• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

Simpulan

Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh, dapat disimpulkan bahwa vitrifikasi ganda dapat dilakukan pada embrio mencit (Mus musculus albinus) pada tahap zigot dan dilanjutkan pada tahap blastosis dengan viabilitas yang tinggi setelah dilakukan penghangatan serta kultur in vitro.

Saran

1 Diperlukan pengamatan ultrastruktural pada embrio yang divitrifikasi untuk mengetahui tingkat kerusakan organel sel akibat vitrifikasi.

2 Melakukan transfer embrio kepada resipien untuk mengetahui tingkat implantasi.

3 Mengemas wadah dengan baik sehingga dapat mencegah terjadinya kontaminasi saat dimasukkan ke dalam tangki nitrogen cair.

Baker A, Check JH, Lurie D, Hourani C, Hoover LM. 1996. Pregnancy achieved with pronuclear-stage embryos that were cryopreserved and thawed twice: a case report. J Assist Reprod Genet 13:713-715.

Batan et al. 2009. Vitrifikasi Blastosis Mencit dengan Metode Kriolup. J Veteriner 10:219-226.

Boediono A. 2005. Kriopreservasi Embrio. Surabaya. Konas II PERMI & Temu Ilmiah II FER, 3-5 Februari.

Chen SU et al. 2000a. Open pulled straws for vitrification of mature mouse oocytes preserve patterns of meiotic spindles and chromosomes better than conventional straws. Hum Reprod 15:2598-2603.

Chen SU et al. 2000b. Cryopreservation of mature human oocytes by vitrification with ethylene glycol in straws. Fertil Steril 74:804-808.

Chung HM et al. 2000. In vitro blastocyst formation of human oocytes obtained from unstimulated and stimulated cycles after vitrification at various maturational stages. Fertil Steril 73:545-551.

Dattena M et al. 2004. Comparison of different vitrification protocols on viability after transfer of ovine blastocyst in vitro produced and in vivo derived. Theriogenology 62:481-493.

Elstein KH, Zucker RM. 1994. Comparison of cellular and nuclear flow cytometric techniques for discriminating apoptotic subpopulations. Exp Cell Res

211(2):322-331 [terhubung berkala].

science/journal/00144827 [22 Februari 2011].

Fahrudin M, Prasetyaningtyas WE, Mohamad K, Boediono A, Djuwita I. 2008. Bahan Ajar Mandiri Praktikum Embriologi & Genetika Perkembangan. Bogor: Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Fahy GM. 1986. The relevance of cryoprotectant toxicity to cryobiology. Cryobiology 23:1-13.

Fahy GM, Lilley TH, Lindsdell H, Douglas MS, Meryman HT. 1990. Cryoprotectant toxicity and cryoprotectant toxicity reduction: In search of molecular mechanism. Cryobiology 27:247-268.

Gardner D, editor. 2007. In Vitro Fertilization: A Practical Approach. New York: Informa Healthcare.

Garner DL. 2009. Hoechst 33342: The dye that enabled differentiation of living X- and Y-chromosome bearing mammalian sperm. Theriogenology 71:11-21.

32

Ghaemi SR, Salehnia M, Valojerdi MR. 2008. The effect of progesterone and exogenous gonadotropin on Preimplantation Mouse Embryo Development and Implantation. Exp Anim 57:23-34.

Hafez ESE, Jainudeen MR, Rosnina Y. 2000. Hormones, Growth Factors and Reproduction. Di dalam:ESE Hafez dan B Hafez, editor. Reproduction in Farm Animal. USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Halim D et al. 2010. Stem Cell –Dasar Teori & Aplikasi Klinis. Jakarta: Erlangga. Hardy K et al. 2001. From cell death to embryo arrest: mathematical models of

human preimplantation embryo development. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 98:155-160.

Hiraoka K, Hiraoka K, Kinutani M, Kinutani K. 2004. Assisted hatching at the time of warming improves pregnancy and implantation outcomes for vitrified human expanded blastocyst transfer. J Mamm Ova Res 21:118-122. Hogan B, Constantini F, Lacy E. 1994. Manipulating the Mouse Embryo: A

Laboratory Manual. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.

Hong SW et al. 1999. Improved human oocyte development after vitrification: a comparison of thawing methods. Fertil Steril 72:142-146.

Hurtt AE, Landim-Alvarenga F, Seidel GE, Jr, Squires EL. 2000. Vitrification of immature and mature equine and bovine oocytes in an ethylene glycol, ficoll and sucrose solution using open-pulled straws. Theriogenology 54:119-128.

Invitrogen. 2009. Chromatin Condensation/Dead Cell Apoptosis Kit with Hoechst 33342 and PI for Flow Cytometry [terhubung berkala]. http://www.invitrogen.com [5 Desember 2010].

Isachenko V et al. 2003. Double vitrification of rat embryos at different developmental stages using an identical protocol. Theriogenology 60:445- 452.

Ittner LM, Götz J. 2007. Pronuclear injection for the production of transgenic mice. Nat Protoc 2:1206-1215.

Kasai M et al. 1990. A simple method for mouse embryo cryopreservation in a low toxicity vitrification solution, without appreciable loss of viability. Soc Reprod Fertil (Abstract) 89:91-97.

Kasai M, Edashige K. 2007. Vitrification in animal reproduction: vitrification of embryo using conventional straws with ethylene glycol-based solutions. Di dalam: Tucker MJ, Liebermann T, editor. Vitrification in Assisted Reproduction. UK: Informa Healthcare. hlm. 75-85.

Kispert A, Gossler A. 2004. Introduction to Early Mouse Development. Di dalam: Hedrich HJ dan Bullock G, editor. The Laboratory Mouse. USA: Elsevier.

Lane M, Bavister BD, Lyons EA, Forest KT. 1999. Container-less vitrification of mammalian oocytes and embryos. Nat Biot 17:1234-1236.

Li L, Zheng P, Dean J. 2010. Maternal control of early mouse development. Development 137:859-870.

Liebermann J et al. 2002. Potential Importance of vitrification in reproductive medicine. Biol Reprod 67:1671-1680.

Liebermann J, Tucker MJ. 2002. Effect of carrier system on the yield of human oocytes and embryos as assessed by survival and developmental potential after vitrification. Reproduction 124:483-489.

Massip A, Mermillod P, Dnnyes A. 1995. Morphology and biochemistry of in vitro produced bovine embryos: implication for their cryopreservation. Hum Reprod 10:3004-3011.

Matsumoto H, Jiang JY, Tanaka T, Sasada H, Sato E. 2001. Vitrification of large quantities of immature bovine oocytes using nylon mesh. Cryobiology 42:139-144.

Mattjik AA, Sumertajaya IM. 2006. Perancangan Percobaan dengan Aplikasi SAS dan Minitab Jilid 1. Bogor: IPB Press.

Miyake T, Kasai M, Zhu SE, Sakurai T, Machida T. 1993. Vitrification of mouse oocytes and embryos at various stages of development in an ethylene glycol based solution by a simple method. Theriogenology 40:121-134. Mukaida T et al. 2003. Vitrification of human blastocysts using cryoloops: clinical

outcome of 223 cycles. Hum Reprod 18:384-391.

Murakami M, Egashira A, Murakami K, Araki Y, Kuramoto T. 2011. Perinatal outcome of twice-frozen-thawed embryo transfers: a clinical follow-up study. Fertil Steril, in press.

Nowshari MA, Brem G. 2001. Effect of freezing rate and exposure time to cryoprotectan on the development of mouse pronuclear stage embryos. Hum Reprod 16:2368-2373.

Oberstein N et al. 2001. Cryopreservation of equine embryos by open pulled straws, cryoloop, or conventional cooling methods. Theriogenology 15:607-613.

Papis K, Shimizu M, Izaike Y. 2000. Factors affecting the survivability of bovine oocytes vitrified in droplets. Theriogenology 15:651-658.

Park SP et al. 2000.Ultra-rapid freezing of human multipronuclear zygotes using electron microscope grids. Hum Reprod 15:1787-1790.

Rall WF, Fahy GM. 1985. Ice-free cryopreservation of mouse embryos at -196ºC by vitrification. Nature 313:573-575.

Rall WF. 1992. Cryopreservation of oocytes and embryos methods and applications. Anim Reprod Sci 28:237-245.

34

Rianti P. 2005. Perkembangan embrio mencit tahap pra implantasi pada kultur in vitro [skripsi]. Bogor: Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Rusiyantono et al. 2000. Pemakaian ethylene glycol dan glycerol untuk vitrifikasi embrio kambing in vitro. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Bioteknologi Pertanian pp:47-51.

Saha S, Rajamahendran R, Boediono A, Sumantri C, Suzuki T. 1996. Viability of bovine blastocyst obtain after 7,8, or 9 day of culture in vitro following vitrification and step rehydration. Theriogenology 46:331-343.

Sato F, Marrs RP. 1989. The effect of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin on mouse embryo fertilized in vivo or in vitro. J In Vitro Embryo Transfer 3:353-357.

Selman H et al. 2009. Vitrification is a highly efficient method to cryopreserve human embryos in in vitro fertilization patients at high risk of developing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Fertil Steril 91 Supl 4:1611-1613. Sheehan CB, Lane M, Gardner DK. 2006. The cryoloop facilitates re-vitrification

of embryos at four successive stage of development without impairing embryo growth. Hum Reprod 21: 2978-2984.

Takahashi K, Mukaida T, Goto T, Oka C. 2005. Perinatal outcome of blastocyst transfer with vitrification using cryoloop: a 4-years follow up study. Fertil Steril 84:88-92.

Tharasanit T, Colenbrander B, Stout TAE. 2005. Effect of cryopresrevation on the cellular integrity of equine embryos. Reproductive 129:789-798.

Theiler K. 1989. The House Mouse: Atlas of Embryonic Development. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag.

Trounson A, Mohr L. 1983. Human pregnancy following cryopreservation, thawing and transfer of an eight-cell embryo. Nature 305:707-709.

Vajta G et al. 1998. Open Pulled Straws (OPS) vitrification: a new way to reduce cryoinjuries of bovine ova and embryos. Mol Reprod Dev 51:53-58.

Van der Auwera I, Hooghe TD. 2001. Superovulation of female mice delays embryonic and fetal development. Hum Reprod 16:1237-1243.

Vandervorst M et al. 2001. Blastocyst transfer after vitrification in a hemi-straw (HS) system. Hum Reprod 16 Supl 1:153–154.

Vanderzwalmen P et al. 2003. Vitrification of human blastocysts with the hemi- straw carrier: application of assisted hatching after thawing. Hum Reprod 18:1504-1511.

Vincent C, Pickering SJ, Johnson MH. 1990. The hardening effect dimethylsulphoxide on the mouse zona pellucida requires the presence of an oocyte and is associated with a reduction in the number of cortical granules present. Reprod Fertil 89:253-259.

Vitale NJ, Myers MW, Denniston RS, Leibo SP, Godke RA. 1997. In-vitro development of refrozen mouse embryos. Hum Reprod 12:310-316. Whittingham DG. 1971. Survival of mouse embryos after freezing and thawing.

Nature 233:125-126.

Yeoman RP. 2001. Cryoloop vitrification yields superior survival of Rhesus monkey blastocysts. Hum Reprod 16:1965-1969.

VIABILITAS EMBRIO MENCIT (Mus musculus albinus)

Dokumen terkait