CHAPTER II : THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
D. Meaning
1 Conf Conference Back clipping
2 Reps Representatives Back clipping
3 Max Maximum Back clipping
4 Coz Because Front and back clipping
5 Iolls I and all Phrase clipping
6 Uolls u and all Phrase clipping
The result above shows that the participant users of FB frequently used clipping in the formation of the words when communicating on Netspeak. Back clipping is the most common type, in which the beginning is retained. The unclipped original may be either a simple or a composite.38
f) Backformation
According to Yule, Backformation is a type of reductions of word. It happens when a word (usually noun) is reduced to another type
38 Zubaidah, S., M., & Subakir, M. (2015), „An analysis of word formation process in everyday communication on Facebook‟, International Journal of Education and Research 2 (6), 261-274.
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of words (usually verb).39 For example, donate is backformation from donation, emote is taken from emotion, enthuse from enthusiasm, liaise from liaison and babysit from babysitter.
g) Conversion
Conversion is a change in the function of a word, for example when a noun comes to be used as a verb. Commonly it is called as functional shift or category change. Through this process, noun can be used as verb.. the common example is water as a noun can be a verb in
“We are watering the garden”. In some cases, verb also can be used as noun such as spy, guess, and must are classified as verb. However, they are also can be used as noun, such as a spy, a guess, and a must.
Conversion also occurs in phrasal verbs, such as to print out and to take over become noun a printout and a takeover. Phrasal verb stand up becomes adjective in stand-up comedian. About conversion, Yule defines in his book :
“A change in the function of a word, as for example when a noun comes to be used as a verb (without any reduction), is generally known as conversion. Other labels for this very common process are “category change” and “functional shift.” A number of nouns such as bottle, butter, chair and vacation have come to be used, through conversion, as verbs:
We bottled the home-brew last night; Have you buttered the toast?;
Someone has to chair the meeting; They‟re vacationing in Florida.”40 h) Acronym
According to Yule, acronym is new word which is formed from the initial letters of a set of mother words. They are pronounced as a new
39 Yule George, The study of Language fourth edition. 56-57
40 Yule George, The study of Language fourth edition. 57
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single word. It is used in particular occupation, organization and political field. Some organizations design their names in form of acronym, for example, NATO, NASA, and UNICEF.41 These examples keep their capital letters, but many acronyms simply become everyday terms, such as laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation), radar (radio detecting and ranging), and scuba (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus). In some cases, acronym can be pronounced as its letters, such as CD (Compact Disc) and ATM (Automatic Teller Machine). This kind of acronym is called abbreviation.
Beside those examples, there are more examples from the results of Zubaida‟ Journal, as follow:
Table 5. An Example of Acronym based on Siti Zubaidah et al journal An analysis of the word formation process in everyday communication on Facebook in the International Journal of Education and Research
No ’Word Meaning
1 FB Facebook
2 SEA South East Asia
3 BFF Best Friend Forever
4 BFFs Best Friends Foreve
5 TQ Thank you
6 LOL Laugh out loud
7 ASEAN The Association of Southeast Asian Nations
8 ASAP As soon as possible
9 PM Private Message
The results above show that there are similar with the acronyms found by many early researchers such as Squires (2010) and Denis (2008) who found the popular acronym such as „LOL‟ (laught out loud).
The uses of acronyms are seen as quite popular among the research
41 Yule George, The study of Language fourth edition. 58
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participants. This result also found in previous study by Squires (2010) and Lewin and Donner (2002).42
i) Derivation
The most common word-formation in English is derivation.
Derivation is a process when the meaning of word changes if Affixes are added in the beginning or in the end of that word. Yule stated that there are three kinds of affixes. They are prefixes, suffixes, and infixes. First, affixes which are added in the beginning of word called prefix, such as un-, dis-, re-, in-/im- and mis- . The simple example of prefix is happy becomes unhappy (adjective). It does not change the type of word but it changes the meaning (not happy). Second, affixes which are added in the end of word is called suffix, such as -er, -ly, ism and –ish. The common examples are worker, finally, terrorism, and foolish. The type of word changes following the suffixes. In some cases, one can find a word with prefix and suffix, for example, disrespectful. Third is infix. It‟s a type of affix that is not normally used in English, but found in some other languages. It is an affix which is incorporated inside word. About derivation, Yule explains in his book:
“In our list so far, we have not dealt with what is by far the most common wordformation process to be found in the production of new English words. This process is called derivation and it is accomplished by means of a large number of small “bits” of the English language
42 Zubaidah, S., M., & Subakir, M.,An analysis of word formation process in everyday communication on Facebook, 261-274.
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which are not usually given separate listings in dictionaries. These small “bits” are generally described as affixes.”43
More example about derivation can be seen as follow:
Table 6. An Example of Derivation based on of Dwi Astuti‟s article entitled Word Formation Processes and a Technique in Understanding Waria Slang Tulungagung on EFL Journal
The word “ Diana” is derived from the stem “Dia” and added suffix “na” and it results “Diana”. It is a name of woman.44
j) Multiple Processes
According to Yule it is possible to trace the operation of more than one process in the creation of word.45 For example, the word snowball is a product of compounding. It consists of snow and ball.
Actually snowball is a noun, but it can be a verb in “Problems with the project have snowballed”. The last word has changed through multiple processes of compounding and conversion.
One of the famous example of Multiple Process in Indonesia is in the result of Dwi Astuti‟s journal article as follow:
Table 7. An Example of Multiple Processes based on of Dwi Astuti‟s article entitled Word Formation Processes and a Technique in Understanding Waria Slang Tulungagung on EFL Journal
43 Yule George, The study of Language fourth edition. 58
44 Wahyu Nurhayati, Dwi Astuti.Word Formation Process and Technique in Understanding Waria Slang Tulungagung. 59-87
45 Yule George, The study of Language fourth edition. 60
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This word is derived from the process of borrowing from English word (Brother) and clipping (ther) then conducting suffixation /ndong/ finally it creates the word “ Brondong”.46
D. Meaning
In this research, meaning is very relating to jargon because jargon is the study about the term of words. To know the functions of jargon, We should know the meanings first. According to Yule, "We have already ruled out special meanings that one individual might attach to words. We can go further and make a broad distinction between conceptual meaning and associative meaning".47 from the explanation, it can be concluded that in the linguistic there are two types of meaning, there are conceptual meaning and associative meaning.
a) Conceptual Meaning
A dictionary are designed to describe some of the basic components of a word like needle in English is described as “Thin, Sharp, and steel instrument. These component is discribed relating to needle will be the part of conceptual meaning. As Yule says that Conceptual meaning covers those basic, essential components of meaning that are conveyed by the literal use of a word. It is the type of
46 Wahyu Nurhayati, Dwi Astuti. Word Formation Process and Technique in Understanding Waria Slang Tulungagung. 59-87
47 Yule George, The study of Language fourth edition . 113
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meaning that dictionaries are designed to describe.48 Exactly, conceptual meaning is the basic meaning that is often seen in dictionary.
b) Associative Meaning
Associative meaning is more directed to individual opinions of each person. People will interpret with a different meaning about the needle in associative meaning. They may interpret it as “pain,” or
“illness,” or “blood,” or “drugs,” or “thread,” or “knitting,” or “hard to find” (especially in a haystack). some of these things can be said as associative meaning. Yule said that Poets, song-researchers, novelists, literary critics, advertisers and lovers may all be interested in how words can evoke certain aspects of associative meaning.49
E. The functions of Jargon
According to Allan and Burridge jargon is manifested in written language, for example, the form and structure of birth and death notices, parliamentary and legal documents, recipes, poems, stock-market reports, and also in spoken language, such as sport commentaries.50 Directly, people use jargon to ease their activities. Allan and Burridge identify two functions of jargon. The functions of jargon are as follows:
a) to serve as a technical/specialist language for precise and economical communication,
48 Yule George, The study of Language fourth edition. 113
49 Yule George, The study of Language fourth edition. 113
50 Allan Keith, Buriedge Kete. Forbidden Word: Taboo and the Censoring of Language. 58
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b) to promote in-group solidarity and to exclude out-groupers, those who do not use the jargon.
The first function of jargon shows that jargon is used for making economical and effectiveness of communication. The technical or specialist terms, which are used in military world, are created in term of jargon. Word objective in baseball has a function to describe a certain situation. The situation is too long to be mentioned in military world.
Therefore, people create their own terms or jargons which belong to soldier. The second function of jargon is used to show the solidarity among those who use jargon. Usualy, people who engage jargon regularly have closeness one and another. They often show their closeness and solidarity by using verbal language. The second function of jargon also show that by using jargon people can exclude the out-groupers, those who do not use the jargon. This function is often found in military world. The military jargons are used to exclude the out-groupers or enemy.
F. Video Game
Less than four decades video games have gone from simple bouncing block graphics to a global industry of enormous proportions. In 2006 , the U.S. video game industry made a record $12.5 billion. Video games have been growing influence on several media like film, television, and the Internet and are played by hundreds of millions people in the
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world.51 Wolf, on his book says that the term of video game has varied a great deal over the years and from place to place.52 As he explains that the term consists of two words, video and game. Those two words makes the reason one finds both “Video Game” (two words) and “videogame” (one word) in use. “Video game” tends to “board game”, “card game”,
„„computer sgames‟‟ and „„electronicgames‟‟ then „„videogame‟‟ tends to
„„videotape‟‟and „„videodisc‟‟.53
Games are designed to be played like as books are designed to be read. When We read a book, a new experience would come to us. Perron and Wolf describes on his book, “Playing is to games as reading is to books. Sort of. Games are designed to be played, just as books are designed to be read. Both playing a game and reading a book involve transforming a pre-determined set of rules into a more immediate phenomenological experience.”54
G. Review of Related Studies
Jargon has been analyzed by another researchers from several universities and institutions. The first thesis that researcher refers is “A sociolinguistic Analysis of Baseball Jargon in Miller‟s Moneyball The
51 Wolf Mark J P. (Ed). (2008). The Video Game Explosion: A History From Pong to Playstetion and Beyond. London: Greenwood Press. p. 1
52 Wolf Mark J P. (Ed). The Video Game Explosion: A History From Pong to Playstation and Beyond. 3
53 Wolf Mark J P. (Ed). The Video Game Explosion: A History From Pong to Playstation and Beyond 3
54 Perron Bernard, Wolf, J P (Ed). (2009). The Video Game Theory Reader 2. New York:
Routledge. P. 45
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Movie” it has been analyzed by Achmad Septian Nugrahanto, one of student English language and literature student of Yogyakarta State University. This thesis has been researched at 2017. In his thesis he studied the socioinguistic phenomenon. That study was intended the word-formation processes and the function of sport jargon which occur in Miller‟s Money Ball movie. The diversification between Achmad Septian Nurahanto and the researcher is, that Achmad Septian Nuharanto focused to find out the word-formation processes and the function of sport jargon in Miller‟s Money Ball movie.55 Meanwhile, the researcher in this thesis focused to find out the word-formation processes, the meaning and the function of military jargon in Call of Duty Video Game. Meanwhile the similarity between his research and the researcher‟s is the use of word formation process to analys jargon.
The second research that researcher took is from Simon‟s journal article, University of Malibor Slovenia, intitled Military Jargon in the Slovenian Translation of Hostile Waters.The journal examines Slovenian translations of military jargon in the non-fiction novel Hostile Waters. The focus of the research is on collocations and lexically dense nominal phrases. The comparison finds that most translation shifts in the target text occur because of incorrect interpretation of technical jargon expressions in the original. As a result, the target text reader perceives certain situations
55 Nugrahanto Septian Ahmad. (2017) A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Baseball Jargon in Miller’s Moneyball The Movie. Thesis: Yogyakarta Stete University
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differently than the source text reader.56 Meanwhile in this thesis, the research focus is on word formation processes of military jargon that appears in the dialogue of Call of Duty Video Game. The similary of the research that the researcher and simon is existed the data that is researched. The data is military jargon.
The next research the the researcher review is from Fauzul Adhim Erdiansyah‟s thesis entitled Jargon Analysis Among Cadet In Latihan Integrasi Taruna Wreda Nusantara Xxxiii. The researcher of this thesis is a student of English department of languages and literature faculty of cultural studies Brawijaya University . The thesis has been researched at 2014. In this study, a qualitative approach is applied to analyze the jargon used by cadets in Latihan Integrasi Taruna Wreda XXXIII. The researcher observes the data with theory proposed by Akmajian (2001) about jargon and theory of word of formation processes by Yule (2006). The instrument of this study is the researcher's own interview guideline. The subjects of this study are last year cadets Latihan Integrasi Taruna Wreda Nusantara XXXIII.57 Meanwhile in this research, beside applying qualitative method, it also use synchronic linguistics to analyze the jargon on Call of Duty Video Game. The similarity of this research is the use of Yule‟s theory about word formation procesess.
56 Zupan Simon. PDF. (2011) Miitary Jargon in the Slovenian Translation of Hostile Waters
57 Adhim Erdhiansyah, F.(2014). Jargon Analysis Among Cadet in Latihan Integrasi Taruna Wreda Nusantara XXXIII. Thesis: Brawijaya University