Environmental, economic and social dimensions of global security Resource dimensions of the global security agenda. After the attacks of September 11, 2001 in the United States and the subsequent "war on terror", the global security debate has focused on a narrow part of security issues and remains steeped in traditional understandings of security.
Security in our one world 1
It should be built on the supremacy of international law and not on the rights of the strongest. Previously, "democracy" and "stability" in the foreign policy of the US and European states were repeatedly shown to be contradictory terms.
African thinkers and the global security agenda
My claim that Africans can make a recognized contribution to setting the global security agenda is based on three claims. This will be the beginning of African intellectuals' efforts to contribute to the definition of the global security agenda.
Promotion of democracy as a goal of US foreign policy: African responses
Olewe-Nyunya and Korwa Adar, editors, The United States and Africa: From Independence to the End of the Cold War (Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers, 1995), pp.25-49. The hypocrisy of American democracy promotion is striking when comparing Kenya and the United States over the past three years.
Promotion of democracy as a goal of US foreign policy in Africa
The saving grace for Frelimo was the triumph of the ANC in South Africa in the early 1990s. The African community in the US became very important in the fight against apartheid, as well as in supporting the liberation movements in the Portuguese colonies of Angola, Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau - the so-called The hero of the documentary, based on the real experience of Frelim in the bush and in the liberated areas, was Samora Machel.
These processes were the resistance to American imperialism in the United States by progressive Africanists and popular movements in the African American community, and the popular struggle for liberation in Africa itself. She is only one of the very few nations that sit on the UN Security Council. The US also happens to be one of the richest countries - if not the richest country - in the world today.
Another interesting aspect of the USA is that it is a nation of immigrants: all nations of the world are represented in the population of the USA.
African human rights, democracy and the global security agenda
Abstract
Nkrumah had started in the late 1950s a movement which emphasized the immediate unity of the African continent. This resistance to scrutiny is well illustrated by African opposition to the attempt to include some of Amin's excesses on the agenda of the UN Human Rights Commission for scrutiny. Is it any wonder, then, that 85% of the world's poorest countries in terms of human development are from Sub-Saharan Africa?9 The African human rights system.
Herein lies the crisis of the African regional human rights system and of the African state. Robber barons take advantage of the lack of law enforcement to traffic drugs and weapons. As we have seen, many policies of the international community towards Africa have contributed to the problem of corruption.
It is impossible to fight grand corruption without exposing the complex web of international crooks involved.
An African feminist perspective on
Due to the increased outbreak of conflict, not only in Africa alone, but also in Europe, conflict analysts in the 1990s began to focus on early warning mechanisms and mechanisms to anticipate violent conflict.8. The conflict in the region is further complicated by the porous and unstable border areas. 38 See Ofuho Cirino 'Security Concerns in the Horn of Africa' in Mwagiru Makumi 'African Regional Security in the Age of Globalization' (Nairobi: Heinrich Böll Foundation, 2004) pp.
Zegeye A., Human Stability and Conflict in the Horn of Africa in Journal of African Security, vol. During this time, UNIFEM established a women's office in the secretariat to ensure the participation of women in the negotiation processes. They serve in the armed forces as combatants as well as in support roles.
There is a need for IGAD Member States to reconceptualize conflict early warning before even implementing it in the region.
Conclusion
Women are also peace activists, working to heal communities and build lasting peace.74 Thus, the role of governments in conflict mechanisms where women also exist remains a matter of debate.75. Furthermore, IGAD's inability to define women at the most fundamental level and then determine how they will use them in conflict prevention, despite the illusion that women will be used in determining future conflicts, appears to be shooting the mechanism in the foot . The Memorandums of Understanding (MOU) that UNHCR concluded with SADC in July 1996 and with IGAD in November 1997 are also examples of possible future obstacles.
The SADC and IGAD memoranda should be amended accordingly in accordance with their articles on supplementary arrangements.76.
Laying the foundations for peace: The role of governments, businesses, and civil
Millennium development goals and targets
By 2015, halve the proportion of people living on less than $1 a day and the proportion of hungry people. Eliminate the gender gap in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015. Halt and begin to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS, malaria and other serious diseases by 2015.
Integrate the principles of sustainable development into countries' policies and programs and reverse the loss of ecological resources. By 2015, reduce by half the number of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and sanitation. Make debt sustainable, increase youth employment and ensure access to essential medicines and new technologies.
Selected targets adopted at the World Summit on sustainable development
Resource dimensions of the global security agenda
For the vast majority of the local population, these conflicts have brought not only death and destruction, but also a wave of human rights violations, humanitarian disasters, economic disaster and environmental destruction. In Angola, from the late 1970s until the end of the conflict in 2002, fighters were increasingly financed by oil revenues (state) and diamond sales (UNITA rebels). In 1991, Revolutionary United Front (RUF) rebels launched a civil war in Sierra Leone to take control of diamond-rich parts of the country.
In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the looting of the country's natural wealth was a major (but not the only) factor in fueling the war that began in 1998 and has spread to several neighboring countries. In the disputed waters of the East China Sea, Japan, China, South Korea and Russia all make irreconcilable claims to areas that may be rich in oil and gas resources. The United States, Russia and China have competing pipeline plans to export the Caspian's oil and gas resources, in what some call a modern version of the imperial "Great Game" in Central Asia.
But this effort never gained the breadth, visibility and impact of the diamond industry's campaign.
Western views on African responses to economic, social, and environmental
8 United Nations, Report of the World Summit for Social Development, Copenhagen, March UN Document A/CONF. 11 United States Institute of Peace, American Interests and UN Reform, United Nations Task Force Report (Washington D.C.: USIP, 2006). Western security policies have been instrumental in shaping the content of the global security agenda, particularly in the division of global responsibilities among regional organizations.
24 See especially Ben Reilly, 'The Africanization of the South Pacific', Australian Journal of International Affairs Vol. Consequently, the depth of suffering in the region following the tepid engagement in Darfur has forced the UN Security Council to reluctantly assume a more proactive role in strengthening African capacity. It was political leadership prompted by civil society and development advocates that led to the founding of the Commission for Africa.37.
Such globalization of the economic agenda (as in other security spheres) also invariably mitigates the problem of the 'Africanization' of global security issues.
Environmental and social dimensions of global security
The final part of this paper will discuss some of the findings of the ACTS project on the ecological sources of conflict in the Horn and Great Lakes. Large areas of the Horn are regularly affected by droughts and floods, often in rapid succession. In the world, 5 of the 10 countries that generate the most refugees are in the East African region.
The roots of the current series of conflicts can be traced back to the colonial era. 15 A simplified model of the interaction of Ecology and conflict presented in a summary report from the ACTS project Ecological sources of conflict. In most parts of the Horn of Africa, for example, drought is experienced on a cyclical basis.
Environmental sources of conflict are not exclusively a problem of improving the general state of the environment.
Building peace through environmental cooperation
Angola hopes to resettle citizens displaced by the war, who would need more of the river's water. For an overview of the debate surrounding environment and conflict research, see Ken Conca and Geoffrey D. These responses are not surprising in light of the national security framework often attached to the environmental security debate.
10 Nils Petter Gleditsch, "Armed Conflict and the Environment: A Critique of the Literature," Journal of Peace Research, May 1998, pp. Despite daily fighting in the streets of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, to name just one example, Palestinians and Israelis continue to meet informally as a way to manage aspects of their shared water resources. The Principle Content of International Rivers Agreements, Research Report of the Harrison Program on the Future Global Agenda (College Park, MD: University of Maryland, September 2003).
One of the most serious unresolved conflicts in the politically unstable Caucasus region is the struggle between Armenia and Azerbaijan for control of Nagorno-Karabakh.
Contemporary African responses to existing security scenarios: Challenges
This hybrid character of the Togolese social formation made it easier for the country to be susceptible to the overture from Nigeria. They also contracted to grant freedom of transit to commercial goods originating in the territory of one of them and transported across the territory of the other. 6 The lessons of the civil war renewed Nigeria's foreign policy (i) drive, such that Nigeria began to pay more serious attention to its neighbours.
For this purpose, the representatives of the two countries prepared a proposal for the structure and scope of a possible West African community. In the case of ECOWAS, it was held that the protection of common services and industrial and economic undertakings cannot be left in the hands of individual states. NATO was a product of the post-war integration effort in Europe, which had its genesis in the Marshall Plan.
This is more so when one of the two mechanisms, the regional security outfit of ECOWAS MAD, opens its membership to all the states of the community.
