• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

Minuman tempe hasil terbaik didasarkan penambahan air sebanyak 600 ml pada tepung tempe sebesar 51 gram. kandungan gizi minuman olahraga berbasis tempe per sajian mengandung energi sebesar 438 kkal, 23 gram protein, asam amino BCAA 4161.6 mg, karbohidrat 48 gram, lemak 17.11 gram, kalsium 72.92 mg, zat besi 9.46 mg, natrium 2.37 mg, magnesium 33.12 mg, klorida 21.30 mg, dan vitamin B6 0.07 mg dan mengandung isoflovon sebesar 25.78 mg.

Pemberian minuman tempe secara nyata menurunkan kadar CK dan meningkatkan kekuatan maksimal pada 24 jam setelah latihan. Ada kecenderungan bahwa perlakuan minuman tempe menunjukkan rasa nyeri otot dan kadar MDA yang lebih rendah dan kadar SOD yang lebih tinggi pada semua titik waktu pengamatan bila dibandingkan dengan perlakuan lain.

Minuman tempe mempunyai potensi yang sangat baik sebagai minuman untuk pemulihan kerusakan otot setelah latihan kekuatan.

Saran

1. Komite Olahraga Nasional Indonesia (KONI) diharapkan dapat memfasilitasi penggunaan minuman olahraga berbasis tempe untuk digunakan atlet pada semua cabang olahraga.

2. Perlu dilakukan penelitian kaitan minuman tempe dan latihan daya tahan pada atlet.

3. Perlu dilakukan studi intervensi kaitan minuman tempe pada atlet wanita setelah latihan kekuatan.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Armstrong RB, Warren GL,Warren JA. 1991. Mechanisms of exercise-induced muscle fibre injury. Sports Medicine. 12 :184-207.

Bean A. 2009. Sports Nutrition. London. Published by A & C Black Publishers Ltd 36 Soho Square.

Belviranli M, Gokbel H. 2006. Acute exercise induced oxidative stress and antioxidant changes. Eur J Gen Med. 3: 126-131.

Benardot D. 2006. Advanced Sports Nutrition. USA. Human Kinetics.

Betts JA, Toone RJ, Stokes KA, Thompson D. 2009. Systemic indices of skeletal muscle damage and recovery of muscle function after exercise: Effect of combined carbohydrate-protein ingestion. Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism. 34:773-784.

Biolo G, Tipton KD, Klein S, Wolfe RR. 1997. An abundant supply of amino acids enhances the metabolic effect of exercise on muscle protein. American Journal of Physiology. 273: E122-E129.

Biolo G, Maggi SP, Williams BD. 1995. Increased rates of muscle protein turnover and amino acid transport after resistance exercise in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 268: E514-E520.

Bird SP, Tarpenning KM, Marino FE. 2006. Independent and combined effects of liquid carbohydrate/essential amino acid ingestion on hormonal and muscular adaptations following resistance training in untrained men. Eur J Appl Physiol. 97:225-238.

Bohé J, Low A, Wolfe RR. 2003. Human muscle protein synthesis is modulated by extracellular, not intracellular amino acid availability: a dose-response study. J Physiol. 532: 315-324.

Bomba TO, Haff GG. 2009. Periodization, theory and methodology of training. United States of America. Human Kinetic.

Buckley JD, Thomson RL, Coates AM, Howe PR, Denichilo MO, Rowney MK. 2010 Supplementation with a whey protein hydrolysate enhances recovery of muscle force-generating capacity following eccentric exercise. J Sci Med Sport 13(1): 178-81.

Chen HW. 1984. Role of cholesterol metabolism in cell growth. Fed Proc. 43:126–130.

Clarkson PM, Nosaka K, Braun B. 1992. Muscle function after exercise-induced muscle damage and rapid adaptation. Med Sci Sports Exer. 24: 512-520. Cooke, Rybalka, Stathis. 2010. Whey Protein Isolate Attenuates Strength Decline

After Eccentrically-Induced Muscle Damage in Health Individuals. Journal of International Society of Sports Nutrition.7 (30): 1-9.

Dabrowski MP, Peel WE, Thomson AE. 1980. Plasma membrane cholesterol regulates human lymphocyte cytotoxic function. Eur J Immunol. 10:821– 827.

Duncan CJ. 1987. Role of calcium in triggering rapid ultrastructural damage in muscle: a study with chemically skinned fibres. J Cell Sci. (Pt 4):581-594. Driskell J. 2007. Sports Nutrition Fat and Protein. New York. CRC Press.

Evans WJ. 2001. Protein nutrition and resistance exercise. Can J Appl Physiol. 26(Suppl):S141-152.

Fielding RA, Meredith CN, O’Reilly KP, Frontera WR, Cannon, JG. and Evans WJ. 1991. Enhanced protein breakdown after eccentric exercise in young and older men. Journalof Applied Physiology. 71: 674-679.

Gibala MJ. 2001.Regulation of skeletal muscle amino acid metabolism during exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 11: 87-108.

Gropper SS, Smith JL, Groff JL. 2009. Advanced nutrition and human metabolism, fourth edition. USA. Thomson Wadsworth.

Harjanto. 2004. Pemulihan stress oksidatif pada latihan olahraga. Jurnal Kedokteran Yarsi. 12 (3): 81-87.

Harris GK, Baer DJ. 2006. Antioxidants. Di dalam : Kohlstadt I, editor. Scientific evidence for musculoskeletal, Bariatric and Sports Nutrition. USA: CRC Press.

Helman EE, Huff-Lonergan E, Davenport GM, Lonergan SM. 2003. Effect of dietary protein on calpastatin in canine skeletal muscle. J Anim Sci. 81:2199-2205.

Hodgson JM, Croft KD, Puddey IB, Mori TA, Beilin LJ. 1996. Soybean isoflavonoids and their metabolic products inhibit in vitro lipoprotein oxidation in serum. J. Nutr. Biochem. 7:664-669.

Howatson G, van Someren KA. 2008. The prevention and treatment of exercise induced muscle damage. Sports Med. 38(6):483-503.

Jackman SR, Witard OC, Jeukendrup AE, Tipton KD. 2010. Branched-chain amino acid ingestion can ameliorate soreness from eccentric exercise. Medicine Science Sports Exercise. 42:962–970.

Jenkins RR. 1993. Exercise, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: a review. Int. J. Sport Med. 3: 356-375.

Jeukendrup A, Gleeson M. 2004. Sport nutrition an introduction to energy production and performanec. New Zealand: Human kinetic.

Kumalaningsih S. 2011. Antioksidan alami. Jakarta.Trubus Agrisarana.

Lowe DA, Warren GL, Ingalls CP, Boorstein DB, Armstrong RB. 1995. Muscle function and protein metabolism after initiation of eccentric contraction- induced injury. Journal ofApplied Physiology. 79:1260-1270.

MacIntyre, DL., Sorichter, S., Mair, J., Berg, A. and McKenzie, DC. 2001 Markers of inflammation and myofibrillar proteins following eccentric exercise in humans. European Journal of AppliedPhysiology. 84: 180-186. McHugh, MP. 2003. Recent advances in the understanding of the repeated bout

effect: The protective effect against muscle damage from a single bout of eccentric exercise. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. 13: 88-97.

Malm C, Lenkei R. Sjodin B. 1999. Effects of eccentric exercise on the immune system in men. Journal of Applied Physiology. 86: 461-468.

Newton M, Morgan GT, Sacco P. 2007. Comparison between resistance trained and untrained men for responses to a bout of strenuous eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors. J Strength Cond Res (In press).

Nissen S, Sharp R, Ray M, Rathmacher JA, Rice D, Fuller JC Jr, Con-nelly AS, Abumrad N. 1996. Effect of leucine metabolite beta-hydroxy-beta- methylbutyrate on muscle metabolism during resistance-exercise training. J Appl Physiol. 81:2095-2104.

Nissen SL, Abumrad NN. 1997. Nutritional role of the leucine metabolite β- hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB). J Nutr Biochem 1997; 8:300–311.

Nissen SL. 2007. β-Hidroxy-β-Mathylbutyrate. Sports Nutrition fats and Proteins. Driskell JA, editor. New York. CRC Press.

Nosaka K. 2007. Muscle damage and amino acid supplementation: Does it aid recovery from muscle damage. International SportMed Journal. 8: 54-67. Packer L. 1997. Oxidants, antioxidant nutrients and the athlete. J Sports Sci. 15:

Phillips SM. 2004. Protein requirement and supplementation in strength sports. Nutrition. 20: 689-695

Phillips SM, Tipton KD, Aarsland A, Wolf SE and WolfeRR. 1997. Mixed muscle protein synthesis and breakdown after resistance exercise in humans. American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, 273: E99-E107.

Poljsak B. 2011. Strategies for reducing or preventing the generation of oxidative stress. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity :1-15.

Proske U, Morgan, DL. 2001. Muscle damage from eccentric exercise: Mechanism, mechanical signs, adaptation and clinical applications. Journal of Physiology. 537: 333-345.

Rasmussen BB, Tipton KD, Miller SL, Wolf SE and Wolfe RR. 2000. An oral essential amino acid-carbohydrate supplement enhances muscle protein anabolism after resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol. 88: 386-392.

Shimomura Y, Yamamoto Y, Bajotto G, Sato J, Murakami T, Shi-momura N, Kobayashi H, Mawatari K. 2006. Nutraceutical effects of branched-chain amino acids on skeletal muscle. J Nutr. 136:529S-532S

Sorichter S, Puschendorf B, Mair J.1999. Skeletal muscle injury induced by eccentric muscle action: muscle proteins as markers of muscle fiber injury. Exerc Immunol Rev. 5:5-21.

Suarsana IN. 2009. Aktivitas hipoglikemik dan antioksidatif ekstrak methanol tempe pada tikus diabetes (Disertasi). Bogor: Sekolah Pascasarjana. Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Sudarmadji S, Markakis P. 1978. Lipid and other changes occurring during the fermentation and frying of tempeh. Fd.chem:3.

Tang, JE, Manolakos JJ, Kujbida GW, Lysecki PJ, Moore DR, Phillips, SM. 2007. Minimal whey protein with carbohydrate stimulates muscle protein synthesis following resistance exercise in trained young men. Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism 32: 1132-1138.

Tipton KD, Wolfe RR. 1998. Exercise induced changes in protein metabolism. Acta Physiol Scand. 162: 377-387.

Tipton KD, Ferrando AA, Phillips SM, Doyle D Jr, Wolfe RR. 1999. Postexercise net protein synthesis in human muscle from orally administered amino acids. Am J Physiol. 276: E628-634.

Tortora G. 2009. Principles of Anatomy And Physiology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Urso ML, Clarkson PM. 2003. Oxidative stress, exercise, and antioxidant supplementation. Toxicology. 189: 41-54.

Warren GL, Ingalls CP, Lowe DA, Armstrong RB.2001. Excitation-contraction uncoupling: major role in contraction-induced muscle injury. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 29(2): 82-87.

White JP, Wilson JM, Austin KG, Greer BK, St John N, Panton LB. 2008. Effect of carbohydrate-protein supplement timing on acute exercise-induced muscle damage. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 5(5): 1-7.

Wolfe RR. 2000. Protein supplements and exercise. Am J Clin. Nutr. 72: 551S- 557S.

Dokumen terkait