CHAPTER IV : FINDING AND ANALYSIS
B. Analysis
2. The second Function
64
Captain Foley : ...We'll be landing behind the Atlantic Wall, between several German garrisons. We can't expect to be relieved until several hours after H-hour. This is what we've been training for. Good luck.
(JC30/M1/F1/Con)
In the dialogue above, Captain Foley tell his man the strategy of the operation on attacking german army. According to Dictionarry of Military Terms, garrison has two meanings, as noun and verb. Yet in that dialogue the meaning as noun. It means troops who occupy a fortress or town in order to defend it. Captain Foley uses word
“garrison” to ease the communication among soldiers.
Price : Gentlemen, we have friendlies coming in from the west! Make sure of your targets! Watch your fire!
(JC28/M1/F1/Con)
The word bolded above has a meaning as a discharge of a gun or missile or to detonate an explosive device. Price mentions that word in the dialogue above to ease the communication among soldier. It will be wast too much time if he explains “fire” word based on the definition.
65
closeness and solidarity among the members by using jargon. The way people speak including language, accent and dialect can show their identities. People who do not use the same language, accent and dialect can be identified as the out-groupers.
In this research, the second function of jargon is relatively aimed to identify the closeness among characters in the movie. It does not deal with excluding people who do not use jargon. Some characters show their closeness and sentiment by using jargon.
Foley : Great job on those tanks. Private Martin, you've done yourself proud. I can hardly believe... we've done it.
(JC06/M1/F2/Bor)
Captain foley is giving praise to Private Martin shooting down two German panzer tanks. In this case, Captain Foley shows his closeness by addressing Martin by “Private”. Private happens when an officer is calling his soldier in his unit.. Furthermore he shows their identities as the member of particular organization.
Sergeant Moody : Thirty squad, get your thirty cal to cover our flank. Second squad, follow in reserve. I got point. Elder and Martin, on my tail. Everybody set?
Let's go.
(JC16/M1/F2/Bor) American soldiers are in a small group, discussing what they will do.Sergeant Moody is setting the strategy before they attack German army in their nest near of them. Sergeant moody addresess his people
66
with “squad”, which means a sub- unit of an infantry platoon. He shows the closeness and relationship to his member.
The second function of jargon not always deals with promoting solidarity. In some occasions, the second function can be used for excluding the out-grouper. Military jargons, for instance, are used by the military member in particular occasion. In a war, they use some special technical terms which are not understood by other people (out-grouper).
The in-groupers use the jargons for building tactic, deciding the coordinate and position, describing the kind of weapon and giving commands or military instructions.
67 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
Related to the first objective, the findings show that there are 8 word formation processes of jargon. They are compounding, clipping, multiple processes, derivation, acronym, conversion and borrowing The other two word formation processes are not found in this research. They are coinage, and blending. From 56 data, borrowing becomes the most prominent processes with 20 items. The second prominent is conversion with 16 words. The third rank is compounding with 8 words. The fourth is derivation with 4 words.
Meanwhile backformation, clipping and multiple process is have the same position with 2 words. The last rank is acronym with with 1 items..
Related to the second objective, the finding shows that 56 items have meaning as conceptual meaning. Meanwhile the items of military jargon found are 56 items. It means all the data which are identified in this research containing conceptual meaning.
Related to the third objective, there are two functions of jargon. The first function covers up to 47 items of the data. Meanwhile, the second function covers only 7 items of the data. The first function becomes the most prominent function in this research since the jargons are used to ease people communication. The second function is used to promote in-group solidarity and to exclude out-groupers who do not use the jargon. In sport, jargon is
68
commonly used for making something easy rather than excluding out-groupers. There are only 7 items which are functioned as well as the second function. Moreover, all of them are used to promote in-group solidarity rather than to exclude the out-groupers.
G. Suggestions
According to the conclusions which are presented before, the researcher arranges some suggestions. The suggestions are as follows.
1. To the Students of English Literature Study Program. This research shows that jargon becomes one of the important things in our daily life. By reading this research, it is expected that the students of English Literature Study Program, especially linguistics students, will explore and reveal more about sociolinguistic phenomena. Hopefully, this research can give great knowledge and advantage in revealing linguistics phenomena in society.
2. To Other Researchers. This research has limitations. The object does not provide enough data of jargon‟s forms. There are only eight word formation processes which are found, conceptual meaning and also few second function of jargon. Hopefully, the other researchers are suggested to explore other sociolinguistic phenomena of jargon that can be easily found and the objects can provide enough data.
3. To The Gamers. This research shows that there are many term inside of a game that people does not understand even care. By reading this research,
69
it is expected that the gamers will be able to understand some terms in the game, not only playing. Hopefully, this research can give great knowledge and advantage for the gamers
70
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Bowyer Richard, (2007) Dictionary of Military Terms Third Edition. Londong : A&C Black Publisher
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Wahyu Nurhayati, Dwi Astuti. (2016) .Word Formation Process and Technique in Understanding Waria Slang Tulungagung. EFL Journal, 1(1)
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Zupan Simon. PDF. (2011). Military World Jargon in the Slovenian Transletion of Hostile Weters
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72 WEBSITES
Call of Duty, (2017, December 13) Retrieved December 13, 2017, from http://www.callofduty/wiki/Call_Of_Duty/
Call of Duty Transcript. (n.d.) Retrieved from http://callofduty.wikia.com/wiki/Camp_Toccoa/Transcript
Definition in English by Oxford Dictionaries (n.d.). Retrieved From https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/private/
xiii
APPENDICES
Data sheet of A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Military Jargon in Call of Duty Video Game Codes :
JC : Jargon in Call of Duty Video Game Meanings of Jargon :
M1 : Conceptual Meaning M2 : Associative Meaning Function of Jargon :
F1 : It is the function of jargon as a technical or specialist language for precise and economical communication.
F2 : It is the function of jargon which is used to promote in-group solidarity and to exclude out-groupers who do not use jargon
Word Formation Processes of Jargon :
Co : Coinage Bl : Blending Cl : Clipping Acr : Acronym Bor : Borrowing Der : Derivation
Bf : Backformation Com : Compounding Con : Conversion MP : Multiple Procesess
xiv
No Code Dialogue Word Formation Procesess Meanings Functions
Explaination Co Bor Com Bl Cl BF Con Acr Der MP M1 M2 F1 F2
1
JC01/M1/F 1/Der
Foley: That's it.
Close enough.
You will notice that objective is checked off and you now have a new one. Alright Martin, open the gate and run the obstacle course.
Go! Go! Go!
√
√
√
Objective means something which must be accomplished or achieved/a location or position which must be destroyed or captured.
It is derivation form.
The word "objective"
consists two element, first is root and suffix.
The root is "object"
have function as noun meanwhile the suffix is
"-ive".
xv 2
JC02/M1/F 1/Com
Foley: That's it.
Close enough.
You will notice that objective is checked off and you now have a new one. Alright Martin, open the gate and run the obstacle course.
Go! Go! Go!
√
√
√
Obstacle course is known as a training area where soldiers have to get past
varioous obstacles such as ditches or high wals as quickly as possible. It is compounding. That word consists two word. the first is
"obstacle" as noun and the second is "course"
also as noun. Thus the class of the word does not change however.
3
JC03/M1/F 2/Com
Foley: Private Martin, proceed through that door. Sergeant Moody's gonna take you through weapons
training. The rest of you ladies stay right
here.
√
√
√
Weapons training means training for soldiers in the use of their weapons. That word consists two word, "weapons" as the flurar of weapon, and
"training" that has the basic root from "train".
Both of the words are noun.
xvi 4
JC04/M1/F 1/Con
Price: Ok, we're clear to
approach.
Evans, you an I will need to get below decks and find the armory, before we can cripple the engines. Stick with me, and unless your German's improved, let me handle the talking. Waters, you stay here.
Be ready to leave at a moment's
notice.
√
√
√
Approach refers to come near. On soldier, approach tends to an act of attacking the target or enemy. The word is verb. But, it can be a noun also which means a device on weapon which is used by the firer to aim at a target. So that word classified as conversion.
xvii 5
JC05/M1/F 1/Com
Foley: Move it ladies! This is not your Aunt Fanny's dance!
Jump over 'em!
Come on Elder, get the lead out!
Not bad. Now hit the dirt and crawl forward
under the
barbed wire.
√
√
√
Barbed wire is wire with sharp spikes attached to it, used as an obstacle.
It is often used by the soldier for training in obstacle course. The soldiers to pass the barbed wire by crawling bellow of it. Barbed wire consists of two words. The first word is
"barbed" as adjective.
The second word is
"wire" as noun. Yet in military jargon, barbed wire is a noun.
xviii 6
JC06/M1/F 2/Bor
Foley: Great job on those tanks.
Private Martin, you've done yourself proud. I can hardly believe... we've done it.
√
√
√ Private is the lowest rank of British and US armies. it is borrowing form because the word comes from Latin
"Privatus". It has the function of jargon function as technical or specialist language to promote in-group solidarity. The word
"private" is adressed to show the closeness among the soldiers.
xix 7
JC07/M1/F 1/Com
Davis: Regroup, men! Back to the bridge! Fall back to the bridge! Let's go!
Fall back across the bridge!
Sergeant Evans!
Get back to the machine guns and cover us!
√
√
√
machine gun is
compounding form. It is an automatic firearm which will continue to fire and reload for as long as its triger is depressed. The word consists of two words.
The first word is
"machine" and the second word is gun.
Both of the words are noun. but it can not change its class of word as noun.
xx 8
JC08/M1/F 2/Bor
Captain Foley:
Martin, get in there, grab any docs, knock out their
communications , then meet back up with us.
Sergeant Moody and I will find Price and Ingram.
√
√
√ Sergeant is borrowing.
It is also has the function as technical or specialist language to promote in-group solidarity, and has the meaning as conceptul meaning. Sergeant is a non-commissioned officer in the US and British marines or airforce. The word
"sergeant" derrives from Old French sergent and from Latin servient- ‘serving’.
9
JC09/M1/F 1/Bor
Moody: Grab up a Springfield rifle from the table, switching it for your carbine.
√
√
√
Carbine is a light short- barrelled rifle. That is used to fire and shoot somebody down.
Carbine is borrowing.
The word "carbine"
derives from French carabine, means
‘mounted musketeer’.
xxi 10
JC10/M1/F 1/Cl
Moody:
Approach the fence and fire six rounds at the target. Your accuracy is defined by the tightness of your crosshairs.
√
√
√
Fence is a barrier made of vegetation, wire or wood, which enclos- es an area of ground and is designed to control or prevent access. In soldier, fence is used by the soldier in the obstacle course. The word fence is the qolloquial from
"defence".
xxii 11
JC11/M1/F 1/Com
Moody: Fire six more rounds at the target, in different stances
and while
moving. You will be more accurate while not moving and in the crouching
or prone
positions. These skills could mean your life.
√
√
√
Prone Position is done by the way posture of the body for firing from the ground. The stomach is flat against the ground, legs are spread and the inside of the feet are flat on the ground. But head and shoulders are raised and supported by the elbows, thus leaving the hands free to operate the gun. This word consists two words, those are "prone" as adjective, and
"position" as noun. but the combination of those words becomes noun.
xxiii 12
JC12/M1/F 1/Con
Moody: Now fire two rounds at your target, while aiming down your sight.
√
√
√
Sight is conversion, which its function or meaning changes without any reduction.
As verb, the word
"sight" refers to see something at the first time. Yet as noun
"sight" refers to a device on weapon which is used by the firer to aim at a target.
13
JC13/M1/F 1/Bor
Captain Foley:
Nice one, Parker. Okay guys... be ready to use any grenades you have left! Put down
suppressing fire only if you need to - do not waste your ammo! All right, let's put those mortars out of business!
√
√
√
Grenade is a small bomb designed to be thrown by hand.
Ussualy it will explode in three seconds. The word "grenade"
derrives from French, alteration of Old French grenate, on the pattern of Spanish granada.
xxiv 14
JC14/M1/F 1/Cl
Moody: Pick up
the frag
grenades from the table. Pick 'em up.
√
√
√
Frag Grenade is any grenade designed to use an explosive charge to fragment the outer shell of the grenade in a shaped or radial
pattern. It is the qolloquial of Fragmantation Grenade. That is why this word is one of compounding words.
15
JC15/M1/F 1/Con
Foley: Same drill, Martin, clear the bunker and search for documents!
√
√
√
Clear has several meaning. It defends on the context it is said. As adjective in military jargon, "clear" means free from obstruction.
As verb means to remove an obstruction.
Thus this word is conversion
xxv 16
JC16/M1/F 2/Bor
Foley: Good job son! Squad, move up! Go!
Go! Go!
√
√
√ Squad is a sub- unit of an infantry platoon.
That is the smallest unit in marines. In this research, squad is the one of the words that has function show the closeness among soldier. This word derrives from French escouade, or from Italian squadra ‘square’.
17
JC17/M1/F 1/Con
Davis: Hold this position, men!
Fall back to the bridge on my command!
√
√
√
this word is conversion.
The function and meaning of the word change without any reduction. The word
"command" can be noun which means an oficcial intruction to do something. This word also can be verb which means to order someone to do something. It happens defending on the context when the word is mentioned.
xxvi 18
JC18/M1/F 1/Bor
American Paratrooper 1:
Move out!
Secure the perimeter!
√
√
√
Perimeter is an outter boundary of a fortified or defended area. That word comes from Latin, perimetros, based on peri- means ‘around’
and metron means
‘measure’. It is possible to categorize the word command as borrowing
xxvii 19
JC19/M1/F 1/MP
American Paratrooper 2:
You guys, over here! By the wall! Defensive positions, get down!
√ √
√
Defensive position is an act of resisting an attack. This word is multiple process, consists of two word and word formation procesess. The first word formation process is derivation. It happens because word
"defence" is added by suffix "-ive". Word defence is noun basicly, but then become adjective. The second is compounding. it becomes compounding because word defensive as backformation is combined with word
"positon".
xxviii 20
JC20/M1/F 1/BF
Foley: ... Utah and Omaha beaches will be attacked by three of our infantry divisions.
At the same time, two British and one Canadian division will hit Gold, Juno and Sword beaches.
The airborne will be landing six hours before H-hour, before the air and naval
bombardments...
√
√
√
"
Bombadrment is the other term from artillery attack. This word consists of two element which is
"bombard" as verb means to attack with altillery. It class of word change when it is added with "-ment" become noun.
xxix 21
JC21/M1/F 1/Con
Makarov:
Listen, comrade!
We're both dead men, whether we stay here, or go back! Let's you and I find a way to flank them!
√
√
√
The word "flank" has two meaning as its function. As noun, it means the left hand or right hand side of a military force which is deployed In a defensive position or tactical formation, while as noun, it means to manoeuvre around the enemy flank. Thus the word "flank" is identified as
conversion. In military jargon, it has the function to ease the comunication.
22
JC22/M1/F 1/Bor
Foley: ...This road here is the main highway that connects the entire Cotentin Peninsula. The Germans have troop
concentrations in this region...
√
√
√
Region is the large area of land with wel-defined boundaries or distictive features. The word derrives from Latin "Regio".
xxx 23
JC23/M1/F 1/
Foley: ... The Germans have troop
concentrations in this region. When these troops are mobilized into a counter-attack on the beaches, ...
√ √
√
Counter attack consists two words combined by
"counter" as noun, and
"attack" as verb. It is multiple procesess in word formation procesess. The combination is derivation and compounding. It becomes derivation because word "count"
as verb is added by suffix "-er" thus become noun. To be
compounding because word "counter" is combined with "attack".
24
JC24/M1/F 1/Con
Foley: ...The pathfinders like Private Martin will be dropped ahead of the main force and plant beacons on the ground to mark the landing zones...
√
√
√
Force is the other word from a military power, and functioned as noun.
It also can be verb, which means to achieve something with the use of strenght or great effort . That is why this word is idetified as conversion form.