BAB V PENUTUP
5.2. Saran
Reaktor pirolisis yang akan digunakan selanjutnya diharapkan dapat dilengkapi dengan pendeteksi suhu dan tekanan yang berada di dalam reaktor. Sumber panas yang stabil sehingga kenaikan suhunya konsisten serta digunakannya kondensor yang lebih panjang dan tertutup dengan rapat. Diharapkan dapat melakukan pirolisis campuran berbagai macam lemak hewan dalam satu wadah reaktor pirolisis.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
A, Zacher., D, Santosa., D, Elliott. 2011. Mild Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass
and Catalytic Hydrotreating to Liquid Transportation Fuels. Chicsgo: TC
Biomass.
Auerbach, S. M., Carrado, K. A., & Dutta, P. K. 2003. Zeolite Science and
Technology. Science. New York: Library of Congress.
Amy, H.R., Broudy, R.R., Auerbach, S.M., Vining, W.J, 1999, Teaching Materials That Matter : An Interactive Multimedia Module on Zeolite in General Chemistry, Chem. Educator, Vol 4 (114-118).
Apriyan, U., 2014, Rendering Lemak Sapi, Skripsi, Fakultas Peternakan UNHAS, Makasar.
Askaditya, G., 2010, Studi Eksperimental Pirolisis Minyak Pelumas Bekas Menggunakan Katalis Zeolit, Skripsi, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta.
Asriani, A. 2012. Pengolahan By Product Lemak Asal Hewan [Skripsi]. Makasar : Fakultas Peternakan UNHAS, Makasar.
Atkins, P.W. 1999. Kimia Fisika 2. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Balat, M., Balat, M., Kırtay, E., & Balat, H. 2009. Main routes for the thermo-conversion of biomass into fuels and chemicals . Part 1 : Pyrolysis systems. Energy Conversion and Management, 50(12), 3147–3157.
Basu, P. 2010. Biomass Gasification and Pyrolysis. Burlington, USA: Academic Press Elsivier.
BPS dan Ditjen PKH. 2014.Tren Proyeksi Konsumsi Daging Sapi Nasional
2010-2024. Dalam Road Map Pengembangan Industri Sapi Potong di Indonesia.
Fakultas Peternakan UGM dan APFINDO. Yogyakarta.
Bridgwater, A.V., 1996, Production of high grade fuels and chemicals from catalytic pyrolysis of biomass, Catalyst, 29 (285–295)
Bridgwater, A. V. 2003. Renewable fuels and chemicals by thermal processing of biomass. Chemical Engineering Journal, 91(2–3), 87–102.
Bridgwater, A. V, Toft, A. J., & Brammer, J. G. 2002. A techno-economic
comparison of power production by biomass fast pyrolysis with gasification and combustion. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews A.V. Bridgwater et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (Vol. 6)..
pyrolysis oil. Energy & Fuels, 18(2), 590–598.
Demirbas, A. 2005. Pyrolysis of ground beech wood in irregular heating rate conditions. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 73(1), 39–43 Demirbas, A. 2008. New Liquid Biofuels from Vegetable Oils Via Catalytic
Pyrolysis. Energy Educ Sci Technol, 21 (1-59).
Demirbas, A. 2009. Progress and recent trends in biodiesel fuels. Energy
Conversion and Management, 50(1), 14–34..
Dickerson, T., & Soria, J. 2013. Catalytic fast pyrolysis: A review. Energies, 6(1), 514–538.
Djatmiko, B dan AP. Widjaja, 1973. Minyak dan lemak. Bogor: Departemen Teknologi Hasil Pertanian IPB Bogor.
Dyer, A. 1988. An Introduction to Zeolite Molecular Sieves. Chichester: John Willey and Son Ltd.
Dwi, R., Affandi, N., Aruan, T. R., Kimia, D. T., Teknik, F., & Utara, U. S. 2013. Produksi Biodiesel dari Lemak Sapi dengan Proses. Teknik Kimia, 2(1), 1–6.
Eckenfelder W W, J. (1981). Industrial Water Pollution Control. In Industrial water
pollution control (p. 275). New York: Dept. Civil Engineering, Univ. Texas,
TX
F.G, W. (2004). Kimia Pangan dan Gizi. System. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka. Fadhilah, B. 2015. Adsorpsi Koagulasi Senyawa Pengotor dalam Crude Glycerol
Menggunakan Zeolit Alam Lampung dan Tawas [Skripsi]. Jakarta: UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta
Flanigen, E. M. 1991. Chapter 2 Zeolites and Molecular Sieves an Historical Perspective. Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, 58(C), 13–34.
Gashaw, A., & Teshita, A. 2014. Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil and Factors Affecting its Formation: A review. International Journal of
Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 3(5), 92–98.
Gunawan Edi.2010. Rancang Bangun Unit Pirolisis Untuk Pembuatan Bi-Oil.
Lembaran Publikasi Lemigas. Vol.44 (1) 78-86.
H, Zhang., R, Xiao., D, Wang., Z, Zhong., M, Song., Q, Pan., G. He. Energy &
Fuels. 2009. 23. 6199-6206.
Harvey D. 2000. Modern Analytical Chemistry. New York: McGraw-Hill Comp. Hermanto, S. 2009. Mengenal Lebih Jauh Teknik Analisa Kromatografi dan
Hermanto, S., Anna,M., Rizkina,H. 2009. Profil dan Karakteristtik Lemak Hewani (Ayam, Sapi dan Babi). Jakarta : Program Studi Kimia, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah.
I.W, Suardana., 2007, Karakterisasi Limbah Cair Rumah Pemotongan Hewan Pesanggaran. Animal Production. vol. 9 (2) 116 122.
Indah, T., Said, M., Summa, A., Sari, A.K. 2011. Katalis Basa Heterogen Campuran CaO dan SrO Pada Reaksi Transesterifikasi Minyak Kelapa Sawit. Prosiding
Seminar Nasional AVoER ke-3. KM-5 hal 482-493. Jakarta.
Junk, Thomas. 2014. New Way to Make Biodiesel Creates Less Waste from
Aligator and Likely other Animals Fats. Dalam 247th Meeting American
Chemical Society. Dallas.
Katikaneni, S.P.R., Adjaye, J.D., Bakhshi, N.N., 1995a. Studies on the catalytic conversion of canola oil to hydrocarbons – influence of hybrid catalysts and steam. Energy Fuels 9(4), 599 609.
Katikaneni, S.P.R., Adjaye, J.D., Idem, R.O., Bakhshi, N.N., 1996. Catalytic conversion of canola oil over potassium-impregnated HZSM-5 catalysts: C2
–C4 olefin production and model reaction studies. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 35 (10), 3332–3346.
Katikaneni, S.P.R.; Adjaye, J.D., Bakhshi, N.N. 1997, Conversion of canola oil to various hydrocarbons over Pt/HZSM-5 bifunctional catalyst. Can. J. Chem.
Eng. 1997, 75, 391–401.
Kauzu, M., Kasuno, Takekazu, Tajika, Masahito, Sugimoto, Yoshikazu, Yamanaka, Shinya, Hidaka, Jusuke. 2008. Calcium Oxide as a Solid Base Catalyst for Transesterification of Soybean Oil and its Application to Biodiesel Production. Fuel Vol 87: 2798-2806.
Ketaren, S. 1986. Pengantar Teknologi Minyak dan Lemak Pangan. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia Press.
Kumar S. dan RK. Singh. 2014. Pyrolysis kinetics of waste high-density polyethylene using thermogravimetric analysis. International Journal of
ChemTech Research. Vol. 6, No.1, pp 131-137.
Las T. 1989. Use Of Natural Zeolite For Nuclear Waste Treatment [Ph.D Thesis]. Department Chemistry and Applied Chemistry. United Kingdom: Salford University.
Las, T. 2006. Mengenal Mineral Zeolit. Saintika, Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi
Lu, Q.; Zhang, Z.-F.; Dong, C.-Q.; Zhu,. 2010, X.-F. Catalytic upgrading of biomass fast pyrolysis vapors with nano metal oxides: An analytical Py GC/MS study. Energies, 3, 1805–1820.
Maher, K.D., Bressler. 2006. Pyrolysis of Triglyceride Materials for the Production of Renewable Fuels and Chemicals. a review Bioresource
Technology 98, 2351-23368.
Marchetti, J.M., Errazu, A.F. 2008. Esterification of free fatty acids using sulfuric acid as catalyst in the presence of triglycerides. Biomass and Bioenergy. 32(9): 892-895.
Mayhead, G., Snell, R., Shelly, J.R. 2011. Pyrolysis of Woody Biomass: Woody
Biomass Factsheet – WB4. U.S. Department of Agriculture Policy.
Minish, Gl. dan D.G Fox. 1979. Beef Production and Management. Restov Virginia: Reston Publishing co. Inc.A Prentice Hall co.
Mortensen, P.M.; Grunwaldt, J.D.; Jensen, P.A.; Knudsen, K.G.; Jensen, A.D. A., 2011, review of catalytic upgrading of bio-oil to engine fuels. Appl. Catal. A Gen, 407, 1–19.
Muller-Hagedorn, M., Bockhorn, H., Krebs, L., Muller, U., 2003, A comparative kinetic study on the pyrolysis of three different wood species. J. Anal.
Appl. Pyrolysis. 68–69. 231–249.
Mumpton, F.A dan Sand, L.B. 1978. Natural Zeolite, Occurrence, Properties and
Uses. Oxford: Pergamon Press 3.
Murat A., K. Abdulkerim, A. Orhan dan Y. Yuda. 2006. Removal of Silver (I) from Aqueous Solutions with Clinoptilolite. Journal Microp orous and
Mesoporous Materials. Vol 94. 99 – 104.
Netti, H dan Hendra, G. 2003. Lemak dan minyak. Medan: Program Studi Biokimia.
Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan.
Nuryati., Jaka Darb Jaya.,Meldayanoor. 2015. Perancangan dan Aplikasi Alat
Pirolisis untuk Pembuatan Asap Cair. Kalimantan Seltan: Politeknik
Negeri Tanah Laut.
Oasmaa, A., E. Kuoppala., Y, Solantausta. 2003. Fast pyrolysis of forestry residue.
2. Physicochemical composition of product liquid. Energy & Fuels.
17(2):433-443.
Prasad, Y.S., Bakhshi, N.N., Mathews, J.F., Eager, R.L., 1986. Catalytic conversion
of canola oil to fuels and chemical feedstocks. 1. Effect of process conditions on the performance of HZSM-5 catalyst. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 64 (2), 278–284.
Raveendran, K., Ganesh, A., Khilar, K.C. 1995. Influence of mineral matter on biomass pyrolysis characteristics. Fuel. 74. 1812–1822.
Razzak MT., T. Las dan Priyambodo. 2009. The Charecterization of Natural Zeolite for Water Filtration System. Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Ilmu Kimia, VALENSI. Vol 1, No. 5. Hal. 225-261.
Ridlo, Rohmadi. 2010. Optimasi Proses Produksi Biodiesel dari Minyak Kelapa
Sawit dan Jarak Pagar dengan Menggunakan Katalis Heterogen Kalsium Oksida. Jakarta: Pusat Teknologi Pengembangan Sumber Daya Energi
BPPT.
S.D, Stefanidis., A. A. Lappas, K. G. Kalogiannis, E. F. Iliopoulou, K. S.
Triantafyllidis. Wiley Interdisciplinary. Reviews: Energy and Environment.
1, 285-297.
Sampath, S.S., Babu, B,V.,2005. Energy and Useful Products from Waste Using Pyrolysis : A State-of-the-Art Review , Chemcon-05 New Delhi.
Samuel, D. Faust., Osman, M. Aly. 1999. Chemistry of Water Treatment. Edisi 2. Chelsea, MI: Ann Arbor Press.
Sekiguchi, Y., Shafizadeh, F. The effect of inorganic additives on the formation, composition, and combustion of cellulosic char. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1984, 29, 1267–1286.
Simacek, P., Kubicka, D., Sebor, G., Pospisil, M. 2009. Hydroprocessed Rapeseed Oil as a Source of Hydrocarbon-based Biodiesel. Fuel 88: 456-460.
Skoog, D.A., Holler, F. J dan Nieman, A.T. 1998. Principle of Instrumental Analysi.
Fifth Edition. Harcourt Brace & Company. New York.
Suyartono, Komardi, Q.S. 1986. Penerapan dan Pemanfaatan Zeolit Bayah untuk
Gas dan Cairan. Bandung: Pusat Pengembangan Teknologi Mineral.
Venderbosch, R.H. dan W, Prins. 2010. Fast pyrolysis technology development.
Biofuels Bioproducts & Biorefining-Biofpr. 4(2):178-208.
Winarni. 2003. Koagulasi Menggunakan Alum dan Paci. Makara. 7, 89-95. Jakarta:Trisakti.
Winarno, F.G. 2008. Kimia Pangan dan Gizi. Bogor: M-Brio Press.
Yektha Hemmat, Barat Gobadian, Mohammad Loghavi, Saadat Kamgar, Ebrahim Fayyazi. 2013. Biodiesel Fuel Production from Resdual Animal Fat Az An Inedible and Inexpensive Feedstock. Intl. Res. J.Appl. Basic. Sci. Vol,. 5 (1), 84-91.
Yuanita, D. 2009. Hidrogenasi Katalitik Metil Oleat Menjadi Stearil Alkohol Menggunakan Katalis Ni/Zeolit Alam. Jogjakarta. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kimia UNY.
Yuliusman., W.P., Yulianto S.N., Yuda. 2009. Studi Awal Pemanfaatan Zeolit Alam untuk Penjernihan Asap Kebakaran. Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia Indonesia - SNKTI. Bandung.
LAMPIRAN A b u n d a n c e 1 . 4 5 e + 0 7 T I C : t a l l o w k a t a l i s z e o l i t . D \ d a t a . m s 9 1.6091.. 521 105. 423114.2132.60.808372 31 1 . 4 e + 0 7 1 . 3 5 e + 0 7 1 . 3 e + 0 7 9 . 6 3 0 1 . 2 5 e + 0 7 1 . 2 e + 0 7 1 6 . 0 2 5 1 . 1 5 e + 0 7 1 4 . 5 3 9 1 . 1 e + 0 7 1 . 0 5 e + 0 7 8 . 7 9 2 1 e + 0 7 9 5 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 . 7 3 7 1 5 . 7 3 5 8 5 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 . 2 2 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 . 3 2 1 6 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 . 2 1 5 . 0 1 8 9 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 . 4 3 3 1 3 . 6 8 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 . 9 7 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 . 0 7 2 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 1 5 . 0 0 2 0 . 0 0 2 5 . 0 0 3 0 . 0 0 3 5 . 0 0 4 0 . 0 0 T i m e - - >
Lampiran 1. Kromatogram GC-MS hasil pirolisis tallow 20 g + 7% Zeolit
Abundanc e 1 .3e+07 1 .2e+07 1 .1e+07 1e+07 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T ime -->
[_ GCM S _ SM T ]*T IC: tanpa k atalis SAM PLE .D \ data .ms
10 .80012.363 9 .075 9 .95115.60 2 14 .243 9 .8 85 7 . 217 12 .2 49 8 .14 5 8 .99 311 .5 4 1 5 .522 8 .0 6 8 7 .1 3 9 1 2 .841 4 .8961.31 5 1 3 .8 12 5 .0 0 1 0 .0 0 1 5 .0 0 2 0 .0 0 2 5 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 5 .0 0
Lampiran 2. Kromatogram GC-MS hasil pirolisis tallow 20 g + 5 % katalis
Abundanc e 1 .3e+07 1 .2e+07 1 .1e+07 1e+07 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T ime--> Lampiran 3. Lampiran 4.
[_GCM S_SM T ]*T IC: tanpa k atalis SAM PLE.D \ data.ms 10.80012.363 9.075 9.95115.602 14.243 9.8 85 7. 217 12.249 8.145 8.99311.541 5.522 8.0 68 7.1 39 12.841 4.8961.315 13.812 5 .0 0 1 0 .0 0 1 5 .0 0 2 0 .0 0 2 5 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 5 .0 0
KromatogramGC-MS hasil pirolisis tallow tanpa katalis.
Lampiran 5. Lemak sapi sebelum dan setelah rendeering.
Lampiran 6. Rendemen berupa kerak pada bagian bawah reaktor.
BIODATA MAHASISWA
Nama Lengkap : Syahrullah
NIM : 1111096000016
Tempat/ Tanggal lahir : Jakarta/ 21 Januari 1993 Jenis Kelamin : Laki-laki
Anak ke : 1 dari 2 bersaudara
Alamat Rumah : Jl. Pahlawan RT 04/07 No.12 Kelurahan kedaung, Kecamatan Sawangan, Kota Depok- Jawa Barat Kode Pos 16516
Nomor Tlp/ Hp : 081293054280
Alamat Email : [email protected]
PENDIDIKAN FORMAL
Tingkat Pendidikan Nama Sekolah Alamat Tahun Lulus
SD SDN Cinangka 04 Cinangka, Depok 2005
SMP SMPN 2 Tangsel Cirendeu 2008
SMA SMAN 1 Tangsel Ciputat 2011
Kuliah UIN Jakarta Ciputat 2018
PENDIDIKAN NON FORMAL/ PELATIHAN
No Nama Pelatihan Tahun No. Sertifikat
1 Pelatihan Kader Lapangan PMII 2015
2 Pelatihan Kader Dasar 2013
PENGALAMAN ORGANISASI
No Nama Organisasi Tahun Jabatan
HIMKA 2013 Mentri Hubungan
Luar Kampus
PMII 2013 Kepala Bidang 1
(Internal)