Abe, M., T. Iriki, N. Tobe and H. Shibni. 1981. Sequestration of holotrich protozoa in the reticulo rumen of cattle. Applied Environmental Microbiology 41:758-765.
Abou Akkada, A.R. and Howard, B.H. 1962. The Biochemistry of rumen protozoa: the nitrogen methabolism of entodinium.
Biochem. J. 82:313-320
Abreu, A.J.E, Carnela, C.F., Lascano, T.E., Diaz, M. , Kreuzer and Hess, H.D. 2004. Effect of Sapindus saponaria Fruits on Ruminal Fermentation and Duodenal Nitrogen Flow of Sheep Fed a Tropical Grass Diet With and Without Legume. J. Anim. Sci. 82:
1392-1400
Alberto N.; Laredo M.A; Cuesto A; Anzola H and Leon J. C. 1992.
Enterolobium cyclocarpum as dietary alternative to eleminate protozoa from the rumen. Livestock Research for Rural Development Vol. 4 No.1, 1992
Argyle, J.L. and R.J. Foster. 1988. Effect of ciliate protozoa on rumen bacterial population. In: The Role of protozoa and Fungi in Ruminant Digestion. Rditors:J.V. Nolan, R.A. Leng and D.I.
Demeyer. Prenambul Books, Armidale NSW 2351, Australia Barry, T.N. 1988. Condensed Tannins: Their Role in Ruminant Protein
and carbohidrate Digestion and Possible Effect upon the Rumen Ecosystem. In The Role of Protozoa and Fungi in Ruminat Digestion. Editor: J.V. Nolan; R.A. Leng, D.I Demeyer Penambul Book. Armidale, NSW 2351-Australia.
76
Bauchop,T and Clarke, R.T.J. 1970. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 32: 417
Bauchop, T (1979a). Applied and Environmental Microbiology 37:1217 Bauchop, T (1979b). Applied and Environmental Microbiology 38 : 148 Bauchop, T (1985). Rumen anaerobic fungi and utilization of fibrous
feed. In: Biotechnology in the Animal Production Industries in Australia. Univ of New England, Armidale, Australia
Bauchop, T. 1988. Colonization of Plant Fragments by Protozoa and
Bernalier, A., Bogaert, C., Fonty G. and Jouvany, S.P. 1988. Effect of ionosphore antibiotics on anaerobic rumen fungi. In The Role of Protozoa and Fungi in Ruminat Digestion. Editor: J.V. Nolan; R.A.
Leng, D.I Demeyer Penambul Book. Armidale, NSW 2351-Australia.
Bird S.H., and Leng, R.A. 1978. British Journal of Nutrition. 40: 163 Bird S.H., and Leng, R.A. 1983. The influence of the absence of rumen
protozoa on ruminant production. In Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition in Australia. The University of New England, Armidale, NFW 2351, Australia.
Bird, S.H. (1988). Production from ciliate-free ruminants. In The Role of Protozoa and Fungi in Ruminat Digestion. Editor: J.V. Nolan; R.A.
Leng, D.I Demeyer Penambul Book. Armidale, NSW 2351-Australia.
77
Brenchaar, C., McAllister, T.A., and Chwinard, P.Y. 2008. Digestion, Ruminal Fermentation, Ciliate Protozoal population, and Milk Production from Dairy Cows fed Cinnamaldehyde, Caebracho Condensed tannin, or Yucca schidigere Saponin Extracts. J. Dairy Science 91: 4765 - 4777
Burggraaf W. and Leng R.A. 1980. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 23: 287
Chang, K.J. , C.S. Stuwart, D. Dunsdale and J.W. Costerton. 1984.
Election microscopy of bacteria involved in the digesta of plant cell wall. Animal Feed Science and technology 10: 99-120
Clarke R.T.J. 1977. In Microbial Ecology of the Gut p. 251. Clarke R.T.J. and Bouchop, T. Editors. New York. Academic Press.
Coleman, G.S. 1975. In Digestion and Metabolism in the Ruminants p.
149 (I.W. McDonald and A.C.I Warner-Editor) University of New England, Australia
Coleman, G.S. 1985a. Journal of Agric. Science. Canbridge 104:349 Coleman, G.S. 1985b. Journal of Agric. Science. Canbridge 105:39 Coleman, G.S. (1988). Protozoal-Bacterial Interaction in The Rumen. In
The Roles of Protozoa and Fungi in Ruminat Digestion. Editor : J.V. Nolan; R.A. Leng, D.I Demeyer Penambul Book. Armidale, NSW 2351-Australia.
Demeyer , D.I 1988. Interdependance des effects de la defauntion sur l’activitie muralytique, le volume et la vitesse de reneuvellement du contenu du rumen. Resultats preliminaries et hypothese. Repro.
Nut. Dev.28: 161-162
Dogiel, V.A. 1947. Quart. J. Microscop. Sci. 88:337-343
78
Doughherty, R.W. , Mullenox, G.H., and Allison, M.J. 1964.
Physiological Fenomena Associated with Eructation in Ruminants.
In: Physiology of Digestion in the Ruminants ( R.W. Doughherty, Ed) Butterworth, London
Eadie J.M., and P.N. Hobson. 1962. Nature. London 193-503
Eadie M.J., and Gill J.C, 1971. Britis Journal of Nutritions. 26: 155 Erwanto, 1995. Optimalisasi Sistem Fermentasi Rumen melalui
Suplementasi Sulfur, Defaunasi, Reduksi Emisi Methan dan Stimulasi Pertumbuhan Mikroba pada Ternak Ruminansia.
Disertasi Doktor, Program Pasca sarjan, IPB. Bogor.
Gordon, G.L.R. and Philips, M.W. 1988. Comparative Fermentation Properties of Anaerobic Fungi from the Rumen. In the Role of Protozoa and Fungi in Rumnant Digestion. Editor: J.V. Nolan;
R.A. Leng, D.I Demeyer Penambul BOOK. Armidale, NSW 2351-Australia.
Habib, G. and Leng, R.A. 1986. Proceeding of the Australian Society of Animal Production 16:223
Hanim, C., Yusiati, L.M., and Alim, S. 2009. The Effect of Saponin as defaunating Agent on in vitro Rumen Fermentation of King Grass and Rice Bran. The 1st International Seminar and the 7th Biennial Meeting of Indonesian Nutrition and Feed Science Association (AINI). The University of Jendral Soedirman Purwokerto, 18-19 Juli 2009.
Hungate, R.E. 1966. In The Rumen and Its Mycrobes. Academic Press Inc. 111 Fith Avenue. New York.
Hungate, R.E. 1943. Biol. Bull. 84:157-163
79
Hungate, R.E. 1955. In “Biochemistry and Physiology of Protozoa”
(S.H. Hutner and A. Lwoff, Eds), Vol.2, pp. 159-200. Academic Press New York
Imai dan Ogimoto . 1978. Japaness Journal of Veterinary Science 40: 9 Ivan,M., Koenig, K.M., Teferdegne, B., newbold, C.J., Entz, T., Rode,
I.M and Ibrahim M. 2004. Enterolobium cyclocaprum Foliage on the Population Dynamics of Rumen Ciliata Protozoa in Sheep.
Small Rum. Res. 52: 81-91
Jalaludin 1994. Uji Banding Gamal dan Angsana sebagai Sumber Protein, Daun kembang Sepatu dan Minyak Kelapa sebagai Agen Defaunasi dan Suplementasi Analog Hidroksi Methionin dan Amonium Sulfat dalam Ransum Pertumbuhan Sapi Perah Jantan.
Thesis. Program Pasca Sarjana, IPB. Bogor
Jouvany, J.P (1988). Effects of Diets on Population of Rumen Protozoa in Relation to Fibre Digestions. In the Role of Protozoa and Fungi in Ruminant Digestion. Editor: J.V. Nolan; R.A. Leng, D.I Demeyer Penambul Book. Armidale, NSW 2351-Australia.
Kayouli, C., Demeyer, D.I., Van Nevel, C.J and Dendooven, R. 1984.
Animal Food Science and Technology. 10: 165
Koenig, K.M; Ivan, M; Teferedegne, B.T; Mohgair, D.P; Rode, M.L;
Ibrahim, I.M; and New Bold, C.J. 2007. Effect of Dietary Enterolobium cyclocarpum on microbial Protein Flow and Nutrient Digestibility in Sheep Maintained Fauna Free, with total mixed Fauna or with Entodinium caudatum mono fauna. The British Journal of Nutrition; 98 (3) 504-516.
Klieve, A.V; T. Bauchop and J.F. Hudman. 1988. Rumen Bacteriophage. In the Role of Protozoa and Fungi in Ruminant
80
Digestion. Editor: J.V. Nolan; R.A. Leng, D.I Demeyer Penambul Book. Armidale, NSW 2351-Australia.
Leng, R.A. 1976. In From Plant to Animal Production. Review in Rural Science No.2, p.85. Editor T.M. Sutterland, Mc William, J,R. And R.A. Leng. University of new England- Australia.
Leng, R.A. 1988. Dynamics of Protozoa in the Rumen. In the Role of Protozoa and Fungi in Ruminant Digestion. Editor: J.V. Nolan;
R.A. Leng, D.I Demeyer Penambul BOOK. Armidale, NSW 2351-Australia. Production and health paper 102 (Ed. A Speedy and P.I. Pugliese).
FAO Rome, Italy pp 177-191.
McNabb, W.C., Delow, D.W., Nolan, J.V. and Barry, T.N. 1988. Effect of Partial Defanation with Teric GN-9 Upon Rumen Metabolism in Sheep Fed Fresh Ryegrass / Clover Herbage. In the Role of Protozoa and Fungi in Ruminant Digestion. Editor: J.V. Nolan;
R.A. Leng, D.I Demeyer Penambul Book. Armidale, NSW 2351-Australia
Minor, S., N.A. MacLeod, T.R. Preston and R.A. Leng. 1977. Studies on digestion in different sections of the intestinal tract of bulls fed sufarcane / urea with different supplement. Tropical Animal Production 2: 13-174
81
Newbold,C.J., El Hasan, S.M., Wang J.M., Ortega, M.E, and J.Walace.
1997. Influence of Foliage from African Mulipurpose Trees on Avtivity of Rumen Protozoa and Bacteria. Br. J. Nutr. 78: 237-249 Nolan, J.V; Leng, R.A. and Demeyer, D.I. (1988). The Role of Protozoa and Fungi in Ruminant Digestion. Proc: of an International Seminar Held at The University of New England, Armidale, Australia.
Odenyo, A.A., P.O. Osuji and O. Karanfie. 1997. Effec of multipurpose Tree (MPT) Supplements on ruminal ciiata protozoa. Anim. Feed Sci. Techno. 67: 169-180
Ogimoto, K and Imai, S. 1981. Atlas of Rumen Microbiology. Japan Scientific Societies. Press. Tokyo.
Orpin, C.G, and Letcher, A.J. 1984. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 10:145.
Orpin, C.G. 1975. Studies on Rumen Flagellata Neocalismatix frontalis.
J. General Microbiology 91: 249-269
Peres Miravete, A. 1973. Behavior of Microorganisms. Plenum Press.
London
Pounden, W.D. and Hibbs, J.W. 1950. Journal Dairy Science. 33:639 Prayuwidiyati, M. 2002. Suplementasi Amonium Sulfat dan Defaunasi
Rumen untuk Optimalisasi Ransum berbahan dasar Limbah Tanaman Tebu. Laporan Penelitian. Penelitian Dosen Muda Dikti- Jakarta
Prestone, TR dan R.A. Leng (1987). Matching Ruminant Production Systems with available Resources in the Tropics and Sub Tropic.
Penambul Books. Armidalle POB 512.
82
Purser, D.B., and Moir, R.J. 1959. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 10:555
Schlink, A.C., Gordon, G.L.R., Phillips, M.W. and Sutterland, S. 1988.
Effect of Rumen Modified and Formaldehyde – Treated Casein on Microbial Populations of Cattle Fed Sorghum hay. In the Role of Protozoa and Fungi in Ruminant Digestion. Editor: J.N. Nolan, R.A. Leng, D.I. Demeyer. The University of New England, Armidalle NSW 2350, Australia.
Sentana Putra. 2009. Perbaikan mutu pakan yang disuplementasi zeng-asetat dalam upaya meningkatkan populasi bakteri dan protein mikroba di dalam rumen, kecernaan bahan kering dan nutrient ransum sapi perah bunting. Http:// e-journal. Unud.ac.id. Diakses 3/8-2009
Soetanto, H. 1988. Studies on the Role of Rumen Anaerobic Fungi and Protozoa in Fiber Digestion. M.Rur, Sc. Thesis. University of New England Armidalle- Australia.
Subrata, A., L.M. Yusiati, dan A. Agus. 2005. Pemanfaatan Tanin Ampas Teh terhadap Efek Defaunasi, Parameter Fermentasi Rumen dan Sintesis Protein Mikroba secara In Vitro.
Http://ojs.lib.unair.ac.id. Diakses 11 Agustus 2009
Suharti S., A. Kurniawati, D.A. Astuti dan E. Wina. 2010. Microbial Population and fermentataion on Characteristics response to Sapindus rarak Minreal Block Suplementation. Media Peternakan.
Desember 2010. Hal 150-154
Sutardi T. 1995. Peningkatan Efisiensi Penggunaan Pakan.
Dikemukakan dalam Seminar Nasional Peternakan dan Veteriner.
83
Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Peternakan. Cisarua. Bogor, 7-8 Nopember 1995.
Tarmidi, A.R. 2009. Penggunaan Ampas Tahu dan Pengaruhnya pada Pakan Ruminansia. Http:// pustaka.unpad.ac.id. Diakses 11 Agustus 2009
Teredegne, B.F., Mc Intosh, P.O. O Suji, A. Odenya, R.J. Walace and C.J. Newbold. 1999. Influence of foliage from different accesions of the subtropical leguminous Tree Sesbania sesban on ruminal protozoa in Ethiopian and Scott on sheep. Anim Sci. Tech . Feed 70: 11-20
Thalib, A. 2009. Uji efektivitas saponin buah Sapindus rarak sebagai inhibitor mikroorganisme secara in vitro pada sistem pencernaan rumen. Http://peternakan.litbang. deptan.go.id. Diakse 3 Agustus Theodorau, M.K., and Trinci, A.P.J. 1988. Procedures for the Isolation
and Culture of Anaerobic Fungi. In the Role of Protozoa and Fungi in Ruminant Digestion. Editor: J.N. Nolan, R.A. Leng, D.I.
Demeyer. The University of New England, Armidalle NSW 2350, Australia.
Ulyatt, M.J. 1982. Plant Fibre and Regulation of Digestion in the Ruminants. In: Fibre in Human and Animal Nutrition. Royal Society of New Zealand, Bulletin 20: 103-107
Watson, M.J. and Mottram, M.S. 1988. Influence of Avoparcin on Protozoal Number in Ruminal Fluid of Sheep Given Pelleted Diets.
Weller, R.A. and Pilgrim, A.F. 1974. British Journal of Nutrtition 32:
31
Whitelaw, F.G., Eadie, M.J., Mann, S.O., and Reid, R.S. 1972. British Journal of Nutrition. 24: 425
84
William, A.G. 1988. Metabolic Activities of Rumen Protozoa. In the Role of Protozoa and Fungi in Ruminant Digestion. Editor: J.N.
Nolan, R.A. Leng, D.I. Demeyer. The University of New England, Armidalle NSW 2350, Australia.
Wina, E ; Muetzel, S and Becker, K. 2005. The Impact of Saponin or Saponin –containing Plant Materials on Ruminan Production. J.
Agric. Food. Chem. 53: 8093- 8105.
Wina, E., Muetzel, S and Becker, K. 2006. Effect of Daily and Interval Feeding of Sapindus rarak Saponins on Protozoa, Rumen Fermentation parameters and Digestibility in Sheep. Asian-Aust. J.
Anim. Sci. Vol 19 No 11: 1580-1587
85
LAMPIRAN-LAMPIRAN
86 LAMPIRAN 1.