AFNUR IMSYA
SEKOLAH PASCASARJANA INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR
BOGOR 2013
AFNUR IMSYA. HasilBiodegradasi Lignoselulosa Pelepah Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis) oleh Phanerochaete chrysosporium sebagai Antioksidan dan Bahan Pakan Ternak Ruminansia. Dibawah Bimbingan ERIKA BUDIARTI LACONI, KOMANG G WIRYAWAN AND YANTYATI WIDYASTUTI
Lignoselulosa merupakanbagian dari biomassa yang terdapat pada tanaman. Komponen utama lignoselulosa adalah selulosa, hemiselulosa dan lignin Polimer selulosa, hemiselulosa dan lignin terjalin dengan kuat dan secara kimia berikatan melalui kekuatan non-kovalen dan saling bertautan melalui ikatan kovalen.Phanerochaete chrysosporiumtelah secara luas dimanfaatkan untuk proses biodegradasi lignoselulosa yang terdapat pada limbah pertanian dan menghasilkan peningkatan nilai gizi bagi pakan ternak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hasil dari proses biodegradasi lignoselulosa pelepah sawit menggunakan P. chrysosporiumsebagai antioksidan dan bahan pakan ternak.
Penelitian pertama dilakukan untuk menentukan waktu inkubasi terbaik dari proses biodegradasi lignoselulosa dan lignin yang berasal dari pelepah sawit menggunakan P. chrysosporium untuk menghasilkan antioksidan dan mengidentifikasi senyawa fenol yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan. Pelepah sawit dan lignin (hasil ekstraksi dari pelepah sawit) diinokulasi dengan P. chrysosporiumdan diinkubasi pada suhu ruang selama 0, 4, 8, 10 dan 12 hari, setiap waktu inkubasi dilakukan 2 kali pengulangan.Identifikasi senyawa fenolik dilakukan dengan GC-MS dan aktivitas antioksidan dari biodegradasi lignoselulosa dan lignin dari pelepah sawit dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode α,α-Diphenyl-β- Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH).
Penelitian kedua dilakukan untuk mengetahui interaksi terbaik dari dosis inokulan dan waktu inkubasi biodegradasi pelepah sawit dengan P.chrysosporiumterhadap perubahan nilai gizi dan fraksi serat pelepah sawit.Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap pola faktorial.Perlakuan terdiri dari 2 faktor yaitu dosis inokulan (105cfu/ml, 106cfu/ ml, and 107cfu/ml) dan lama inkubasi (10, 15, dan 20 hari).
Penelitian ketiga bertujuan untuk mengetahui pemakaian pelepah sawit fermentasi menggunakan P
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa biodegradasi pelepah sawit dengan lama inkubasi sampai hari ke-10 menghasilkan peningkatan persentase inhibisi yang digunakan sebagai gambaran aktivitas antioksidan, namun pada hari ke-12 degradasi terjadi penurunan aktivitas antioksidan. Pola yang sama diperoleh pada degradasi lignin yang berasal dari ekstraksi pelepah sawit. Persentase inhibisi yang dihasilkan .chrysosporiumpengganti rumput gajahdalam ransum sapi potong.Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok dengan 4 perlakuan. Perlakuan terdiri ransum 1 (R1) 60% rumput gajah, ransum 2 (R2) 40% rumput gajah 20% pelepah sawit fermentasi, ransum 3 (R3) 20%rumput gajah 40% pelepah sawit fermentasi dan ransum 4 (R4) 60 % pelepah sawit fermentasi. Setiap ransum ditambah 40% konsentrat.Parameter yang diukur adalah kecernaan in vitrodari bahan kering, bahan organik, NDF, ADF, serat kasar, konsentrasi N-NH3,TVFA, jumlah bakteri selulolitik, protozoa dan aktivitas antioksidan.
lignin pada 10 hari fermentasi ditemukan komponen terbesar dari senyawa fenol berupa 2.6dimethoxy phenol, Vanilic acid, Coumaric acid, Vanilin acid and Syringic aldehid, sementara pada pelepah sawit fermentasi diperoleh komponen terbesar senyawa fenol berupa Syringic acid, 2.6dimethoxy phenol, Hidroxy Benzaldehyd, Methoxy Phenol and Syringic aldehid
Pada penelitian ke-2 diperoleh bahwa interaksi terbaik untuk biodegradasi pelepah sawit denganP.crhysosoporium terjadi pada dosis inokulan 107cfu/ml dengan lama inkubasi 10 hari terhadap fraksi serat dan nutrient pelepah sawit fermentasi. Penurunan kandungan lignin mencapai 47.79%, NDF 40.16%, ADF 40.93%, selulosa 35.69%, hemiselulosa 36.90%, degradasi lignin 49.47%,rasio selulosa dengan lignin1.35. Tidak terdapat interaksi antara dosis inokulan dan lama inkubasi terhadap kandungan bahan kering, bahan organik, protein kasar, serat kasar, lemak kasar dan BETN fermentasi pelepah sawit. Pada percobaan In vitro, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan pemakaian pelepah sawit fermentasi sampai 60% dalam ransum menggantikan rumput gajah menurunkan kecernaan bahan kering, bahan organik, NDF, ADF, serat kasar, konsentrasi
Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah biodegradasi lignoselulosa dan lignin yang berasal dari pelepah sawit dengan
N-NH3, TVFA dan jumlah bakteri selulolitik, namun tidak mempengaruhi total protozoa rumen. Aktivitas antioksidan yang dihasilkan menunjukkan peningkatan dengan semakin meningkatnya pemakaian pelepah sawit fermentasi pada inkubasi awal (0 jam) namun pada 72 jam inkubasi in vitro terjadi penurunan aktivitas dan konsentrasi antioksidan.
P.chrysosporium menghasilkan senyawa fenolik yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang tinggi pada hari ke-10 degradasi. Interaksi terbaik antara dosis inokulan dan lama fermentasi adalah 107cfu/mldan 10 hari untuk penurunan kandungan lignin fermentasi pelepah sawitolehP
Kata kunci: antioksidan,lignin, pelepah sawit,phanerochaete chrysosporium, ransum ruminansia
.crhysosporium.Pelepah sawit fermentasi bisa digunakan sebagai pengganti rumput gajah sampai taraf 20% dalam ransum ruminansia.
SUMMARY
AFNUR IMSYA. Biodegradation of Lignocelulosic of Palm Oil Frond (Elacis guineensis) by Phanerochaete chrysosporium as Antioxidant and Feedstuff for Ruminant. Under the directions of ERIKA BUDARTI LACONI, KOMANG G WIRYAWAN AND YANTYATY WIDYASTUTI
Lignocellulose is the major component of biomass, it consists of three types of polymers, cellulose, hemicelllose and lignin that are stongly intermeshed and chemically bonded by non-covalent force and by covalent cross linkages. Phanerochaete chrysosporium was widely used to delignify agriculture waste product and improve biodegradation of the substrate as animal feed. This research was conducted to determine the optimum fermentation time of lignin and fermented palm oil frond with Phanerochaete chrysosporium based on the amount of phenolic compounds produce, its antioxidant activity and fiber digestibility in ruminant ration.
The first experiment, palm oil frond and lignin (extraction of palm oil frond) were inoculated with P. chrysosporium and incubated at room temperature for 0, 4, 8, 10 and 12 days. For each incubation time, two replications were employed. The phenolic compounds in the supernatant was determined by GC-MS and antioxidant activity test of lignin and palm oil frond fermented products using the method of α,α- Diphenyl-β-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH).
The second experiment was conducted to study the interaction between inoculant doses and time of fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium on pH, water activity, fiber components and nutrient. This research was done based on completely randomized design with 2 factor as treatments. The first factor was inoculant doses : 105cfu/ml, 106cfu/ ml, and 107
The third experiment was carried out to increase the use of palm oil fronds as a substitute material for Napier grass through biodegradation process with Phanerochaete chrysosoporium. A randomized completelyblockdesign with four treatments and four replications was used. The treatments were ration 1 (R1) containing 60% Napier grass, ration 2 (R2) containing 40% Napier grass and 20% fermented palm oil frond, ration 3 (R3) containing 20% Napier grass and 40% fermented palm oil frond, ration 4 (R4) containing 60 % fermented palm oil frond. Forty percent concentrate was included in all treatment rations. Parameters measured were in vitro digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, crude fiber, NDF, and ADF. N-NH3 and TVFA concentration, number of celllulolitic bacteria and protozoa rumen and antioxidant activity in the rumen.
cfu/ml, the second factor was length of fermentation : 10, 15, and 20 days.
Results showed that longer incubation time (up to day 10) of oil palm frond increased the percentage of inhibition with89.411% inhibitionrate and antioxidant activity was declined at 12 days of incubation. Similar pattern was obtained from fermented lignin with 92.108% inhibition rate for 10 days fermentation.On day 10 fermentation, the main components of phenolic compounds resulted from lignin degradation included 2.6dimethoxy phenol, vanillic acid, coumaric acid, vanillin acid and syringic aldehid and those from fermented oil palm frond included syringic acid, 2.6dimethoxy phenol, hidroxy benzaldehyd, methoxy phenol, and syringic
cellulose to lignin (1.35). There was no interaction between inoculant doses and time of fermentation on fermented palm oil frond dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat and BETN. In vitro experiment showed that incresing level of fermented palm oil frond in the ration reduced (P<0.05) digestibility
As the conclusion,
of dry matter, organic matter, crude fiber, NDF, ADF, N-NH3, TVFA concentration and number of ruminal cellulolytic bacteria, antioxidant activity but unsignificantly for number of ruminal protozoa.
the process oflignocelluloses and lignindegradation of palm oil frond using P.chrysosporiumproducedphenoliccompoundswithantioxidantactivity. The bestdegradationtimefor degradation of lignocelllusic and lignin of palm oil frond for anxtioxidant activity was 10 days with89.411% inhibitionrate for fermented palm oil frond and92.108%forfermented lignin derivedfrom the extraction ofoil palm frond. The best interaction between inoculant doses and time of fermentation was 107cfu/ml inoculants and 10 days incubation time for degradation of lignin and nutrient of fermented palm oil frond.Fermented palm oil frond up to20% could be used as a substitutefor napier grass for ruminant rations
Keywords: antioxidant, lignin, palm oil frond, phanerochaete chrysosporium, biodegradationbbbbb
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