BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN
B. Saran
1. Dilakukan penelitian lanjutan mengenai pengukuran body fat percentage pada anak-anak.
2. Dilakukan pengukuran body fat percentage menggunakan parameter skinfold thickness yang lebih banyak lagi.
3. Adanya hasil berupa korelasi positif yang bermakna dan berkekuatan sedang antara body fat percentage dan rasio kolesterol total/HDL, maka mahasiswa dapat menggunakan rasio kolesterol total/HDL sebagai prediktor gangguan kardiovaskuler.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
American Heart Association, 2011, Asian & Cardiovascular Disease, http://www.heart.org/idc/groups/heartpublic/@wcm/@sop/@smd/docum ents/downloadable/ucm_319570.pdf, diakses tanggal 8 Januari 2013 American Heart Association, 2012, What Your Cholesterol Level Mean,
http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/Cholesterol/AboutCholest erol/What-Your-Cholesterol-Levels-Mean_UCM_305562_Article.jsp, diakses tanggal 18 Agustus 2012.
Ahmad, R., Rahman, S.U., Zaman, F.U., and Jan, S., 2011, Percent Body Fat and
Its Relationship With Obesity and Hypertension in Adult Population of Mingora Swat, Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences, 9(1), 120.
Aniteli, T.M., Florindo, A.A., and Martini, L.A., 2006, Development of an Equation For Measurement of Body Fat Mass of Elderly Women with Osteoporosis or Osteopenia Through Skinfold Thickness Using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry As a Reference, Rev Bras Med Esporte, 12 (6), 327.
Aurora, M.A, Koley, S., Gupta, S., and Sandhu, J.S., 2007, Study on Lipid Profile and Body Fat in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus, Anthropologist, 9(4), 297.
Barter, P., Gotto, A.M., Phil, D., Larosa, J.C., Maroni, J., Szarek, M., et al., 2007, HDL Cholesterol, Very Low Levels of LDL Cholesterol, and Cardiovascular Events, The New England Journal of Medicine, 357;13, 1.302.
Baumagartner, T.A., Jackson, A.S., Mahan, M.T., and Rowe, D.A., 2007,
Measurement for Evaluation, Avenue of The America, pp. 325.
Bedard, A., Dodin, S., Corneau, L. and Lemieux, S., 2012, The Impact of Abdominal Obesity Status on Cardiovascular Response to the Mediterranean Diet, Journal of Obesity,2012, 1.
Bhardwaj, S., Misra, A., Misra, R., Goel, K., Bhatt, S.P., Rastogi, K., et al, 2011, High Prevalence of Abdominal, Intra-Abdominal and Subcutaneous Adiposity and Clustering of Risk Factors among Urban Asian Indians in North India, Journal Pone, 6(9), 1.
Birtcher, K.K., and Ballantyne, C.M., 2004, Measurement of Cholesterol A Patient Perspective, Journal of The American Heart Association, 110, 296-297.
Bischof, M., Knechtle, B., Rust, C.A., Knechtle, P., and Rosemann, T., 2012, Changes in Skinfold Thicknesses and Body Fat in Ultra-endurance Cyclists, Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 4(10), 3.
Bodhe, C., Jankar, D., Bhutada, T., Patwardhan, M., and Patwardhan, M., 2011, HBA1C: Predictor of Dyslipidemiaan and Atherogenicity in Diabetes
Mellitus, International Journal of Basic Medical Science, 2(5), 278.
Chang, C.J., Wu, C.H., Yao, W.J., Yang, Y.C., Wu, J.S., and Lu, F.H., 2000, Relationships of Age, Menopause and Central Obesity on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Chinese Women, International Journal of Obesity, 2000(24), 1.699, 1.701.
Choi, J.W., Pai, S.H., and Kim, S.K., 2002, Associations Between Total Body Fat and Serum Lipid Concentrations in Obese Human Adolescents, Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science, 32(3),274.
Chrzanowska, M., Sobiecki, J., Kowal, M., Kosciuk, T., and Matusik, S., 2006, Is There a Relationship Between Body Build and The Serum Level of Cholesterol And Triglycerides in Women?, Przegląd Antropologiczny- Anthropological Review, 2006(69), 37-38.
Cyrino, E.S, Okano, A., Glaner, M.F., Romanzini, M., Gobbo, L.A., Makoski, A.,
et al, 2003, Impact of The Use of Different Skinfold Calipers For The Analysis of The Body Composition, Rev Bras Med Esporte, 9(3), 150. Dahlan, M.S., 2009, Statistika untuk Kedokteran dan Kesehatan, Edisi 4, Salemba
Medika, Jakarta, pp. 4, 13, 62, 169.
Daud, W.N.W., Muda, W.A.M.W., and Abdullah, M.R., 2009, Body Mass Index and Body Fat Status of Men Involved in Sports, Exercise, and Sedentary Activites, Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences , 16(2), 24.
Demura, S., and Sato, S., 2007, Suprailiac or Abdominal Skinfold Thickness Measured with a Skinfold Caliper as a Predictor of Body Density in Japanese Adults, Tohoku J. Exp. Med, 213(1), 51-62.
Dennison, E.M., Syddall, H.E., Sayer, A.A., Martin, H.J., and Cooper, C., 2007, Lipid Profile, Obesity and Bone Mineral Density: The Hertfordshire Cohort Study, Q J Med, 2007(100), 300.
Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 2011, Uji Fungsi Alat Kimia Klinis dan Hematologi,http://www.depkes.go.id/download/yandu/uji_fungsi_ alat_kimia_klinis_dan_hematologi.pdf, Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, diakses tanggal 10 Mei 2012.
Despres, J.P., 2006, Abdominal Obesity: The Most Prevalent Cause of The Metabolic Syndrome and Related Cardiometabolic Risk, European Heart
Journal, 8 (Supplement B), B4–B5.
Duggan, C., Watkins, J.B., and Walker, A., 2008, Nutrition in Pediatrics, Forth Edition, BC Decker, Inc., pp. 10.
Elias, M.C., Bolívar, M.S.M., Fonseca, F.A.H., Martinez, T.L.R., Angelini, J., Ferreira, C., et al., 2004, Comparison of The Lipid Profile, Blood Pressure, and Dietary Habits of Adolescents and Children Descended From Hypertensive and Normotensive Individuals, Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 82(2), 145.
Ehtisham, S., Crabtree, N., Clark, P., Shaw, N., and Barrett, T., 2005, Ethnic Differences in Insulin Resistance and Body Composition in United Kingdom Adolescents, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 90(7), 3.965.
Fisac, C., Virgili, N., Ferrer, E., Barbera, M.J., and Fumero, E., 2003, A Comparison of the Effects of Nevirapine and Nelfinavir on Metabolism and Body Habitus in Antiretroviral-Naive Human Immunodeficiency VirusInfected Patients: A Randomized Controlled Study, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 88(11), 5.190.
Freedman, D.S., Khan, L.K., Dietz, W.H., Srinivasan, S.R., and Berenson, G.S., 2001, Relationship of Childhood Obesity to Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors in Adulthood: The Bogalusa Heart Study, Pediatrics, 108(3), 716. Garg, S., Vinutha, S., Karthiyanee, K., and Nachal, A., 2012, Relation Between Anthropometric Measurements and Serum Lipid Profile Among Cardio- Metabolically Healthy Subjects: A Pilot Study, Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 16(5), 858.
Ghahramanloo, E., Midgley, A.W., and Bentley, D.J., 2009, The Effect of
Concurrent Training on Blood Lipid Profile and Anthropometrical Characteristics of Previously Untrained Men, Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 2009(6),764.
Gharakhanlou, R., Farzad, B., Alinejad, H.A., Steffen, L.M., and Bayati, M., 2012, Anthropometric Measures as Predictors of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in the Urban Population of Iran, Arq Bras Cardiol, 98(2), 130.
Ghorbanian, B., 2012, Relation Between Anthropometric Indicators and Serum Lipid Profile as Cardiovascular Risk Factors Personals of Iranian Azarbayjan University of Shahid Madan, European Journal of Sports and Exercise Science,1(3), 54.
Gibney, M. J., Elia, M., Ljungqvist, O., and Dowsett, J., 2005, Clinical Nutrition, Blackwell Publishing, USA, pp. 20.
Gibson, R.S., 2005, Principles of Nutritional Assessment, Second Edition, Oxford University Press Inc., New York, pp. 274-275.
Gillum, R.F., and Sempos, C.T., 2003, Serum Total Cholesterol And Coronary Heart Disease In African American Women, The Internet Journal of Epidemiology, 1(1), 14.
Going, S.B., Lohman, T.G., Cussler, E.C., Williams, D.P., Morrison, J.A., and
Horn, P.S., 2011, Percent Body Fat and Chronic Disease Risk Factors in U.S. Children and Youth, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 41(4S2), S77, BS82.
Hassan, N.E., El-Masry, S.A., Banna, R.A., Sallam, M., El-Din, A.M.S, Ibrahim, T.S., et al, 2010, Assessment of Body Composition, Fat Distribution and Serum Lipid Profile in Obese School Children, Journal of American Science, 6(12), 1.214.
Hassan, N.E., El-Masry, S.A., Soliman, N.L., El-Batran, M.M., Al-Tohamy, M.,
El-Batrawy, S.R., et al., 2012, Association between Anthropometric Parameters and Cardio-Metabolic Disease Risk Factors Among Obese
Children and Adolescents, Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences,
5(2):155-156.
Jain, N., and Koley, S., 2009, A Study of Correlation between Intra-abdominal Fat and Lipid Profiles and Some Anthropometric Parameters in Vegetarian and Non-vegetarian Middle Aged Women of Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, Anthropologist, 11(2), 77, 78.
Jaworski, M., Kułaga, Z., Płudowski, P., Grajda, A., Gurzkowska, B., Napieralska, E., et al, 2012, Population-Based Centile Curves For Triceps, Subscapular, and Abdominal Skinfold Thicknesses in Polish Children and Adolescents—the OLAF Study, Eur J Pediatr (2012) 171, 1215.
Junior, H.L.R., Scelza, M.F.Z., Boaventura, G.T., Custodio, S.M., Moreira, E.A.M., and Oliveira, D.L., 2010, Relation Between Oral Health and Nutritional Condition in The Elderly, J Appl Oral Sci, 20(1),38.
Kamath, A., Nandini, M., Kedilaya, H.P., and D’Souza, V., 2005, Relation of Anthropometry to CVD Risk Factors in Young Obese Women, 16(2), Biomedical Research, 139.
Kapoor, S., Verma, D., Bhasin, P., Dhall, M., and Bhardwaj, S., 2012, Skinfolds as Prognosticators of Nutritional Status among Adult Undernourished Males of India, International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 4(9), 264.
Kriemler, S., Puder.J., Zahner, L., Roth, R., Meyer, U., and Bedogni, G., 2010, Estimation of Percentage Body Fat in 6 to 13 Year Old Children by Skinfold Thickness, Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference, British Journal of Nutrition, 104(10), 1.
Kuzawa, C.W., Adair, L.S., Avila, J.L., Cadungog, J.H.C., and Le, N., 2003, Atherogenic Lipid Profiles in Filipino Adolescents With Low Body Mass Index and Low Dietary Fat Intake, American Journal of Human Biology, 15, 692.
Lamb, M.M., Ogden, C.L., Carroll, M.D., Lacher, D.A., and Flegal, K.M., 2011, Association of Body fat Percentage with Lipid Concentrations in Children and Adolescents: United States, 1999–2004, Am J Clin Nutr, 2011(94), 878, 882.
Lemieux, I., Benoit, L., Couillard, C., Pascot, A., Cantin, B., Bergeron, J., et al., 2001, Total Cholesterol/HDL Cholesterol Ratio vs LDL Cholesterol/HDL Cholesterol Ratio as Indices of Ischemic Heart Disease Risk in Men : The Quebec Cardiovascular Study, Arch Intern Med, 161, 2685-2691.
Macintyre, Z.R.C., Lohman, T.G., Rosen, J., and Peters, W., 2000, Weight Loss is
Correlated with an Improved Lipoprotein Profile in Obese
Postmenopausal Women, Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 19(2), 281.
Mackenzie, B., 2002, Yuhasz Skinfold Test, http://www.brianmac.co.uk, diakses tanggal 18 November 2012.
Malina, R.M., Bouchard, C., and Bar-Or, O., 2004, Growth, Maturation, and Physical Activity, Human Kinetics, United States of America, pp. 45. Maphephu, S.M., and Kasvos, I., 2011, Reference Intervals For Serum Total
Cholesterol, HDL Cholesterol And Non-HDL Cholesterol in Batswana Adults, S Afr Med J, 101(8), 546.
Marquette General Health System, 2010, Healthy Hints: Understanding Your
Cholesterol Numbers,
http://ww4.mgh.org/nutritionMed/Shared%20Documents/HHYourChol.p df, diakses tanggal 19 November 2012.
Mataix, J., Frıas, M.L., Victoria, E.M., Jurado, M.L., Aranda, P., and Llopis, J.,
2005, Factors Associated with Obesity in an Adult Mediterranean Population: Influence on Plasma Lipid Profil, Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 24(6), 460.
McDowell, M.A., Fryar, C.D., Ogden, C.L., and Flegal, K.M., 2008,
Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults, National Health Statistics Reports, Department of Health and Human Services, United States of America, pp. 1.
Moreno, L.A., Pigeot, I., Ahrens, W., 2011, Epidemiology of Obesity in Children and Adolescents: Prevalence and Etiology, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, London, pp. 27.
Narayanan, D., Kahal, H., Mohammed, K., and Kilpatrick, E.S., 2012, A Reversible Rise in The Total Cholesterol to HDL Ratio in a Body Builder, British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease, 12(4), 200. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2005, High Blood Cholesterol: What
You Need To Know,
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/chol/wyntk.pdf, diakses tanggal 18 Agustus 2012.
National Institute of Health., 2008, Understanding Adult Obesity, http://win.niddk.nih.gov/publications/PDFs/understandingobesityrev.pdf, diakses pada tanggal 3 Mei 2012.
National Obesity Obsevatory, 2009, Obesity and Overweight Surveillance in England: What Is Measured and Where Are The Gaps?, http://www.noo.org.uk/uploads/doc/vid_4483_Obesity_surveillance_data _-_Final_draft_12_11_09.pdf, diakses tanggal 18 November 2012.
Notoatmodjo, S., 2010, Metodologi Penelitian Kesehatan, Edisi Revisi, Rineka Cipta, Jakarta, pp. 37-38, 124-125.
Novaes, J.F., Franceschini, S.C.C., and Priore, S.E., 2007, Comparison of the Anthropometric and Biochemical Variables between Children and Their Parents, Archivos Latino, Americanos, de Nutricion, 57(2), 140.
Omidi, M., Yousefi, M., Ahmadi, M., and Farzanfard, F., 2012, An Investigation of The Relationship Between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Body Fat With Coronary Risk Factors in Adolescent Girls, Annals of Biological Research, 3 (6), 2.976-2.977.
Peterson M.J., Czerwinski S.A., and Siervogel,R.M., 2003, Development and Validation of Skinfold Thickness Prediction Equations with a 4- Compartment Model, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 77, 1186.
Pereira, A.F., Santos, M.D.B., Cicogna, A.C., Padovani, C.R., Soares, E.A., and
Burini, R.C., 2002, Detection of Altered Risk Factors in Hospitalized Patients with Coronary Artery Disease, Arq Bras Cardiol, 79(3), 267. Prayogie, R., 2011, Korelasi Body Mass Index (BMI) dan Triceps Skinfold
Thickness Terhadap Rasio Kadar Kolesterol Total/HDL, Skripsi, 36-45, Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta.
Prasad, D.S., Kabir, Z., Dash, A.K., and Das, B.C., 2011, Childhood Cardiovascular Risk Factors in South Asians: A Cause of Concern for Adult Cardiovascular Disease Epidemic, Ann Pediatr Cardiol., 4(2), 166. Preedy, V. R., 2012, Handbook of Anthropometry, Volume 1, Part 1-6, Springer
Science+Business Media, New York, pp. 1.260, 1.418.
Rexhepi, A.M., and Brestovci, B., 2010, The Differences in Body Volume and Skinfold Thickness Between Basketball Players and Footballers, Int. J. Morphol, 28(4), 1069.
Sampaio, L.R., Simoes, E.J., Assis, A.M.O., and Ramos, L.R., 2007, Validity and Reliability of the Sagittal Abdominal Diameter as a Predictor of Visceral Abdominal Fat, Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab, 51(6), 981.
Saritas, N., 2012, Effect of Endurance Exercise Training on Blood Lipids in Young Men, African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 6(3), 218. Schneider, C.M., Dennehy, C.A., and Carter, S.D., 2003, Exercise and Cancer
Recovery, Human Kinetics Publisher, Inc., United States of America, pp 61.
Shah, N.R., and Braverman, E.R., 2012, Measuring Adiposity in Patients: The Utility of Body Mass Index (BMI), Percent Body Fat, and Leptin, Plos One 7(4), 1.
Sicar, S., 2008, Principles of Medical Physiology, Thieme, United States of America, pp. 477.
Timby, B.K., 2009, Fundamental Nursing Skills And Concepts, Ninth Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, United States of America, pp. 299. Toth, P.P., 2004, High-Density Lipoprotein and Cardiovascular Risk, Journal of
The American Heart Association, 109(15), 1809.
United Health Care, 2011, Biometric Screenings Tip Sheet
http://www.hialeahfl.gov/dep/risk/pdf/Biometric%20screening%20tip%2 0sheet.pdf, diakses tanggal 19 November 2012.
Uranga, R.M., and Keller, J.N., 2010, Diet and Age Interactions with Regards to Cholesterol Regulation and Brain Pathogenesis, Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research, 2010, pp. 1,2.
Utami, N.E., 2012, Korelasi BMI dan Abdominal Skinfold Thickness Terhadap Rasio Kolesterol Total/HDL Pada Staf Wanita Universitas Sanata Dharma, Skripsi, 55-60, 64, Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta. Wajchenberg, B.L., 2000, Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipose Tissue : Their
Relation To The Metabolic Syndrome, Endocrine Reviews, 21(6), 697. World Health Organization, 2004, Obesity: Preventing and Managing The Global
Epidemic, WHO Consultant, pp. 6.
World Health Organization, 2012, Obesity and Overweight,
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/index.html, diakses tanggal 11 September 2012.
Ye, H., Xiangjun, H., Jingya, B., Jing, W., Jinquan, H., Yutang, W., et al, 2012, A Statistical Analysis on Skinfold Thickness and Measurement of Body Composition for Chinese Adults, Scientific Research and Essays, 7(31), 2.827.
Yusof, H.M.,, Ching, T.S., Ibrahim, R., and Lola, S., 2007, Anthropometric Indices and Life Style Practices of The Indigenous Orang Asli Adults in Lembah Belum, Grik of Peninsular Malaysia, Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 16 (1),53.
Zeng, Q., Dong, S.Y., Sun, X.N., Xie, J., and Cui, Y., 2012, Percent Body Fat is a Better Predictor of Cardiovascular Risk Factors than Body Mass Index,
Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 45(7), 591, 592.
