A. rilIl

1],. ANJECEIVES

L. A. rilIl

,#lP

Compounda

ar6 of

lmportance

to the practical

to&cher

of

Englieh to foroign 6tudents bocause thcy present problemo

of strcss

^{and pro}

Iene

of

meaning.-

for

instance an rEngliah rteacher

ie not

neoea-lari1y

_{the 6arre person ae}

_an

^tEng1isb,

leeslel.

^The

'Eirglisi

Iteaoher

i6 a

teacher who

ia

Englieh by

natlonality, but

^{he iaay}

teach eome other

subject, but,tho _'Englighl

t64919I" teacheUfEigflab but _nay be

of

any

nationality.

A.

('hr:6,lilna )

^{j.s a.}

loyer

^vbo

is

hoarsor

but a

^('ho:ar-

lv^e)is a

^{person who}

likos

ho:'se6.

A r$rg

lBtockin8

i"^rl].lgl

_+o

_blue; a ,bluo-,

sJes.\i-ng

is

an inteJ.lectuaL

'-q sfoqklhd

YoEaItl And eo

on.

^D

,' i ; ,,,

Thc

questiotr:

What j.s a compound? has not

yot

been EatLs:

factorily

anekefeal as

fer

eg the _.teacher

of

Englieh

to

foreiga atudenta

ie concernodr

The American

lingtristG

usually

follorr,

^.

tloomfielil ln

_,deflning

a

sonpound according

to ite fgrnr thile

Ebopean

lingulsts

EostLy

prsfer to baae their d6finltion.

on

neau-lng.

The Amerioans say

that a

compound

is

diotinguiehod

froa a

.

phrase

by.it6

6tr€66-pattorn, by ^phoneroic rnodification anal.by Juncture,

vhile

the Eur.opoans say

that the

two are dfetlng.uiahed by having

tllfferont

neanings.

Bloomfield,

fo!

instance,

6aJrf

^rwe cannot gauge neaningr accurately _enough

ffor.

distinguiehing compoundo froor phraeey';

Eoreover Eany

a

^phfase

is

^as specialized

in

neaning as aDy coEpou.Ditn;

and rrnherever rre hear

lesser or

1east streee upon

a

nord

yhicb,

_{,_}

uould aluays Bhow 6tre66

in a

^phrase, we describe

it

^ae

a

cOrnpouad-nonber

3

Loo-creefi

f

^{, a1e-}

rWtig'J

^1o

a

^phrase

,

^{althou8h thsre}

ie

tro alenotatlve.diff.erence

of neaning6.,,

^'

Bloch aud Tragor

sayr'

) ^t,1n English, compounde

diff€r.froE.

phraoeo

in

tho ^phonemic moalification

of thoir

componente,

ln

the.

llind

of

_l.trnc t'irre _between thom,

in

the 6tre66

pattern, or in a

..

combtnAtLon of .theae.features.r! ^They

ri.'o

_;1e-nt leman. q-, _{rt_} ':.-.'.-:rt e

of ^phoDemic

nodificationz fagent!

^pirure

fnenJ

^becomes

fiienll.:n.,g/

t ths

chargs from the ^phoneme

G_J to

^{ure phoneme}

fe_/

le

an exaople

of

^phonemic

modification.

As an exampLe

of

^juncturer

Reprintetl by pcrmission

fr

1J-21 (October-Dccenbcr,

Iglf).

article.

_ths author _wa6 lrofessor

Indoneeia.

o

e L

Aton o

DngLish lannua ge Teachlnr_I )2

th6 time of

f linglich at

writing this the

Univorsity of

L.

Bloomficld: ^rf Lang"a60 lrr ^pp.227 t.

Tragcr: ^t'An Outlino of Li.nguistic Analyeierrl _289_

P.65.

B.B.l-och and G.L.

-2

90-thcy 6ivc aI:ofirthcr fi:Jta1e gJ ^{and al-} I ^{t ogc} t IiEr

fi:t-tagE6!7

^t ulrorc thc hyphcn indicates o1run junctr:re and of closc juncturc (scc ^n)y article Gome IJot es on Lc

tho absoncc

J unc ture in

a hypher

l.laltrc , ^I,io. 10), of Ji,uuary-Junc, 1956) .

Peissin6 on to s Lross, :i.t is ^{!- j} r.st i1cccsrjzrry Lo poi nt out

Lllat thc stress paLtern | | _and ' ,._* arc not sufficient.

l'h o rre trque

Thcro is ^a1so,

Jesperscn, an opponent .of BIoolrficlrlrs stress theory of gonpounds, poj.uts out dl,'Bwbilcr(s to it and saysr/ rrlre fl€ly perhap6 6ay that vre have a cotnp()ur1d if thc ^mei,ning of the r,rhoLc cannot be

1ogicaIly dcducod f rorn tllc ^rneanin6 of thc clemcnts scparatcly, ^eee e,g. bcdroonr, -glglUggr -Ior!, -!Ln1g,,"

ln what ways do thcse dofinitions hclp thc forcign studcnt?

As farr as ^phoncrnic nodificzLtion is concerned, th.is phcnomenon occurs 60 relativcly rarcfy that it is not of ^much hclp. ^r,/herc it ^docs occur, it providcs the studcnt uith a vc.ry good si6n of a compound,

but in the very many casc6 whcro it docs not, it is uscless.

As for juncture, I have found that it is not a satiGfactory basis for teaching foleign studcjlts to dir;tinguish corrtpounds from

phrases, bcc.ruse difference6 in ^juncture _-are very difficult to ^detect

when people arc speakin8 at normal speed, so th.Lt it takes a long courEe of .ear-training to ^makc stu(lents capabls of doing so. Fur-thermore, differcnccs in juncturr-' arc ofton optional and therefore not 6ignificanL. t.^'

wiric Ii ^{oc c} nt'l; ver)/ cornnonly. It is posslble to say

heard ln England r

Socondl:/! onc: should realize ^thcLt tlte d.ifferences bctwoen

thcsc tlrcc strcss pattcrns arc, &t ^any ratc in R.P.r5 considcrably rrorc inlortant for intonation than for stross. I shal-l talce ao atr

cxample a sicl( nursc , ^{lJhicll caI'I ci Lhcr rican} a nursc vho is siclt ricc- ^I _{cr cam} Iice-iorean _ot:,

I icc-rcrear,r:. AlL three ^{can bo}

a ,oick 'r-ru:'sc-, thc lattcr _';hcn it is des'ircd to ^ma)rr: Ilg!-9 parti-crilar'1y prolrlil,rrt); or a r!ursc lor tl,i: sich (in vhich casr: it is (in _{whiclr casc} thc strcss pal;tcrn is nornrally ^a

'r or',:ir l1'r ;,

':,lcj:-rsicl< | nurscror

rC

tl

-291-anal the

intonation glide is

^{on nurse);}

a nurse for thc sick ^{maY bc ,stree;}

Inurse for special ^{omphacis: c.6.}

rroom. Are you deaf?

or I'met a ,5

]sE'n3lg ^(fn

rhlch sick is at the ^same pitch 1cvcl ^{aE mct} s' and tho glitlo ia

hen agaln on nurse); or Irmet a tsick-rnurse (in ^uhich thc 6lide ie

on 6ickr and nurse

ls

on

a

low lcvc1 ^tonc)

'

^Theso diffsronceEl ^are

much noro

strlcking to tho

oar than

diffcrcnccs in

stroeo, ^and thoreford bc

of

considr:rablo

hclp to the

^teachcr'

Thlrdly, it is

^Important

to

notico

that

^{atross oan}

ohift

^fryr

enphasla

or contrast: for

^{lnstanoer evcn}

if sick

nurso ^{mean8 a} nurso rrho is"

siclt, 'lt

oan have the

pattern t-r- in

^{such a}

I

casg aa Nor send only the '6ick,nuroe ^homc, not all of thcm. ^And

Fourthly _t

pooptre aay IIoIs

strcse ^may shift for rhythmicaL reasons: e'g' ^6ome a rchurohtuarilen, but ^{He had} a ^{rchurch, wardon rPiPe,} tho la't t

o! to

^{avoid having}

^threc

strong etrcssec

vcry

close togcther'

Theec facts ^lncan that BloomfieLtl'e ^remark about streee

quoted above is not very hclpful to tho foreign loarner: ^{any wortl} ln phraeo can have ttlesscrtt stross thcn ^6orno othcr vord in the phraoe needs oxtra cmphasis, or ^{when rhyth'n} rcquircs it: ^thorofolo 'tlesBcr't =ticss con.ot be ^usod as a critcrion for a ^compound'

Fur.thermoror Bloomficltlrc distictions ^bctvecn such cascs as tl99:

rcrean and ^t ice- _rcreamt ^I fountain- ^I Pcn and ^t toranloin-rPen1 ^IBronptou

rRoad and' ^Oxf ordtStrect arc not heIPfuI to the forelSn ^Lorlrnor'

If

ths

flrst of

^cach

of

thcse

pairc i5 not

^{a compound and thc}

word "conpoundtr is of litt1 Jespcrsonts defi.nition ^{quot c}

scd rsick-tnurcc or ^evcn ,siok-I said oick- ^| nrireo, ^not ,

elck-e practical ^value to b:[n.

d abover it meane that meat and drink ^{(uhere meat}

6

occond ic, the A6 for

such groupG aE of cou:lee, ^Hov, do You do?

neans food in gcncral) ^{and quccr} fish (c'6' in ^Hots a queor fisht

vhtch ncane that hc is a ^quccr fcl].ow) aro compounds, oinoe ln ^each

oaos trthc _meaning of tho wholc cannot 1ogioally ^{bc deduoed from the}

lioaning of the elomoato soparate)-y'rl

Nono of ^thcso dofinitions of conpoundc accms to load ^to

concluoions vhlch arc of ^nuch help to thc foroign ^{tcacher or} 6tudsnt. Eor themr it is of ^no practioal ^usc to ^{know whether to} givo the technical ^namc "compoundrr to this thing or to thatt ^th€

lmportant queotions are ^how to strc6s certain ^groups of ^morphcneo

5Thu .t""u" patterrls 6ivcn arc thoco normal].y uoed in ^I1'P

I

'292-(whethel _{one c.r.l} ls llrcr: " ^c orrlpollu(lsrr or nob), and how to t.ecogr.iize when sucir groups havc unrriJu.rl rleaninl;s. I recently ireard an..other-wi6e exoolfent announcer in the i!n1;1i-slr r:rogranrne of a forcign radio stabion mal(c repeated r,risLalcec ovrin6 to troublc with the

strossing of ircor,rporrirds.rr alic ant'rourlcei a confe::eiicc of ^trubber tfarne'!6 _{(whj.ch ruoulcl mearr} i'r.ir:i:t-'ris lrrde of rrrbber) and. later

non-tioned tho formation of a _'ruLber associ tation (r,rhich would nean

an associiltion ^mrrdo of ruttber'). ^Such mistakes make the listEncr Irith a quick brain lauGhr but tiiey may seriously ccnfuEo those who

aro slowcr, or who arc unaccustorned to hcaring forcigners speal<

Dnglis h.

llonlctimc6 thc Listcnor can correct his first r.rrong

impr.cs-siou by uoing his con[]on-6cnse (for instancc, as ^{rrubber rfarroero} vould not liold conference6, hc lrould reaLize that the Gpeakcr ulearrt

rrubbcr ,farmers, 1.e. ^{peoplc r.:i:} o farrr rubber); but thcrc are otber casesr such as thosc given in the fj-rst paracraph of this articlc,

whero rcal ar,riril;uity can. arir;e, irnrl lrhcre i t cannot bc ^corr-ected without ^{as r:i.:rg} qucstions.

lJhat can thc ^f orcign ⁶ Lurlcnt ^arLd ilj.s tuaci.ier ⁽ vhcth,:r ]re is an 'English rtcacllcr or not) ^do tp solve tlii:sc problcrne? They can

approach t)rcm doductivcly (i.e. tirloul;tr rirrrlcsrr) or inductively

( i.c. by colJ-ectir-rg t)ru cx;rr.rplus th.ry c<-rmc across and. sccing if ^etny ''ru1cc" or "grtides" ^cair bc wor'lic(.i out frorii tiri.:m to hclp the student uhon hc, moets ol;lrcr cascc latcr).

Llhichcver r,ra y is chosen, tho tcachef should have a good

knovlcdgo of the r'rulcst: if Ic teaclrcs duductively, ho must be

able to 6ive ^thom to his studcrits lrj.nsclf i ^and if hc teachcs

inductively, he rnust br; ablc to ^he lp ^.rnd dircct thc studcn[s in thcir scarch for th(;m.

In m:rking Iris preparations, tlrc tcacircr ^shoul-d firstly

realize that thurc is no sinrplc hclp to be obtainr:d irorn spe11in61

spult with or rzithout a

tho threc stress pat t crn6

thaL icc-crcarn mrrst cor-cl'can to thc othcr two.

Jones⁷ 6ivc ^both

for instance, icc crulrn/icc-cream oan bc hyphcn and ^cair bc ;,r'onounced with

givcn abovc. Only tr podant would reEporl to thc r_r_ _ ^pat lcrn,

;rny of

insist

and icc

11ivcs icc--cloam r'rith '__t-_-i ^{Kcnyon and l(nott}B

?

B A r,icr i ca n

D. Jon..: ^rrAn liirrglish Pr onotrnc i Irg Llictionary.'r

illld I.A. Ilrrol;l;: ^rt,[ ProrLouncin6 Dicbionary of

.I .ll ^. lio ly ^on

Ln1;1 islr. _"

.agr-ice cream and ice-cieao

nith the ,___,_ trnttern.

^{Joncs epo11a}

flar;iingEtlck and givee 1t ^.

vlth ,-r_i

}iornby, &c. 9 _givo

valk-ln8-6ticl(.

preeunably.rith

the

came patteru; _.

vhilo

ftDi6hiBg

tchool and EanufacturiDg

dietrtci

_, ^l nhtch

r

Iii<o vallcing.-stickt,oot-s16t

of

^Vorb _.1-,:lDg

t

^{NouF aDal} havo the 6amo etrese

patterur

have no hyphen

l$

^{l{est I a. rr0?ueraL Ser.vico}

List of

Eaglish W@'dd.t,19.

orpect a. clear ^' rolationrf,l.D bctis€D rtrosE,attt soanfuig.

foi

lagtanoc,

a

ua1]..rDailo

of

^{eaor 1a}

a

^l oaor ^tyaU _rl but: A ba:'lr raalo

ot

EDov

le

oot

"

^{t 5o6r-, .t565, , 51i1 '}

c raaow-rbalI. fhe

^Etrel6.

of the ^lfoa€lgh

rsecrethry ^'(tf,A'

,o""'

tor. tho

Brltlah tftnlster for

^t'prolgn

AffairB) dlffors frod thati':

of,the fr-orglgB;ioffloe,

f!.!g Friffsh

^UlEtBtry

^of

^I'orelga

^Alfalra)

¹

but

that

doe6,.B,.gt po_qpnth4$ittISr:l|9.re!,g;a

rSeorotary.t6.a

_ftbC|g'o r!9oretary,.(f .g. ,3 p9o::larlr-jeho,la

fcolgrr)..

^wa Davo,-rtrrtnted' ,

nattor

I _lu}. :Frilt

.ag.,,lpf5ot

luo",' lpoetall

.Eattorr but,lposlal;.,,. :

,.

torders.

_{Antl.,ao ourJ}

fgirrygu1d:,bo.vofy ^,

to

6lve forelE!...rtuilcntc

i,"

^I geoontllyr' thi). to6*hor shoultl. nbt

.",. .Ihlrttly, thi

;I[9u!4 luot

tbt$k that]a

!E!t+cu18t

lg*qjl ^contoxt, le

proaorrioerlir{

Iruloal

covertag suoh

itrcga

dlotlaotlona; -la

her

Dhraso or.c^oEpouud 1

lu

a

?q!t lbr

^,

tbe eaue atresa

lottelu ^In all

^parte o? tb6 EilBlt

f(:Lil,

tl.cu:.ar Engllah-a^{peaLtng c otrntr.y} r''

S

^6vei

la a].l parta of

^oao 1n5

I tlave'frdquettiy

iuierJveit:

that

",rtaoi

ldi[;

^uaG

; 'coiiialridry.'n<!i6'

dniii'tUJ

:n;idr!d

^'ao

ro

"oorpo{iide

-tit-r,_Ir; -ataiL.

aa:.

natIah _of iu"'p"tirio.id6'{n['

firattldafieri r

quoto rron]

ld *rurfii!1{:

dhoh;'that e+s f;

"vrtu{i irlt{iu'cr-'hi6rlcea

^{usa 8er hei Arc,IAn!}

'thb: _r

'-t

i!tr

stt

_'l n,l-,

ri

o

:'.r,,.;i::'ri.i.r

at :{l

oaroa

ot

rogioaal.

6r:!€f; oirr"'fiiL ietro".' .r#:

^taaiidt..

; ilPrlli

-?94-tben

at a lator

Etage uhon now matorial requiros

thla:

^there

is

nothiug 6acred, about !1rul'oetr

;

^{they arc} -r0aD-Elaile

t

an'l ehoul'l ^be used oercly ^{aE tooLe}

to

_irolp

tho

otudelt.

Onc

thing tho

teacher should avoid

is ftlling hie

^studonts'

braine rv'tth

a

Iarg.c aunbor

of

'rrulostr

at

the oamo

tine:

exp.JFleac€

baa EhovD tlmo anil

tine

a5ain

tLat the

^otudeat rotreBbors

llttIe

^of vlrat ^he

ie

taught

If it ie

^proaentod

to hiu in

^{lar ge c huaka}

^Et

^a

tiEs.

^Soe11r caroful]-y chosen dosool eaclt

folloveJ

^by

pleuty

of

tino for

^{digestlon bofore}

thc

trcxt ^ono,

is a

^more satlsfactory

pl,an r

To

givc

an ldoa

of tho sort of

^{analysle and gradiag that}

could be ^mad,c

r

^{herc are} twcuty-throe posoible

6teps' It le

^uot

claiDod

that

thsy are corapleter

or that thc

^order

of

prosetltation

is idoal:

coraplcteaees ha6

to

cone

to a

conpronise vrith

utilityl

aucl ortler

of

prcoentation has

to

be atlapted

to the

^{course uecd aad}

to

locaL ^{ne c} ds.

(1)

_Adjootlve + Noutrt Poacsggive ^Noun + ^Nounr and-Adverb ⁺ AdJeotiverz normally 1' ^lravb

thc lattelo '-..--'-t

^c '

6'

^{rgood rtea'}

rJobnrs rbgok,

rquite

tSsrali. ^''

(2)

_Thc EtroGB

pattern '_-r-

^{can be used}

in thc

tyDcB

of

phraoc given

in {1)

^{ebove whL}

I

the sPeakcr nants

to

Give epeclal proninencc

to the qualifier,

^ae sornctirloe ^ht\Ppcns

in

classroon

siiuationc

^even

in thc early

sta6cc:

o'6. I

^{rwant some rgood,toat}

rNo,

itte rthat rgirl-s,

^bookl

1t

^vras

^rvury

,6o-od'

(r)

Thc

grtterul-'-

^{can. bc usod}

in thc

^{types of}

phraeoe

in (1)

^whon

^{the thlug} qualifiod

nccds ^part

icular

^cmphaeiet

or

^{when the}

qualifier io not inportant: e'6'

^{Therc rs}

atliitle

rboy

at tho

rdooruMaryr-s ^rwatch

is t1oot, It

^uas

trathc' rsnall'

Tho

lntonation

^{pattora necds}

palticular attcntion hele'

^Tho

voak-ening

of thc

stroes oould bc linlced ^up

with thc

^wcak

"t'"""1J

^o"

the qualifiers in

^{such oaseo as}

a

^thouse,

tlte

^rsun,

as

^reasy

(ae...).

(4) In tr

^{r pattern Noun + Noun}

in thc

^{cascs where tbo}

noaning 10: ^{rrNoun B}

is

^mad<.r

of

tho matoriol

of

^{lloun A't}

(r':'8'

a 11

)2

Scc Notce. / ^{and B.}

Tho thruc syntactical pr'.ttcrns all consist of Qualifior

+ Thing QuaI

SCif it:d.

. i[5rr1,Jsp.16 gtrcsst, is prcfurai-r),r: torrno strcsgrt as a Iinguistic

term.' In a ^rhouoc, for ^oxinlllo r a ^{has 6ome} strccg (i'9' ^eonc

iimirl-i.t""), ^othcrwisc j't _{vrould not bo} pronouncod at all: to 6ay

it is unstressc<l iu tltcrufol'c ^r islcadinlj'

295-" r"Bto'ns _{t w'61}1. ^{a.a I} lton ^e

) ^Ithc

^strees

i6.u6ually

^as

fo!

d'aJictivo + ;Noun'(ade

(t)

s!o.ve) r

i.e.

^t r ^. exoelt 'rheio opoolal ernphasie rgquiros

t-r- or,

.lu (e)

^aad

(r)

abo?e..

-l

,

aB ef,phlDe ^tt

'

_,:Th6ee forit''stope-covcr

thc

maJorlty

of

^{oaaes which thd} itudent

ls likoly

to ^.noot

ia f,[s sailioat

^ata8eB

of

a properly

6radod

couree.

ilboptiorru'

",r"h

"" '!$!1!959

^{can be tauSht aE} rldlorlat|,or _'t"' l|fortllulasrl

, if

^{thcy al.e} introduced ttrlt.ltrE theao otlgoa.

| ' :r - t'- a ' \ '

$)

^Caeoe

ol

lloun + Norrn I'n whlch.the

firet

^quallf

los

^the

socond,r '.aa

ta

^{(.4) abovel.}

but iu

vhlch tbe Eeaning

1s:

^{trNour B}

le for

^Noun Alt (.e.g. 11191g6-gr4ce

r _a

race_foI hofees, 'raoo-lborao_

-a hor6o

for

raosBr rbath-!rooElr ^I ahoplkeeper) uauall'y have

l-t

(5) slvon

tn

⁽⁵⁾

Fof

epeolal ^{onphaela oE}

the flrst

^part

I

tbe I'attorn

above.da)r appoar wlth t.oreron.t

oego

Itls

callod

a

lpoetrcard,r.not.a lpostl

cart.

(?)

_Streaa Ba.y var.y oa oertnl'n ^rr compountlelt '.

lor rffihrnlcal

i roaEotrst

e.8.

coutragt Shot

s

^I trvooty..l sg6 and Shel

e

1t*onty-roqo'

rlth

ltrenty-1oao ^r

grlnel It

ohould bo poiDted

out tbat thie

^happens

ouly

ln

a

rolotlvely gnall

^numbel

of

caeeoi and

that lf

^{you do uot}

oo?

,!:-,- :0":: 1i ie

rhSrthrntcallv

dcslrable; tbte Ie

uclthor

absurd nor

difficult to

uadorstancl.

(8)

Casea

of

Noun + Noun

ln

whlob both ^EouDs are

dlfforoat

iloaoriptione

of thc

^{eamo pbroon}

(i.e.

Noun A E Noun

B)

ueun$r ^lrave

t-t-.

_fxaoplee

_Lre tho

rQueeu-rHother;

a

^r baby ^I borr

a

^{t bo:r}

l

actorr

^I

fellow-'rorkcrri.

(9)

Csass

of

^Nourl + ^aad + ^Noua + ^Noun + ^Nou-o

(c.g' |foot

drtl ^rnouth dloloa6e;

r.Profit

_aacl ^lLoea

acrcoultr lbrick

and

tplaetor

tral])

_{oormarllr bavo.tbc}

_pattortr t-t-'- lf the

co:T:;pond-lo6 ^Noun + Noun

patterl

ha'E

' i,r- (cf. lPrcfit acie.u:l;rl

^ond

,_ _,_,

^'

lf tho

^oolf eepouttlng pattern

le' t t

⁽ _{cf .}

a

^r

brldii rvall) .

(fO)

_,Cases

_of

_{l'loun +} Prppogltloa

a

Noun bave. ^I lD ^EoEt

of

tho _,oommol 9asgq.likoly

to

^bo founrl

in

^the

(tor

suob on6q6

as

^l no-ther?ln- r low r. ^€€o

(2,)

_uclow).