Gerund and to Infinitive
C. Future Tense
a. Simple Future Tense Fungsi
Menggambarkan peristiwa atau keadaan yang terjadi pada waktu mendatang. Rumus: Kalimat verbal (+) Subj + P (will/shall + Verb1) + O/C (–) Subj + will/shall + not + Verb1 + O/C (?) Will /shall + Subj + Verb1 + O/C Kalimat Nominal (+) Subj + P (will be) + N/Adj/Adv (–) Subj + will + not + be + N/Adj/Adv (?) Will + Subj + be + N/Adj/Adv Catatan:
• Will bisa digunakan untuk semua subjek, sedangkan shall hanya bisa digunakan untuk subjek I dan We. • Contraction (singkatan): Will + not (won’t) • Will juga bisa digantikan dengan be going to untuk menyatakan rencana yang sudah pasti (definite plan). Contoh Kalimat verbal (+) I will eat ice-cream with my family next week. (–) I will not (won’t) eat ice-cream with my family next week.
(?) Will you eat ice-cream with your family next week?
Yes, I will.
No, I will not (won’t).
Kalimat nominal
(+) My father will be the principal of school soon.
(–) My father won’t be the principal of school soon.
(?) Will you father be the principal of school soon?
Yes, he will. No, he won’t.
b. Future Continuous Tense Fungsi:
Membicarakan suatu aktivitas yang akan sedang berlangsung pada waktu yang akan datang.
Contoh:
He’ll be coming at 08.00 am tomorrow. (Dia akan datang besok jam 8 malam.)
Rumus:
(+) Subj + P (will/shall + be + Ving) + Obj/ Comp
(–) Subj + will/shall + not + be + Ving + Obj/Comp
(?) Will/Shall + Subj + be + Ving + Obj/ Comp Contoh (+) I will be going out all day tomorrow. (–) I will not (won’t) be going out all day tomorrow. (?) Will you be going out all day tomorrow? Yes, I will. No, I won’t.
Time marker (keterangan waktu): this time, all day.
c. Future Perfect Tense Fungsi:
Menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang sudah selesai sebelum kegiatan lain terjadi pada waktu akan datang.
Contoh:
I will have finished my job when you come tonight.
(Saya akan sudah menyelesaikan pekerjaan saya ketika kamu datang malam ini.)
Rumus:
(+) Subj + P (will/shall + have + V3) + Obj/ Comp
(–) Subj + will/shall + not + have + V3 + Obj/Comp
(?) Will/shall + Subj + have + V3 + Obj/Comp Contoh
(+) By the end of this year, Ummi will have graduated from SMA.
(–) By the end of this year, Ummi won’t have graduated from SMA.
(?) Will Ummi have graduated from SMA by the end of this year?
Yes, she will. No, she won’t.
Time marker (keterangan waktu): when (ketika), by the time (pada saat), as soon as (secepatnya).
d. Future Perfect Continuous Tense Fungsi:
• Membicarakan aktivitas yang sudah mulai berlangsung sebelum waktu tertentu, dan masih akan berlangsung pada saat tersebut.
Contoh:
When the most popular football player retire next year, he will have been playing for twenty years.
terkenal tersebut pensiun tahun depan, dia telah bermain selama 20 tahun.)
• Menekankan lamanya aktivitas yang sedang berlangsung dan terjadi hingga ada aktivitas lain di waktu yang akan datang.
Contoh:
I will have been studying for two hours when my parents come.
(Saya akan sudah belajar selama dua jam ketika orangtua saya datang.)
Rumus:
(+) S + P (will/shall + have + been + Ving) + O/C (–) S + will/shall + not + have + been +
Ving + O/C
(?) Will/shall + S + have + been + Ving + O/C Contoh
(+) Rida will have been studying English for 3 years by the end of the year. (–) Rida won’t have been studying English
for 3 years by the end of the year. (?) Will Rida have been studying English
for 3 years by the end of the year? Yes, he will.
No, he won’t.
Time marker: sama seperti Future Perfect Tense dengan menambahkan since atau for.
Cara Cepat Menghafal Tenses
Tenses Simple
Continuous Perfect Perfect continuous
To be + Ving Has,have, had + V3 Has, have, had + been + Ving Present V1 (s/es) Is, am, are + Ving Have / has + V3 Have / has + been + Ving
Past V2 Was, were + Ving Had + V3 Had + been + Ving
Future Will + V1 Will + be + Ving Will + have + V3 Will + have + been + Ving
Past future Would + V2 Would + be + Ving Would + have + V3 would + have + been + Ving
Keterangan:
jenis tenses ciri dasar
Cara membaca dari kolom kiri ke kanan, mis: present (kolom kiri) simple (kolom kanan)
Clause
Bab 9
Phrase (frasa) adalah kumpulan dari dua kata atau lebih yang belum jelas subjek dan verb-nya. Sedangkan, clause (klausa) adalah kumpulan dari beberapa kata yang mengandung subjek dan verb. Perhatikan contoh berikut:
• On the table (phrase). • He is a Dutch (clause).
A. Adjective Clause
• Adjective Clause atau relative clause adalah klausa (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai adjective (kata sifat) yang menerangkan keadaan noun (kata benda) atau pronoun (kata ganti orang).
• Adjective clause memiliki struktur yang sama seperti klausa pada umumnya, yaitu memiliki subjek dan predikat (minor) atau memiliki subjek, predikat, objek dan keterangan (mayor). • Berdasarkan pada kata atau bagian kalimat
yang mendahului kata ganti atau penghubung (the antecedent), Adjective Clause dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi dua macam, yaitu:
a. Antecedent berupa Kata Benda/Orang Antecedent berupa benda/orang maka kata ganti atau penghubung yang digunakan adalah who, whom, whose, dan which.
Contoh:
She said thank you to the girl who/that had brought her packet.
Main Clause:
She said thank you to the girl.
Subordinate Clause:
(who/that) had brought her packet.
Antecedent: the girl (orang)
Anak kalimat adjektif (adjective clause) menerangkan kata benda the girl (perempuan).
1. Subjek
• Person → who, that
All the people admire the leader. He is very compassionate.
(Semua orang mengagumi sang pemimpin. Dia sangat welas asih)
All the people admire the leader who is very compassionate.
All the people admire the leader that is very compassionate.
(Semua orang mengagumi sang pemimpin yang sangat welas asih itu.)
Pola: (who/that) + verb
• Animal, thing → which, that
The dog is chasing a cat. The dog has black fur.
(Anjing itu mengejar seekor kucing. Anjing itu memiliki bulu berwarna hitam.)
The dog which has black fur is chasing a cat. The dog which that black fur is chasing a cat. (Anjing yang memiliki bulu berwarna hitam itu mengejar seekor kucing.)
2. Objek
• Person → whom, that
I recognize the lady. You love the lady. (Saya mengenal wanita itu. Kamu mencintai wanita itu.)
I recognize the lady whom you love. I recognize the lady that you love. I recognize the lady whom/ that you love. (Saya mengenal wanita yang kamu cintai itu.)
Pola: (whom/that) + S + verb
• Thing → which, that
You chained up the dog. It looked very thirsty. (Kamu merantai anjing itu. Dia terlihat sangat kehausan.)
You chained up the dog which looked very thirsty.
You chained up the dog that looked very thirsty.
(Kamu merantai anjing yang terlihat sangat kehausan itu.)
Pola: (which/that) + verb 3. Possession (Kepemilikan)
• Person → whose, that
I helped the passenger. His wallet was lost. (Aku menolong penumpang. Dompetnya hilang.)
I helped the passenger whose wallet was lost. (Aku menolong penumpang yang dompetnya hilang.)
• Animal, thing → of which
The child is stroking the cat. Its fur is black. (Anak itu mengelus kucing. Bulunya berwarna hitam.)
The child is stroking the cat whose fur is black. (Anak itu mengelus kucing yang bulunya berwarna hitam.)
Atau:
The child is stroking the cat, the fur of which is black.
(Anak itu mengelus kucing yang bulunya berwarna hitam.)
b. Antecedent berupa Kata Keterangan Waktu/ Tempat/Alasan
Antecedent berupa kata keterangan tempat, waktu, atau alasan maka kata ganti atau penghubung yang digunakan adalah where, when, dan why.
Contoh:
This is the month when my sister are married.
Main Clause: This is the month Subordinate Clause: When my sister are married.
Antecedent: the month (keterangan waktu)
Anak kalimat adjektif (adjective clause) menerangkan kata keterangan waktu (the month).
1. Tempat → Where, Which
• The dump is next to the village. Rudi lives in the village.
(Tempat pembuangan sampah ada di sebelah desa itu. Rudi tinggal di desa itu.)
• The dump is next to the village which Rudi lives in.
• The dump is next to the village where the Rudi lives.
• The dump is next to the village which Rudi lives in.
(Tempat pembuangan sampah ada di sebelah desa, di mana Rudi tinggal)
2. Time → When, Which
I remember the day. You were born on the day. (Saya ingat hari itu. Kamu lahir pada hari itu.) I remember the day on which you were born. I remember the day when you were born. (Saya ingat hari ketika kamu lahir.)
Catatan
Verb + preposition (kata depan)
Sering kali kita jumpai banyak verb atau adjective yang mempunyai pasangan preposition tertentu.
Misalnya saja, accused (terdakwa) berpasangan dengan of, interested (menyukai) dengan in, objected (keberatan) dengan to, dan lain-lain.
Contoh:
• He is the one. I wrote the letter to him. Karena posisinya sebagai objek (to him) maka relative pronoun (kata ganti penghubung) yang digunakan adalah whom.
He is the one, to whom I wrote the letter. (Dialah orang yang aku tulisi surat.)
• The judge objected to the reasons. Several of them didn’t make any sense.
Karena them pada kalimat di atas merujuk kepada pernyataan/alasan maka relative pronoun yang digunakan adalah which. Proposition tetap disertakan seperti pada kalimat asal.
The judge objected to the reasons, several of which didn’t make any sense.
(Hakim keberatan dengan alasan yang beberapa tidak masuk akal tersebut.)
Catatan
Adjective clause yang mengandung kata sifat atau berbentuk pasif, relative pronoun + tobe bisa dihilangkan. Contoh:
• Some foods which are available in the store are expired.
(which are = relative pronoun + tobe) Some foods available in the store are expired. (Beberapa makanan yang tersedia di toko sudah kadaluwarsa.)
• The patient who was called his name, entered the room.
(who was = relative pronoun + tobe) The patient called his name entered the room. (Pasien yang dipanggil namanya masuk ke dalam ruangan.)