Faculty of Medicine
551-821 PHYSICS
The transformer: principles, construction, transformation ratio, regu- lation, efficiency, current and voltage limits calibration. Special features of diagnostic x-ray transformer. Auto transformer. Thermionic currents, diode valve and solid state recitifiers. (As back-ground knowledge only, it is recommended that candidates revise the following aspects of Physics studied previously: Direct current electricity, including Ohm's Law; simple treatment of voltage, current resistance, power, capacity, heating and magnetic effects of a current. Electro-magnetic induction, Lenz's Law, Simple theory of alternating current, wave form and fre- quency, RMS and peak voltage and current). The electro-magnetic spec- trum. Production and properties of x-rays; general and characteristic x-rays; distribution of energy in an x-ray spectrum. Absorption and scattering of x-rays and practical factors influencing processes. The diagnostic x-ray tube; principles of operation and construction; line and dual focus tubes, stationary and rotating anode tubes, grid con- trolled tubes; rating charts and cooling curves for x-ray tubes; causes of x-ray tube failure. High tension circuits used in diagnostic x-ray equipment with relative advantages and disadvantages of each self- rectified, four valve, three phase and condenser discharge circuits.
Control of high voltage and current in x-ray equipment. Special features of shock-proof equipment. Auxiliary apparatus for x-ray equipments in- cluding timers (hand, valve, synchronous motor, impulse, electronic, photo-electric and ionization types); stabilizers; metres; overload pro- tection; line voltage compensation; tube and filament current boosters;
monitor controlled equipment.
Factors determining the quality of radiographic and flouroscopic images.
X-ray film: structure; sensitivity; characteristic curves. Processing of films; function of developer and fixer; effect of processing procedures on film quality; manual and automatic processing; processing faults in films. Storage of films. Darkroom planning and procedures. Intensifying screens including design, construction, speed, and detail, caro of inten- sifying screens and cassettes. Scattered radiation and methods of minimizing the effect of scattered radiation on the radiographic and fluorescent images (including beam defining devices, stationary, and moving grids). Physical principles underlying special radiographic pro- cedures and equipment (including tomography, stereoradiography, local- ization of foreign bodies, cineradiography, photofluorography, high kilo- voltage radiography, soft tissue radiography, enlargement techniques, bi-plane radiography and filmchangers, contrast media, substraction techniques). Physical principles of fluoroscopy; limitation of the eye in conventional fluoroscopy; image intensification and television chains;
spot film radiography; minor cameras used in fluoroscopy.
Nature of radioactivity and radioactive decay; the curie; half-life (physi- cal, biological and effective). Nature and properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiations. Positrons and annihilation radiation. Stable and radio-isotopes; principles of production of radio-isotopes and radio- pharmaceuticals (illustrated by materials more commonly used in medical diagnosis). Principles of use of radio-Isotopes in medical diag- nosis. Physical principles of methods of detection and measurement of radioactivity. Ionization chambers; Geiger counters; scintillation and proportional counters; organ imaging equipment and application of these equipments in medical diagnosis. Quality control of radio-pharma- ceuticals. Radiological protection including the protection of personnel patients and the public In use of x-rays and radio-isotopes in medical 151
Faculty of Medicine
diagnosis including dose limits, working rules, personnel monitoring, design and layout of radiology and nuclear medicine departments, mean bone marrow and genetic doses, disposal of radioactive waste, trans- port and storage of radioactive isotopes.
BOOKS
•van der Plaats G J Medical X-ray Technique 3rd ed, Philips Technical Library 1969
Jaundrell-Thompson F & Ashworth W J X-ray Physics and Equipment.
Blackwell Scientific Publications 1970
Chesney D N & M 0 Radiographic Photography, Blackwell Scientific Publications 1965
• Wagner Henry N Principles of Nuclear Medicine, Saunders 1968 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Pro-
tection, ICRP Publication 9 Pergamon Press 1966
• Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Pro- tection, ICRP Publication 15 Pergamon Press 1970
Radiological Hazards to Patients, Second Report of the Committee HMSO 1960
• Revised Radiation Protection Standards for Individuals Exposed to Ioniz- ing Radiation, National Health and Medical Research Council 1967
• Dose Equivalents, Maximum Permissible Doses and Dose Limits of Ionizing Radiation, National Health and Medical Research Council,
19 69
'Minimizing of Radiological Hazards to Patients, National Health and Medical Research Council 1966
Notes on Medical Procedure for Radiation Accidents and Radioactive Contamination, National Health and Medical Research Council 1968 (Copies of NH & MRC publications may be obtained free of charge from the Secretary, National Health and Mealcal Research Council, PO Box 100, Curtin, ACT 2605.)
EXAMINATION One 3-hour paper; oral if necessary.
531-821 PATHOLOGY
The examination will test the candidates' knowledge of Pathology and of general and regional morbid anatomy and histology with special reference to structural and functional variations which may be demon- strated by radiodiagnostic methods. The practical examination will test the candidates' ability to recognize and interpret specimens illustrating relevant morbid anatomy and histology.
In addition to the standard textbooks, the pathological sections of standard works should be studied. A knowledge of appropriate matter in current periodicals in the English language will be expected.
BOOKS (a) Prescribed textbooks:
Cappell D F and Anderson J R Muir 's Textbook of Pathology 9th ed, Arnold 1971
or
Robbins S L Textbook of Pathology 3rd ed, Saunders 1966 Walter J B & Israel M S General Pathology 4th ed, Churchill 1974 152
(b) Recommended for reference:
Anderson W A D Pathology 6th ed, Mosby 1971
Payling Wright G and Symmers W St C Systemic Pathology 1st ed, Longmans 1967
1llingworth C F W and Dick B M Textbook of Surgical Pathology 10th ed, Churchill 1968
Hurley J V Acute Inflammation, Churchill Livingstone 1972
Willis R A Spread of Tumours in the Human Body 3rd ed, Butterworth 1973
Willis R A Pathology of Tumours 4th ed, Butterworth 1968
EXAMINATION One 3-hour written paper; one 3-hour practical test;
viva voce examination.
555-822 RADIODIAGN0515
Candidates are expected to have an adequate knowledge of:
(a) The radiographic techniques required in the examination of all parts of the body, including a knowledge of patient positioning.
equipment, radiographic factors, recording methods and process- ing.
(b) The interpretation of the results of radiography and report writing.
(c) The procedural techniques required in special radiological examin- ations and the hazards of performing such procedures including the management of the complications.
(d) The roles of isotopic and ultrasonic imaging and computerised axial tomography.
(e) The principles of protection of patients and personnel against radi- ation hazards.
(f) Departmental organization and the keeping of records.
The course will include
(1) Three years of full-time practical training in a Department of Diagnostic Radiology of an approved hospital.
This training programme is orientated towards general Radiology but will include experience in paediatric, obstetrical and gynaecol- gical radiology, isotopic imaging as well as tuition in the techniques of specialised radiological investigation of the gastrointestinal tract, biliary system, urinary tract, bronchial tree, female genital tract, central nervous system and cardiovascular system.
(2) Lecture demonstrations covering the Radiology of the various systems.
(3) Weekly film reading tutorials.
(4) Opportunities for study of the audio-visual programmes in the film library of the Department.
BOOKS Recommended for reference:
General—
Sutton and Grainter A Textbook of Radiology 1st ed, Livingstone
Keats T E An Atlas of Normal Roentgen Variants, Medical Pub Year Book 1973
Lasser Elliot C Dynamic Factors in Roentgen Diagnosis, Williams &
Wilkins 1967
Shanks S C and Kerley P eds Textbook of x-ray Diagnosis 2nd ed, Lewis
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Faculty of Medicine
Radiography and Radiographic Anatomy—
Clarke K C Positioning in Radiography 5th ed, Heinemann 1973
Meschan 1 Radiographic Positioning and Related Anatomy, Saunders 1968
Meschan I An Atlas of Normal Radiographic Anatomy, Saunders 1957 Central Nervous System and Head-
Prendergrass E P Schaffer J P and H ades P J Head and Neck in Roent- gen Diagnosis, Thomas 1957
Hutchinson A C W Dental and Oral X-ray Diagnosis, Livingstone 1954 Shapiro R Myelography 2nd ed, Medical Pub' Year Book, 1968
Traveras J M and Wood E H Diagnostic Neuroradiology, Williams &
Wilkins 1964 Paediatrics-
Caffey J Paediatric X-ray Diagnosis 4th ed, Medical Pub Year Book Skeletal System & Soft Tissues—
Murray R O and Jacobson H G The Radiology of Skeletal Disorders, Churchill Livingstone 1971
Kohler A Borderlands of the Normal and Early Pathological in Skeletal Roentgenology English trans, Grune & Stratton 1956
Egan B L Mammography, Thomas 1964 G. I. Tract-
Margulis and Burhenne Alimentary Tract Roentgenology Vols I & II, Mosby 1967
Cardiovascular—
Abrams H L Angiography Vols 1 & I1 2nd ed 1971 Chest
Felson B Chest Roentgenology, Saunders 1973
Fraser and Pare Diagnostic Diseases of the Chest Vols I & 11, Saunders 1970
Genito-Urinary Tract—
Emmett and Witten Clinical Urography Vols 1 11 III 3rd ed, Saunders