Motorcycle Online Drivers in Samarinda, Indonesia
2. Methods 1. Population
In quantitative research with a cross-sectional methodology, a sample size of 350 respondents was obtained from 2,850 online motorcycle drivers in Samarinda.
2.2. Measurement tool
Validity and reliability tests have been conducted on the research questionnaire. Fill out the informed consent form as a respondent in the study before filling out the Google Forms to complete research questionnaires with five enumerators (research assistant) to prevent research bias.
2.3. Data collection
A purposive sampling method is used, and the following rules will apply: A minimum of three years since joining Gojek (one of the online application provider drivers), Have a card that designates them as an active member, and live in Samarinda City.
2.4. Data Analysis
Cramer's V test, Chi-Square test, and Fisher test with 95% CI was used to examine the data.
There are five online driver collection locations visited to collect data. Five enumerators assisted the researchers in filling out the questionnaire.
2.5. Ethical Clearance
The study instrument given with number 112 / KEPK-FK / VII / 2022 has received an Ethics permit authorization from the Ethics Commission of the Faculty of Medicine, Mulawarman University.
3. Results
Characteristics of Respondents as for the results of the univariate analysis in this study related to the characteristics of respondents, they are presented in the following table:
Table 1, we can see how the characteristics of online drivers, the majority of them are men, where the work as a driver in male dominance can be understood because this job requires physical restraint. The median age of online drivers is 37.04 years old, which is a productive age in employment. Marital status of 74.6% is married, where the breadwinner is in meeting household needs. As many as 65.7% of the respondents' last education was junior high school. The level of secondary education became the dominance of the respondent's education level by 65.7%.
Table 1. Characteristics of respondents
Variable Frequency
(n = 350)
Percentage (%)
Age Mean 37.04 ± 9.407
Gender
Male 311 88.9
Female 39 11.1
Marital status
Unmarried 69 19.7
Married 261 74.6
Divorced 20 5.7
Educational level
Elementary 15 4.3
Junior high school 46 13.1
Senior high school 230 65.7
Bachelor 23 6.6
Undergraduate 35 10
Master 1 0.3
Employment Status
Keep driving for Gojek (job in Gojek only) 330 94.3
Private employees (double job in private sector) 12 3.4
Self-employed (for example entrepreneur, farmer, etc.) 18 2.3
Status of Residence
Live your own house 86 24.6
Living with Family 158 45.1
Live with Brothers/Hitchhiking 9 2.6
Living in a Rented/Rented house 97 27.7
Table 2. Clean and healthy living behavior (terms in Indonesia is Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat (PHBS).
Variable Frequency %
Smoking status
Smoking 190 54.3
No smoking 160 45.7
Smoking Places
In-House 12 6.3
Outdoors 178 93.7
Number of cigarettes smoked in a day
Less than 10 bars/day 86 45.3
10 – 20 bars/day 85 44.7
More than 20 bars/day 19 10
Breakfast
Yes 283 80.9
No 67 19.1
The number of meals fast food in a week
Less than 3 times 280 80
More than 3 times 70 20
The daily meal menu consists of Vegetables, Side Dishes and Rice
Almost never 2 0.6
Sometimes 62 17.7
Quite often 62 17.7
Table 2. Clean and healthy living behavior (terms in Indonesia is Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat (PHBS).
(cont.)
Variable Frequency %
Often 121 34.6
Almost all the time 103 29.4
Average nighttime sleep
< 5 hours 45 12.9
> 7 hours 305 87.1
Number of exercises in a week
< 5× 326 93.1
> 5× 24 6.9
Duration of exercise in a day
< 30 minutes 245 70
30 – 60 minutes 79 22.6
> 60 minutes 26 7.4
Coffee
Yes 261 74.6
No 89 25.4
The average coffee drinks in a day
One cup 160 61.3
More than one cups 101 38.7
Drinking Alcohol
Yes 9 2.6
No 341 97.4
The amount of drinking alcohol in a week
one 9 100
Consumption of certain drugs
Yes 29 8.3
No 321 91.7
Washing hands before work
Never 4 1.1
Almost never 9 2.6
Sometimes 81 23.1
Quite often 55 15.7
Often 106 30.3
Almost all the time 95 27.1
Washing hands after work
Never 1 0.3
Almost never 3 0.9
Sometimes 67 19.1
Quite often 55 15.7
Often 115 32.9
Almost all the time 109 31.1
Sources of drinking water at work
Refillable water 138 39.4
Well water 3 0.9
Water 33 9.4
Mineral water 176 50.3
Using PPE completely
Never 20 5.7
Almost never 16 4.6
Sometimes 38 10.9
Table 2. Clean and healthy living behavior (terms in Indonesia is Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat (PHBS).
(cont.)
Variable Frequency %
Quite often 12 3.4
Often 119 34
Almost all the time 145 41.4
Washing PPE
Never 2 0.6
Almost never 14 4
Sometimes 85 24.3
Quite often 8 2.3
Often 182 52
Almost all the time 59 16.9
Get a safety talk before work by a Supervisor
Never 96 27.4
Almost never 53 15.1
Sometimes 126 36
Quite often 6 1.7
Often 44 12.6
Almost all the time 25 7.1
Table 3. Relationship of clean and health behavior with occupational accidents.
Variable
Work Accidents
Total
p-value
Yes No
n % n % N %
Use of PPE at Work 0.008
Obey 44 30.3 101 69.7 145 100
Not Obey 91 44.4 114 55.6 205 100
As many as 94.3% of respondents are permanent workers within Gojek only as a driver.
Table 2, Clean and healthy living behaviors at work in online drivers consist of several indicators. There was smoking behavior in online drivers at 54.3% and the rest were not smoking.
The type of cigarette that was widely consumed by respondents was white cigarettes at 68.9%.
Breakfast habits of 80.9% of respondents who did it every morning. 87.1% had more than 7 hours of sleep. Another habit is the habit of frequently washing hands before and after work about 30%.
Only 41.4% of respondents always use PPE while driving. Only 7.1% of safety talk habits were always followed by respondents.
Table 3, related to Chi-Square test with 95%
CI, shows a relationship between clean and healthy living habits, namely the use of PPE when
working with accidents. Compliance with the use of PPE has a relationship with work accidents.
Table 4, using Cramer V Test, related to differences in characteristics among accident events in respondents, insurance ownership of drivers has significant correlation (p-value: 0.009) with accident incidents.
4. Discussion
The discussion related to clean and healthy living behaviors in online riders consists of several points. The first point is healthy living behaviors in the workplace such as breakfast, balanced eating menus, adequate sleep, drinking water, washing hands, using PPE, and participating in safety talk activities before work.
The second point is the lifestyle carried out by respondents such as smoking behavior,
Table 4. Differences in characteristics among accident events in respondents (N=350).
Variables Frequency
(n = 350)
Percentage (%)
Accident incidents
p value
yes no
Age
37.04 ± 9.407 0.103
< 37 years 62 (34.4) 118 (65.5)
≥ 37 years 73 (42.9) 97 (57.1)
Gender
0.288
Male 311 88.9 123 (39.5) 188 (60.5)
Female 39 11.1 12 (30.8) 27 (69.2)
Marital status
0.323
Unmarried 69 19.7 30 (43.5) 39 (56.5)
Married 261 74.6 100 (38.3) 161 (61.7)
divorce 20 5.7 5 (25) 15 (75)
Educational history
0.315
Elementary 15 4.3 7 (46.7) 8 (53.3)
Junior high school 46 13.1 13 (28.3) 33 (71.7)
Senior high school 230 65.7 88 (38.3) 142 (61.7)
Diploma 23 6.6 12 (52.2) 11 (47.8)
Undergraduate 35 10 14 (40) 21 (60)
Postgraduate 1 0.3 1 (100) 0 (0)
Status of Residence
0.362
Living alone 86 24.6 29 (33.7) 57 (66.3)
Living with nuclear family 158 45.1 69 (43.7) 89 (56.3)
Living with extended family 9 2.6 3 (33.3) 6 (66.7)
Living in rented/rental house 97 27.7 34 (35.1) 63 (64.9) Motorcycle ownership status
0.215
Full 269 76.9 99 (36.8) 170 (63.2)
Credit 81 23.1 36 (44.4) 45 (55.6)
Insurance Ownership
0.009
BPJS Employment 247 70.6 107 (43.3) 140 (56.7)
Private Insurance 17 4.9 5 (29.4) 12 (70.6)
Do not Have Insurance 86 24.6 23 (26.7) 63 (73.3)
Smoking status
0.244
Smoker 190 54.3 68 (35.8) 122 (64.2)
Non smoker 160 45.7 67 (41.9) 93 (58.1)
Breakfast behavior
0.150
Yes 283 80.9 104 (36.7) 179 (63.3)
No 67 19.1 31 (46.3) 36 (53.7)
Alcohol consuming behavior
0.744
Yes 9 2.6 3 (33.3) 6 (66.7)
No 341 97.4 132 (38.7) 209 (61.3)
Fully wearing personal protective equipment
0.06
Never 20 5.7 6 (30) 14 (70)
Almost 16 4.6 7 (43.8) 9 (56.3)
Sometimes 38 10.9 20 (52.6) 18 (47.4)
Quite often 12 3.4 4 (33.3) 8 (66.7)
Often 119 34 54 (45.4) 65 (54.6)
Almost all the time 145 41.4 44 (30.3) 101 (69.7)
Get a safety talk before work by a Supervisor
0.136
Never 96 27.4 36 (37.5) 60 (62.5)
Almost 53 15.1 22 (41.5) 31 (58.5)
sometimes 126 36 52 (41.3) 74 (58.7)
Table 4. Differences in characteristics among accident events in respondents (N=350). (cont.)
Variables Frequency
(n = 350)
Percentage (%)
Accident incidents
p value
yes no
Quite often 6 1.7 5 (83.3) 1 (16.7)
often 44 12.6 13 (29.5) 31 (70.5)
Almost all the time 25 7.1 7 (28) 18 (72)
Night sleep duration
0.439
< 5 hours 45 12.9 15 (33.3) 30 (66.7)
> 7 hours 305 87.1 120 (39.3) 185 (60.7)
consuming fast food, exercise, drinking coffee, alcohol, and taking certain medications. In this study, clean and healthy living behaviors were carried out by respondents. There is a relationship between clean living behavior and lifestyle related to the occurrence of accidents while working.
4.1. Clean and healthy living behaviors
Breakfast is an increase in concentration at work. Work performance decreases with the lack of breakfast in the morning, in addition to the quality of adequate sleep, which is more than 7 hours a day [8]. In this study, eating habits in respondents, 80.9% of them did breakfast. The selection of a balanced nutrition menu makes the nutritional needs of workers well met. Good nutrition can increase productivity at work [9].
This is in line with this study, where the consumption behavior of a balanced menu consisting of vegetables, fruit, and carbohydrates frequently and over time respondents consumed, 24.6% and 29.4% respectively. Drinking water needs in informal sector workers such as online drivers must meet the daily amount of drinking water, The European Association of Urology [10]
recommends daily water intake of at least 2.5 L/day. In this study, it was found that respondents' drinking water sources were obtained from refillable drinking water, which was 39.4% and bottled drinking water was 50.3%. Drinking water sources must meet water quality standards, namely bacteriological, chemical, radioactive, and physical [11].
Using PPE with an accident, in work accidents, the use of PPE is very important in maintaining the safety and security of workers. In
this study, the incidence of accidents in respondents had something to do with compliance in using PPE while driving, as many as 27.4% of respondents did not use PPE in driving. This is in line with the research [12], where it was found that work accidents occurred in workers who were low in the use of PPE while working. This shows that the use of PPE is very important to protect workers from accidents and minimize disability [13].
Following the safety talk with the incidence of accidents in the study, there was no connection with the incidence of accidents while working.
This can be possible because of several factors, including because this respondent works in the informal sector where activities such as safety talk before work are not a must. But other studies of safety talk culture before work are very beneficial for workers [14] states that the presence of safety talk before work will prevent injuries to workers. Another study found the relationship between accidents and safety talk for workers before carrying out work activities and awareness of work accident prevention behaviors [15, 16]. Other research shows that safety awareness This shows that it shows that it is important that companies must do in providing safety talk time for employees before carrying out their work activities as an effort to increase worker awareness in preventing work accidents.
One of the good work cultures carried out as an effort to promote health in the workplace is to routinely carry out safety talks before work, this is one of the control efforts for workers [17]. In this study, it was found that respondents stated that they had never participated in safety talk before work as much as 27.4%, and the rest they
stated that sometimes, once, often and always followed the safety talk held by their supervisors.
Shimura et al. [8] investigated the health impact of sleep on productivity in a sample of working adults in Japan where poor sleep quality resulted in decreased productivity at work.
Similarly, sleep behavior in respondents in this study, as many as 12.9% of respondents had less than 5 hours of sleep per day. This will have an impact on their productivity at work and have the risk of accidents at work [18].
The habit of washing hands as well as work and after work is a recommendation that must be obeyed by all communities. Especially in the new normal period, the impact of Covid-19, where hand washing is one of the health protocols that must be followed. Research related to handwashing habits during the Covid-19 pandemic has been adhered to by many drivers.
Handwashing behavior in online motorists during covid-19, as many as 98% of respondents washed their hands with soap and hand sanitizer. This shows that online drivers have clean and healthy living behaviors [19]. This is in line with this study where the habit of washing hands before and after work has been used by respondents, only about 1% of respondents do not practice the habit of washing their hands.
It can be concluded that clean and healthy living behaviors in online drivers in the workplace have been almost implemented by workers, especially about the behavior of compliance with the use of PPE.
4.2. Lifestyle
Smoking behavior has become one of the lifestyles of the people. Research from the Indonesian Ministry of Health in 2018 showed that men are dominant in smoking behavior, as many as 47.3% are active smokers every day [20].
This is consistent with the study, where 54.3% of participants were current smokers. This figure is higher than the country's average of 47.3%. By 93.7%, they smoke primarily outside the home, which might be interpreted as meaning that one of the locations they smoke is at work or while driving. The tobacco use rate was 45.3%, with less than 10 cigarettes being smoked per day.
When considering nicotine dependence, the low group is considered to be less than 10 cigarettes smoked each day [21].
Accidents occur in those riding motorcycles that have accidents usually with alcohol disorders associated with younger age, driving at the end of the week, riding at night and not having a driving license [6]. In this study, there was a relationship between smoking and drinking alcohol. Where smoking and drinking alcohol as complementary in smoking behavior as found in research by [22]
that smoking and alcohol are indeed interrelated [23].
Research in Canada, found that the number of fast food outlets is related to the consumption of fast food [24]. This is consistent with the study, where respondents are online drivers who offer fast food ordering as one of their services. As a result, this also influences respondents’ fast food consumption, with up to 20% of them consuming it more than three times each week. When it comes to the sports they participate in, as many as 93.1% of respondents have less than 5 sports per week and less than 30 minutes of daily exercise.
Fast food consumption combined with inactivity will lead to health issues, including an increased risk of obesity [25].
Research related to coffee consumption, it was found that coffee can increase a person's alertness [26], this is in line with this study, where as many as 74.6% of respondents drank coffee with an average of one cup per day (61.3%).
Caffeine is known to be addictive and has a positive effect on the body. Low doses of 400 mg for people such as increased alertness, increased excitement, peace and joy [27].
In this study, the consumption of drugs carried out by respondents was related to diseases suffered such as hypertension, cholesterol, and diabetes drugs. Only about 8.3% of respondents consume these drugs. The influence of taking certain medications while driving will indeed cause side effects such as drowsiness.
4.3. The relationship of healthy behavior with the incidence of accidents at work
The existence of a positive work environment relationship can improve compliance with the use
of PPE [28], likewise, in this study, the relationship between clean and healthy living behaviors and accident events in this study was in the compliance variable in using PPE, namely with a p value = 0.008. This can be explained, namely, when compliance with using PPE is carried out properly, it can minimize the injury severity of accidents. Including helmet use was protective for severe injuries [29]. Another research was showed about the result identification that a total of 17 significant correlations between behavior and condition factors and 30 distinguished key risk factors that highly impacted on the determination of accident 31 types and injury severity [30].
Smoking status with the incidence of accidents, in this study there was no relationship between smoking status and the incidence of accidents, this is in line with the study [31] where there is a relationship of active smokers with the incidence of accidents compared to those who do not smoke. However, there is no relationship between gender and smoking behavior in the event of an accident, that is, there is no connection for female respondents [32].
However, some variables of clean living behavior and lifestyle such as alcohol consumption, adherence to using PPE and attending safety talks in male respondents have something to do with smoking behavior, in contrast to female respondents only in the same alcohol consumption as male respondents, the rest of the morning meal variables have a relationship with smoking behavior. in this study, female respondents who smoked were 5.8%.