16676371E-01 0.16247753E+00 -0.39085041E-02
-0.19758275E-01 0.13564472E-02 0.42709793E-02 -0.20408878E-01 -0.20983383E-02
-0.34108104E-01
-0.35064929E-02 0.47500546E-03 0.53187894E-03 -0.85156246E-04 0.20841826E-04
0.26822784E-04 0.14598261E-03 -0.11157904E-02 -0.39085041E-02 0.24111930E-03
0.33785096E-02 -0.25295096E-03 -0.31333111E-02 0.53909164E-04 -0.11837827E-04
-0.86949684E-03
-0.11101408E+00 0.13578984E-01 0.18090603E-01 -0.12448247E-02 0.52401361E-03
0.29465480E-03 -0.58419592E-02 -0.45885226E-01 -0.19758275E-01 0.33785096E-02
0.14296037E+00 -0.56280818E-02 -0.11764552E+00 -0.90988465E-02 -0.19501618E-02
-0.65053787E-01
0.37524999E-02 -0.33521817E-03 -0.11047773E-02 0.10324360E-03 -0.21273696E-04
119 -0.40104732E-04 0.26501149E-03 0.16693792E-02 0.13564472E-02 -0.25295096E-03
-0.56280818E-02 0.39300885E-03 0.46755181E-02 0.14410969E-03 0.12928970E-03
0.32957284E-02
0.98270954E-01 -0.53110610E-02 -0.22082879E-01 0.82209334E-03 -0.78464758E-03
0.17168335E-03 0.17799639E-02 0.36544829E-01 0.42709793E-02 -0.31333111E-02
-0.11764552E+00 0.46755181E-02 0.12677515E+00 0.14227231E-01 0.73592712E-03
0.35762131E-01
0.71992767E-01 -0.39701645E-02 -0.78250745E-02 0.18601303E-03 0.26364160E-03
-0.42693730E-04 -0.10359318E-01 0.58361957E-02 -0.20408878E-01 0.53909164E-04
-0.90988465E-02 0.14410969E-03 0.14227231E-01 0.27573779E-01 0.67544955E-03
0.28996090E-01
0.96534934E-02 -0.94282265E-03 -0.61813108E-03 0.54899168E-04 0.17263498E-04
-0.41102938E-04 -0.14934151E-02 0.70163274E-03 -0.20983383E-02 -0.11837827E-04
-0.19501618E-02 0.12928970E-03 0.73592712E-03 0.67544955E-03 0.54643189E-03
0.59006920E-02
0.28146969E+00 -0.24781170E-01 -0.21920546E-01 0.12630890E-02 0.70701216E-03
-0.92671739E-03 -0.38462985E-01 0.29724751E-01 -0.34108104E-01 -0.86949684E-03
-0.65053787E-01 0.32957284E-02 0.35762131E-01 0.28996090E-01 0.59006920E-02
120
technical efficiency estimates :
firm year eff.-est.
1 1 0.94961645E+00 2 1 0.88328224E+00 3 1 0.94099644E+00 4 1 0.81933845E+00 5 1 0.97814551E+00 6 1 0.98022435E+00 7 1 0.59927097E+00 8 1 0.98772723E+00 9 1 0.98273916E+00 10 1 0.61232261E+00 11 1 0.62711729E+00 12 1 0.75287140E+00 13 1 0.98241376E+00 14 1 0.98438066E+00 15 1 0.85473392E+00 16 1 0.95655571E+00 17 1 0.95047031E+00 18 1 0.97026941E+00 19 1 0.95030409E+00 20 1 0.68705565E+00 21 1 0.68344861E+00 22 1 0.63430407E+00 23 1 0.76035533E+00 24 1 0.96166183E+00 25 1 0.94054315E+00 26 1 0.96523927E+00 27 1 0.96665616E+00 28 1 0.50921955E+00 29 1 0.72421943E+00 30 1 0.67754300E+00 31 1 0.75388159E+00
121 Lampiran 6 Hasil analisis regresi model dugaan dengan program SPSS 16
Descriptive Statistics Mean Std. Deviation N LnY 1.5796 .57942 31 LnBenih .3892 .55828 31 LnPukan .6030 .42126 31 LnUrea 1.2470 4.29506 31 LnPhonska -8.1102 5.87358 31 LnBravoxone -4.9758 6.03588 31 LnTK 4.2236 .27028 31 LnLahan -2.5719 .50668 31 Correlations LnY LnBen ih LnPuk an LnUre a LnPhons ka LnBravoxo ne LnT K LnLah an Pearson Correlati on LnY 1.00 0 .854 .547 .326 .132 -.014 - .418 .634 LnBenih .854 1.000 .602 .168 .008 -.177 - .603 .714 LnPukan .547 .602 1.000 .058 -.105 -.240 - .641 .513 LnUrea .326 .168 .058 1.000 .189 .328 .042 .085 LnPhonsk a .132 .008 -.105 .189 1.000 -.064 .160 -.251 LnBravoxo ne - .014 -.177 -.240 .328 -.064 1.000 .298 -.084 LnTK - .418 -.603 -.641 .042 .160 .298 1.00 0 -.307 LnLahan .634 .714 .513 .085 -.251 -.084 - .307 1.000 Sig. (1- tailed) LnY . .000 .001 .037 .240 .471 .010 .000 LnBenih .000 . .000 .183 .482 .171 .000 .000 LnPukan .001 .000 . .378 .287 .097 .000 .002 LnUrea .037 .183 .378 . .155 .036 .411 .324 LnPhonsk a .240 .482 .287 .155 . .366 .196 .087 LnBravoxo ne .471 .171 .097 .036 .366 . .052 .326 LnTK .010 .000 .000 .411 .196 .052 . .047 LnLahan .000 .000 .002 .324 .087 .326 .047 . N LnY 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 LnBenih 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 LnPukan 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 LnUrea 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 LnPhonsk a 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 LnBravoxo ne 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 LnTK 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 LnLahan 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31
122 Variables Entered/Removed(b) Model Variables Entered Variables Removed Method 1 LnLahan, LnBravoxon e, LnPhonska, LnTK, LnUrea, LnPukan, LnBenih(a) . Enter
a All requested variables entered. b Dependent Variable: LnY
Model Summary(b)
Model R R Square
Adjusted R Square
Std. Error of
the Estimate Durbin-Watson
1 .893(a) .797 .735 .29847 2.092
a Predictors: (Constant), LnLahan, LnBravoxone, LnPhonska, LnTK, LnUrea, LnPukan, LnBenih b Dependent Variable: LnY
ANOVA(b)
Model
Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 8.023 7 1.146 12.865 .000(a)
Residual 2.049 23 .089
Total 10.072 30
a Predictors: (Constant), LnLahan, LnBravoxone, LnPhonska, LnTK, LnUrea, LnPukan, LnBenih b Dependent Variable: LnY
Coefficients(a) Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. Collinearity Statistics B Std.
Error Beta Tolerance VIF
1 (Constant) .390 1.752 .223 .826 LnBenih .822 .190 .792 4.335 .000 .265 3.770 LnPukan .198 .189 .144 1.046 .306 .468 2.137 LnUrea .016 .014 .119 1.122 .273 .788 1.269 LnPhonska .012 .011 .121 1.101 .282 .736 1.359 LnBravoxone .010 .010 .100 .931 .362 .769 1.300 LnTK .248 .321 .116 .773 .447 .396 2.528 LnLahan .067 .183 .059 .368 .716 .347 2.883
123 Collinearity Diagnostics(a) Mo del Dimen sion Eigenv alue Condit ion
Index Variance Proportions
(Const ant) LnBen ih LnPu kan Ln Ure a LnPho nska LnBravox one Ln TK LnLa han (Const ant) LnBe nih 1 1 5.355 1.000 .00 .00 .00 .00 .01 .01 .00 .00 2 1.070 2.237 .00 .01 .00 .53 .00 .07 .00 .00 3 .750 2.672 .00 .12 .02 .01 .02 .06 .00 .00 4 .435 3.507 .00 .04 .01 .17 .16 .50 .00 .00 5 .226 4.869 .00 .02 .00 .28 .54 .32 .00 .01 6 .152 5.938 .00 .24 .73 .00 .02 .02 .00 .00 7 .011 21.78 0 .01 .17 .00 .00 .09 .00 .04 .64 8 .001 95.52 7 .99 .40 .24 .00 .16 .03 .96 .35
a Dependent Variable: LnY
Residuals Statistics(a)
Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation N
Predicted Value .6609 3.2717 1.5796 .51713 31
Std. Predicted Value -1.776 3.272 .000 1.000 31
Standard Error of
Predicted Value .082 .287 .146 .042 31
Adjusted Predicted Value .6019 2.4181 1.5280 .43781 31
Residual -.43000 .52057 .00000 .26134 31
Std. Residual -1.441 1.744 .000 .876 31
Stud. Residual -1.641 1.844 .034 1.048 31
Deleted Residual -.65201 1.87587 .05150 .48482 31
Stud. Deleted Residual -1.708 1.954 .043 1.075 31
Mahal. Distance 1.275 26.749 6.774 4.848 31
Cook's Distance .000 4.562 .190 .814 31
Centered Leverage Value .043 .892 .226 .162 31
125
One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
Unstandardize d Residual
N 31
Normal Parameters(a,b) Mean .0000000
Std. Deviation .26134245 Most Extreme Differences Absolute .120 Positive .120 Negative -.067 Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z .668
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .764
a Test distribution is Normal. b Calculated from data.
126
Lampiran 7 Hasil Uji T pemakaian input pada petani responden dengan menggunakan SPSS 16
Group Statistics
Keikutsertaan
dalam poktan N Mean Std. Deviation
Std. Error Mean Benih Poktan 18 1.5500 .72942 .17193 Nonpoktan 13 2.2154 2.96616 .82266 Pukan Poktan 18 1.7361 .55222 .13016 Nonpoktan 13 2.4269 1.75507 .48677 Urea Poktan 16 15.0625 6.43396 1.60849 Nonpoktan 12 17.3333 9.57585 2.76431 Phonska Poktan 3 7.3333 6.65833 3.84419 Nonpoktan 5 6.0000 3.67423 1.64317 Herbisida Poktan 11 1.6364 .50452 .15212 Nonpoktan 6 1.5000 .54772 .22361 TK Poktan 18 73.2778 8.87179 2.09110