THE COMPETITIVENESS OF INDONESIAN TUNA IN THE REP OF KOREAN MARKET
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1. Indonesia's position as exporter
3.3. State of Competitiveness of Indonesia Tuna 1. Trade Specialization Ratio (TSR)
Approach
The Trade Specialization Ratio (TSR) analyzes the position of tuna fish in the framework of analysis of export and import of tuna fish products, so it is more outward looking, with a
range of -1 to +1. (Kusumastanto, 2008).
Movement of index numbers illustrates the status of Indonesian tuna fish products in trade both domestically and export. TSR can describe the position of a country that tends to be an exporter or importer of a particular commodity.
In addition, the TSR index can also be used to identify the growth rates of tuna fish products in trade. Based on the analysis framework, it can be known the level of maturity of a country's export products. In total Indonesia has strong compe-titiveness throughout 1993-2012 and at the stage leading to maturation (FIG. II). Based on tuna products, Indonesian fresh and frozen tuna in the Rep of Korean market has strong and established
competitiveness, which is indicated by the value of TSR > 0, and at the stage towards maturity, except in 2006 the value of frozen tuna TSR has de-creased and at the growth stage/export expansion.
The value of preserved tuna TSR fluctuated, in 2003-2009 the value of TSR > 0 which meant competitiveness, but in 2010-2012 the compe-titiveness of Indonesian preserved tuna declined (FIG. III).
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3.3.2. Export Product Dynamics (EPD) Approach
Rep of Korea's high import growth in the 2010-2012 period (70.56%) affected Indonesia's import share (15.06%). Although there was an export growth of 48% in the period of 2010-2012, the export share which was still relatively small compared to other exporters, so that Indonesia's competitiveness in the Rep of Korean market in that period was totally weak and hampered the tuna trade performance by 3.40% (Hidayati , et al, 2015a).
The Government sets out the Strategic Plan of the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (Renstra) for 2010-2014 through Republic of Indonesia Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Regulation Number Per. 06/MEN/2010, in one direction the policy is to increase the competitiveness and marketing of fishery products.
Through EPD analysis (FIG IV), it can be seen that the competitive position of Indonesian tuna exports in 2010-2012 is frozen tuna, which is in the rising star position, while fresh and preserved tuna have lost the opportunity to compete again (lost opportunity).
However, according to Hidayati, et al (2015a) in the 2010-2012 period the compe-titiveness of Indonesian tuna is more due to the effect of specific competitiveness, namely ex-porting specific products to market-specific, which could potentially threaten the achievement of export targets in the event of shocks to exported products and instability the market.
4. CONCLUSION
Indonesia is a major exporter of fresh and frozen tuna with an average market share of 1993-2012 of 34.61% and 17.49%. Trade in frozen tuna is more competitive than fresh and preserved tuna. Fresh and frozen tuna are highly competitive while preserved tuna is not competitive. The position of competitiveness of fresh and frozen tuna in the stage of growth into maturity, preserved tuna fluctuates from the stage of growth to import substitution. In the period 2010-2012, frozen tuna was in the rising star position, while fresh and preserved tuna are in lost opportunity. Indonesian frozen tuna in the Rep of Korean market is more competitive than fresh and preserved tuna.
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---. (2011). Strategic Plan of the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF) of
Indonesia for 2010-2014.
http‖//www.kkp.go.id. Accessed July 15, 2012
Kusumastanto, Tridoyo. (2008). Kebijakan dan Strategi Peningkatan Daya Saing Produk Perikanan Indonesia, Pusat Kajian Sumberdaya Pesisir dan Kelautan, IPB.
..., (2014). Profil ekspor ikan tuna Indonesia.
Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pengembangan Sumber Daya menuju Pembangunan Pertanian Berkelanjutan dan Berwawasan ..., (2015b). Analysis of Determinant
Indonesian Tuna Fish Competitiveness in Japanese Market. International Journal of Agricultural Sciences (IJAS) 3 (2) December 2015 : 169‐ 178
Apsari, Winanti., (2011). Analisis Permintaan Ekspor Ikan Tuna Segar Indonesia di Pasar Internasional, Tesis, IPB.
Asriani, Putri Suci. (2010). Analisis Integrasi Pasar dan Permintaan Ubikayu Indonesia di Pasar Dunia, Disertasi, UGM.
Crespo, Nuno., and Maria Paula Fontoura, (2010).
What determinen the export performance ?
A comparative analysis at the word level. School of Economics and Management, working paper.
Darwanto, Dwidjono H., Jangkung HM., M Imam Ma‘ruf., Muriani K., (2010). Analisis Daya Saing Komoditi Pertanian Indonesia. Dalam Prosiding Seminar Hasil Hibah Pertanian, Fakultas Pertanian UGM 2010. 220-237p Edwards and Schoer, (2001). The Structure and
Competitiveness of South African Trade, Trade and Industrial Policy Strategy – Annual Forum, Muldersdrift
FAO Yearbook. (2012). Fisheries and Aquaculture Statistics. www.fao.org. Accessed December 31, 2015.
Hidayati, Sri., (2016). Daya Saing Ekspor Tuna Indonesia. Disertasi S3 Ekonomi Pertanian UGM.
Hidayati, Sri., Dwidjono, Masyhuri, and Kamiso.
(2015a). Competitiveness Analysis of Indonesia Tuna Export. International Journal Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (IJASVM), 3(3), August 2015 : 1‐ 13.
Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF) of Indonesia, (2014). Analysis of basic marine and fisheries data. Center for statistical and information data MMAF.
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http://www.kkp.go.id. Accessed August 2, 2015
Ng, Francis., (2002). Trade Indicators and Indices, in Development, Trade, and WTO : A
Handbook, edited by Hoekman, Mattoo, and English, The World Bank, Washington DC.
Yudiarosa, Indriana., (2009). Analisis Ekspor Ikan Tuna Indonesia. Wacana 12 No. 1 Januari 2009.
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INITIATING SCHOOL CHANGE TOWARD SUSTAINABLE IMPROVEMENT
Uning Musthofiyah
1, Elfirahmi Thamrin
21
The University of Merdeka Malang, Terusan Raya Dieng Street
No. 62-64, Klojen, Pisang Candi, Sukun, Jawa Timur, 65146, Indonesia, [email protected]2
The University of Merdeka Malang, Terusan Raya Dieng Street
No. 62-64, Klojen, Pisang Candi, Sukun, Jawa Timur, 65146, Indonesia, [email protected]Abstract
The accountability of the systemic reform initiatives may not likely result in a way as it is expected. This might be the result of improvement evaporation effect that occurs when the existing operational system does not change (Buchanan et al., in Swartling, 2013). An idea of change is becoming prominent. There have been some empirical evidences that support the effect of school culture toward school improvement. In this study, a consolidated framework is established to extend the body of literature about school culture, school change and sustainable improvement throughout the implementation of Institutional Culture Responsive to Research.
Keywords: Institutional Culture Responsive to Research; School Change; School Culture; School Leaders; Sustainable Improvement.
1. INTRODUCTION
By implementing school improvement plan and evidence-based support such as standard-based reform, local educational agencies focus on the improvement of students in academics, giving emphasis on how much students have learnt from what schools have already taught (Sclafani in Fusarelli, 2002) and rely on assumption that the problem lie on students‘ performance (McDonald, 2011). However there exists some problematic case where people are dismayed with the progress due to insignificant change (McDonald, 2011, p
19). Unfortunately, when the existing programs do not meet expectancy or fall below standard, policymakers tend to respond by replacing the old program with the latest one (McDonald, 2011, p.
18), and adding more extra supplements into the same-old constructed policy (Naslund in Swartling, 2013), creating a cycle without actually making real movement.
Since systemic reform initiative works by shifting the focus from the improvement process the improvement outcome (Fusarelli, 2002). It dismisses the importance of the operational system improvement, which likely turn the system into obsolete as the time changes. If this problem is not well-attended, the problems are likely not ended.
Therefore, considering the sustainable improve-ment (SI) as solution can be the way to go. It engages a mechanism that is continuously pro-pelling to move the organizational system forward and prevent it from becoming old and obsolete (Swartling, 2013). The SI mechanism works on basis of two orders: 1) system-created improve-ment, and 2) the improvement of system (Poksinska et.al. in Swartling, 2013), letting the system to focus on the improvement of outcome and the improvement of system. Not only focusing on the input (process) but also considering the output standards. As the mechanism of SI is continuously evolving, the factors of SI such as culture, organization, leadership, context, politics and timing, learning instruction, parents &
community works, relationship and professional
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capacity of teachers (Kaplan & Owings, 2013) are interacting each other (Swartling, 2013).
SI prevents organization to handle the same problems over and over despite of many efforts have been used. This creates long-term impacts even though the program and additional resources to support the program is no longer exist or getting budget cut (Sleegers, Thoonen, Oort, & Peetsma, 2013). Therefore sustainability is an important factor when conducting innovation, particularly during planning and implementation. (Sleegers, Thoonen, Oort, & Peetsma, 2013). In autonomous organization, a team can make improvement even though having few dedicated members with excellent attitude toward innovation regardless any difficulties that might be encountering. They are motivated by small success and are able to identify and create progress (McDonald, 2011, p 12).
2. METHODS
In this paper, a consolidated framework is employed to establish the body of literature about school culture, school change and sustainable improvement throughout the implementation of Institutional Culture Responsive to Research. The writers collected article journals related to Sustainable improvement using two effective techniques. First, we searched for studies published from 2002 to 2018 which mostly come from Google Scholar. To filter out the search, we use some keyterms, including: Institutional culture responsive to research; school change; school culture; school leaders; sustainable improvement.
Second, we conducted manual examination based on references of related studies in order to collect some articles that were missed out by database searches.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 The Role of Sustainable Improvement in