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Northern Territory Department of Health Library Services Historical Collection

PRESUMPTIVE EVIDENCE OF PHEROMONE MEDIATION IN HUMAN SEXUAL

INTERACTIONS. _1,, ~~ , ,:· ·· ·

ABSTRACT

Equipment was designed to experimentally investigate the phenomena of sexual arousal that occurs during close human

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) interaction. Results are gathered that show that such arousal varies in a cyclical pattern with the female menstrual cycle. It

is proposed that pheromones provide the most likely explanation of the observed pattern and that the results provide strong

evidence for their existence. As with all research carried out in this delicate area, the major problems experienced were not with ) the experimental equipment or data-handling facilities designed,

but rather with the psychological problems associated with subjecting human volunteers to such close personel scrutiny.

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DL HIST 612.6 NIT 1989

Philip Nitschke RMO

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Acknowledgements:

The assistance of all those who helped with the design,

construction and opei,.. at" ion of this e:-t per i ment is gr atef m,1,1,:y -- ackno~"Jl edged.

In particular, the staff at the State Reference Library for their help in procuring inter-library material. Phil Thorburn and the technicians at the medical engineering division for many helpful discussions; Ian MacKnee for pharmacological advice, and Dr Guy Bannink for the many hours of help in developing functional computer software.

Most gratitude and thanks however must go to the volunteers who made the whole project possible. Their perseverence, in often trying and stressful circumstances, the problems in maintaining annonymity, and the need to deal with the inevitable impact such research has on one's private life, deserve the greatest

admiration and respect.

Philip Nitschke RMO Royal Darwin Hospital October, 1989.

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PRESUMPTIVE EVIDENCE OF PHEROMONE MEDIATION IN HUMAN SEXUAL INTERACTIONS.

Philip Nitschke, MBBS.

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Introduction: ."-·:-1.

The term pheromone ~4Jas ··introduced in_ 1959 to ._designate

inter-cellular chemical me~s~ngers.pr~dut~d in one organism t~

regulate target eel 1 s -in another·¹ : · The role of. these substaric:mim in regulating the beh.aviDLlr--~~o·f ,_.f~sect·s 1"s ~cl'ear and r-ecent wc:,rl-i:

has established the signifi~aA~e fn af~~cting the sexual

behaviour of primates. The earliest findings were with RhesuM · monkeys where Michael ' and colleagues tjemoristrated~th~t short~ , chain aliphatic acids' jsolated ~f~om oestcogenised~emale .monk•Y $

vaginal secretions were a sti mul Lt's f''or t"~medi ate mal ~-, 'se~<Llal behaviour^{2 •} Although these same~~hori-~hain-~cids have been isolated from human vag~nai secretion~³ ~ex~ensive experimenttl trials have not been able to ~emonstrate th;ir ~ffects on hum#M se:<ual responses⁴_ • .

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some men find the ) partner

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Experimental Design and Protocol.

The observation had been made by a male volunteer that.the.scent of a female volunteer was sexually arousing and that this effect varied with the woman's menstrual cycle. To quantify the

subjective experience of being ¹¹sexually aroused'', an experiment was designed to measure penile tumescence in a controlled

environment. Every effort was made to hold other physiological, psychological and environmental variables constant.

In practice, this meant that the male subject with penile

plethysmograph attatched, was exposed to the odour of the femile for a fixed two minute period at the same time each day. This was ) to be repeated throughout the woman's menstrual cycle.

Each day, recording commenced with a 10 to 20 minute ''settling in¹¹ period during which the decay of penile tumescence brought about by the fitting of the device was monitored by the computer.

) When a stable base-line had been reached, the room was darkened and the female subject approached in silence, and allowed the male to smell her skin around her neck and shoulders. Volumetric penile changes were recorded automatically every 6 seconds over the next two minutes. Touching was kept to a minimum.

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Daily recording ended with the completion of the two minutes, and the data was immediately stored, normalised, and graphically

displayed, along with the computed integrated area under the curve. On some occasions, baseline drift was checked by allowing detumescense to occur over the subsequent 20 to 30 minutes.

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Baseline drift was not found to be a problem.

An explanation for the rather arbitary choice of a two minute recording period needs to be given. This was established

empirically after noticing that with the olfactory stimuli, a

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plateau had normally been reached by that point. It was also found that in control experiments where the male attempted to induc~ erection by psychogenic means only (with no visual, auditory, or tactile stimuli) that l i t t l e effect could be produced in under two minutes.

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The nape of the neck was used as the target source because of the simplicity of the experimental situation and because of the lower liklihood of producing significant arousal in the female. The large sebaceous glands implicated in the production of pheromones are aggregated on the face, neck, nipples and areolae, and

) axillae, as well as the contact surfaces of the sex organs^{1 3• 1 4•}

In the experiments conducted, one male volunteer worked

sequentially with two females. This had not been the original intention, but was unavoidable as the first female withdrew from the project before a complete set of results could be obtained.

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Instrumentation ..

The Plethvsmoqraph:

In the hu~an ~ale, measurement of ·penile erection appears to be the only psychophysiological method which reliably descriminates

se :< u a 1 ar o u i; i:i\ 1 · f ,,.. om ^Other e mot i ^On al states ¹ !::.'J • A b r i e f ¹ • r-^e'V i¹:e~..:J · of 1

penile physiology refl~cts the primary role of vasocongestive engorgement cf the penile corpora during male sexual arousal. All determinations of the degree of penile erection have been based upon measurement of the physiological changes associated with this blood floW1 h• Two major categories· have been described in the · l i t er at u ,,. 1r.n t. h <J s e ~..,, h i ch measure c i !,_ cum f er enc e at a f i :< e d point along the penis, and those that measure total volumetric changes.

Circumferential devices make use of strain gauges, are small, unobtrusive ~nd give reproducable results at the upper limits of arousal. They are totally_unsuitable however for the accurate moni tor-i ng c:,,f ec\l'" l Y erectile changes ^{1 7}• For- this reason, i-'Je

were forced tc make use of the more cumbersome volumetr-ic devices or-iginally described by Freund et al ^{1 6} In this

study, _~ cop~ cf the F~eun~ phalioplethysmograph was constructed (Fig 1) and connected to tne transducer by intravenous drip

tubing ..

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The Transducerc

There have b~~n few previous studies that have made use of digital data recording techniques^{1 7}• 1 9

• Chart recorders were consi~ered ₉-tisfactory for the necessarily slow rates of change _ of· penile volume expected. However the flexability that is

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p·ossi bl e with digital dat~ recording techniques 1 ed us to design

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^{_!:.:,h'e ~.}tr:ansduc:ar with adaption to a personal computer in mind.

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_.····'{;Th~; ;,~"8hst; tic:ted ~ransducer is shot.-m in fig 2. It cons'ists of of a

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al capacitor ~"Ji th the di el ectr i C space connected

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^{o;;a1norm1Lt saline} fluid.reservoir. As air volume in the

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et'hysmograph :

^{c:hariges Wl} th peni 1 e volume, saline i S displaced

. ~::··lt:-ir.{to.,...th::~<capi'C:itor and alters the dielectric constant. The

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- c:- · ;p~· c· i·tc;; ~ y fc:H"'mS

.,part of an L/C tuned circuit and i t s resonant

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:: .·:~"~ fr;e/queri:cy ·changes accordingly .. A standar-d digital frequency meter

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t ·~~.tt:he·~-~ab la t c:, record these volume changes and present this data

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to.·'the_P'I/O""·:m1ot of ._an Apple Ile computer. This system was found

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be ~emarkd'Abl y stable. Capacitance changes between 20 - 120

··~ picofarad wsr~ reproducibly recorded with those penile volume

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After connection of the plethysmograph, the volume of air in the input line can ,be adjusted with a 50ml syringe so that there is no laroe difference in the dielectric level in reservoir and

capaciior. Generally however, such adjustments are not necessary, and in anv caee should not be made until the induced tumescence

~ brought a;out by fitting the device has resolved.

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Data Recording and Software:

Two programs were written for the project (appendix A).

Commencement of the f i rs t , sets i n mot i on a 20 mi nut e,, r ~ .. ~ ~ . per i o d in which continuous measurements of penile volume are displaied¹ on the computer screen. The actual value at each minute is

recorded and detumescence can be monitored. When a baseline has been established the recording program commences, and at each 6 second interval, measurements are made and displayed. After two minutes the data is saved and a graphical representation of penile volume change with time is provided. The second program enables recorded data from previous days to be normalised and compared on the same axis. The integrated area under the

volume-time curve is available.

Results, analysis and additional experimentation.

Sets of data for for the two female volunteers were recorded.

The results are displayed graphically in figure 3. Although ) incomplete at the time of publication, this plot of integrated

volume-time versus day of the menstrual cycle, shows a cyclical variation.

Data recorded from subject one, established a trough at menses with a uniform rise in the rate of arousal in the follicular ) phase. Data from subject two confirmed that arousal levels at

menses were low, althoug~ a trough could not be established in the time available. Of greater significance was the demonstration of a clear peak in arousal rates at the time of ovulation. Basal body temperatures were available from subject two, and are

plotted in figure 3.

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Peak arousal rates persist for some days around ovulation with a broad peak that is not dissimilar to the shape of the excreted 178-estradiol waveform ^{2 3•} Too few recorded points are

available in the luteal phase to analyse the arousal curve further .

These results are entirely consistent with the male volunteer's subjec~ive assessment of the phenomenon. Quantitative recording is important however: i t provides the first evidence that this is not just ¹¹male imagination.1', and an available arousal profile is likely to provide some insight into the characteristics and

) nature of the hormonal/pheromonal interaction.

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Reproducability was tested by maK1ng 3 successive recordings seperated by a necessary detumescence interval. The integrated

volume-time products differed by less than 10%. Systematic bias was also sought. -On the first of 3 successive runs, a deliberate ef fart was made to accentLiate a,,..ousal ( by visual imagery) . The second run was conducted in the usual manner, and in the third an effort was made to dampen any effect (by serial 7's calculation during the recording period). Mini~al differences were found between the 3 graphs an~ the integrated areas differed by less

than 15%. ,. · •~, ,:· ·· ·:

Individual points on the arousal rate versus day of menstrual cycle would therefore be expected to have an accuracy of better that+/- 10%. These are the error bars included in figure 3.

Additional Experimentation:

The reproducability of the results, and the insensitivity to psychogenic factors within the early recording period, led us to

question the extent of the recorded arousal. Males have l i t t l e ability to accurately sense their erectile state without

additional tactile or visual information. (At low to medium levels of sexual arousal, Danjou ^{1 9} found almost no correlation between the penile tumescence recorded, and that self-assessed by the subject)

To determine at which part of the erectile spectrum the gathered readings had occured, an experiment was performed where, at the completion of the two minute recording, a deliberate attempt was made by the female to visually arouse the subject. The

plethysmograph trace is shown in figure 4. It was found that an additional 3-5 minutes were needed before maximal penile volume was reached. The recorded volume was nearly 5 times greater and demonstrates that the pheromone -induced changes are at a level not readily appreciated by the subject.

Assesment of olfactory acuity:

Quantitative evidence was sought on the olfactory acuity of the male subject. Considerable variation in the range of ¹¹normal ¹¹ acuity has been described^{2 0,} and previous researchers have

addressed the question of how this characteristic is effected by factors such as age, sex, cigarette smoking etc.^{2 1 •} There was a need to establish whether the male subjects used in the pheromone study had normal, or hyper-acute olfactory acuity.

In the. tests described by Cain et al (20), threshold testing and odour identification were found to give compatible results.

Cain's use of 1-butanol in serial dilutions was modified in our study to make use of -1-butyric acid (CH~CH2CH2 COOH),

since this volatile short-chain aliphatic acid has been shown to be a major component of human vaginal secretions. (The striking decrease in the amount of this acid present in the vaginal

secretions of post-menopausal women has led to the proposition that this substance is itself a human pheromone^{3 ) .}

Volunteers were tested with serial dilutions of 1-butyric acid in identical containers. Consistantly identifying the container with the acid identified the subject's threshold level. 10 non-smoking males were assessed and a mean threshold established. The

olfactory acuity of the subject used in the pheromone study did not differ significantly from this mean.

, Discussion:

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The results presented in no way prove the existance of human pheromonal interactions. Inadequate data has been accumulated, and volunteer continuity has been ·difficult to maintain. The

e~<periment ~"./as not ¹¹bli_nd^{11 ,} and observer bias, a'lthough minimised by careful e~<perimental technique, remains a possible•·sotrr·ce ·of ¹ error.

Despite the drawbacks in the design of the experiment, the

results strongly suggest the existence of some cyclical olfactory phenomenon that affects sublimal sexual arousal in receptive

males. This trend is consistent with the observation that without oral contraception, maximal human sexual activity occurs at the time of ovulation ^{6 •} At the time of publication there

were still too few readings to confirm a precipitous decline in olfactory arousal in the luteal phase, but these results are expected. Given the experimental situation, i t is hard to postulate causes other than olfactory stimuli that are linking male erectile rates and female menstrual cycle. It is likely therefore t hat the recorded results constitute real evidence for the existance of a human pheromonal sexual interaction.

Many of the experimental design faults were the consequence of necessarily meeting a presentatjon deadline and can be readily el iminated. Of greater concern is the encountered psychological difficulties in attempting this type of research with human volunteers. Masters & Johnston ^{2 2} first drew attention to these problems, pointing out that such experimentation often produces an unexpected response from initially enthusiastic subjects. In males, performance fears are common, and iatrogenic impotence can be a serious sequelae. Women commonly complain of being

dehumanised and debased by such investigations. In this short experimental series, such problems were of major concern and seriously limited the available data. This was summed up in the 1 ament by one volunteer- that she ~--.Jas ¹¹ simply being used as a smelly object ¹¹ !

Future extension of this exper-imental wor-k needs to seriously addr-ess these questions in the design phase of the pr-eject. It will t~en be possible to obtain compr-ehensive r-esults in an exper-imentally blind situation. Reading over consecutive

menstr-ual cycles could be taken, along with compar-isons of women on the or-al contraceptive and those not. A close look at arousal r-ates in the luteal phase will be of inter-est, and the question of var-iable male responses to these stimuli could be addr-essed.

The pr-esented work r-epr-esents only the ver-y ear-liest of the results that the designed exper-iment is capable of pr-oducing .

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,

REFERENCES

( 1 ) K a r 1 s o n , P • 2-< L u s c h e r , M • ( 1 9 5 9 ) u P h e r o m on e s : A n e ^1-4 t e r m f or a class of biologically active substances. ¹¹ Nature (1959) 183:55-6

(2) Michael R. (1972) "The tole of olfaction in se:rnal response. ¹¹ Med.Asa.Hum.Sex 6:63

(3) Waltman, R. et al. (1973) "Volatile·fatty acids in vaginal secretions: human pheromones?" lancet ii,496

) Jt '

.T '

^{!'. ~ •. •}

{4) Morris, ^N & Udry, J. (1978) nPheromonal influences on human

.· s e :< u a 1 b e h a v i o u r : a n ex p e r i men t a 1 s ear c h ^{11 •} J • B i o s o c • Sc i . 10,147-157.

(5) McClintock, M. (1971) "Menstrual synchrony and suppression".

) Nature, 299:244-245

(6) Doty, R. (1981) !!Olfactory communication in humans". Chem.

Senses. 6:351-376

(7) Engen, T. (1983) "The human use of olfaction^11• ) Am.J.Otolarynaol. 4:250-251

(8) Udry, J. et al. (1973) !!Effect of contraceptive pills on sexual activity in the luteal phase of the human menstrual cycle^11• Arch. Sex. Behav. 2(3):205-214

) (9) Bradley, E. (1984) uolfactory acuity to a pheromonal substance and psychotic illness". Biol. Psychiatry. 19(6):899-905

(10) Isseroff, R. et al. (1987) uolfactory sensitivity to androstenone in schizophrenic patients". Biol. Psychiatry. 22(7):922-5

) (11) Huggins, G.& Petri, G. (1976) ¹¹Volatile constituents of human

J ·

vaginal secretio"ns^11• Am.J.Obstet.Gynec. 126:129

(12) Goldfoot, D. et al. (1976) "lack of effect of vaginal lavagees and aliphatic acids in ejaculatory responses in Rhesus monkeys'.

Hormones & Behaviour. 7,1.

(13) Greene, R. et al. (1970) ¹¹Anotomical variation in the amount and composition of human skin surface lipid^11• J.Inv.Dermatoloqy.

54:240-247

{14) Nicholson, B. (1984) ¹¹Does kissing aid human bonding by

J

semiochemical addiction?" Br.J.Dermatology. III:623-627

(15) Bancroft, J & Matthews, A. (1971) ¹¹Autonomic correlates of penile erection". J. Psychornatic Research. 15:159-167

( 16) Rosen, R. ( 1978) ¹¹The measurement of human peni 1 e tumescence".

Psvchoohysiology. 15:366-376

,

'

)

)

REFERENCES {ctd)

(17) Semmlow, J. (1983) "Sexual instrumentation". IEEE Trans.

Biomed. Eng. 30(6):309-319

( 1 8 ) Freund , K . et a 1 • ( 1 9 6 5·) ¹¹ A s i mp l e transducer f or me ch ch an i cal

,. ' •• J (:.. -· •

plethysmography of the male genital ^11. J.Exo.Anal.Behav.

8: 169-170

(19) Danjou, P. et al. (1989) "Assessment of erectogenic drugs by

numeric plethysmography^11• J.Pharm.Methods. 21:61-69

(20) Cain, W. et al. (1983} uclinical evaluation of olfaction".

Am.J.Otolaryngol. 4:252-256

(21) l<oelega, H. & Koster, E. (1974) nsome experiments on sex differences in odour perception°. Ann. NY. Acad. Sci.

237:234-246

(22) Masters, vJ. & Johnson, V. (1966) ¹¹Human sexual response!!.

Boston MA. Little, Brown.

(23) Ganong, W. (1987) !!Review of medical physiology^11• 13th Ed.

) Appleton & Lange. Norwalk.

)

)

)

-, F'F\£3

JLIST-500

10 20 30 140 50 60 100 110 120 '1130 140 i50 160 170

DIM X(50)

!--i01"1E

PRINT !!PHEROMONE DATA COLLECTION"

PRINT : PRINT : INPUT fl FILENAME

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HOME

PRINT ¹¹SE.TTLING IN PERIOD¹¹

PRINT : PRINT ¹¹HIT ANY l<EY TO SETTLE IN'' GET A$

HOME

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) l80 190 200

IF I<

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NEXT I NEXT J 210

220

PRINT ^II HIT ANY l<E'{ TO BEGIN": GET A$

HOME

230 PRINT "DATA COLLECTION."

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PRINT

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FOR J

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NEXT

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=

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CHR$ (7)

11;X<I)

350 360 ) 370

NEXT PRINT FF~ I NT PRINT PRINT FOR I F'RINT NEXT PRINT PRINT PRINT

CHR$ ( 13); CHR$ (4); ¹¹0PENfl; X$; ^{I I ,} Di";

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380 390 400 410 420

430 HGR

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X ( I )

CHR$ (4); ¹¹CLOSE^11; CHR$ ( 13)

CHR$ (7)

CHR$ ^{( 7 \} 440 G

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450 HPLOT 240,190 TO 0,190 TO O,O 460 FOR I = 0 TO 20

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470 IF I = 0 THEN HPLOT 240 - (240 - (I* 12)) ,(190 - XCI)) 480 HPLOT TO 240 - (240 - <I* 12)), (190 - XCI))

490 NEXT 500 GET A$

J

J

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' - - ' ~ = v - / 1 .S

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PF:£3 JL IST500-- 500 GET A:t- 510 TEXT 520 HOME 530 PRINT

540 PRINT 550 IF A$

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= !IN ¹¹ THEN GOTO 600

) 560 HOME ^{1· I •'j• ' •' •}

570 580 590 600 610

~620 630 640 650 ) 1 ~

PRINT PRINT PRINT HOME PFUNT PRINT IF A$

PRINT END

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PR£3 J !_ IST

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10 DIM X ( 30) , U:-: ( 30) , Y < 20, 30) 20 HOt-·iE

30 40 50 )60 70 80 90 100 110 ) 120

PR I NT "F'HEF:OMONE DATA COLLECT I ON"

PRINT PRINT : INPUT "TYF'E THE NUMBEF! OF FILES TD GRAPH FDF! I

=

1 TO X

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FOR I = 1 TO 20 INPUT Y<I,J) 130 NEXT

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150 PRINT CHR$ (4);"CLOSE^11; CHR$ (13) 160 NEXT

170

zz =

⁰

) 180 FOR I = 1 TO X 190 ZZ

=

ZZ + YC1,I) 200 NEXT

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=

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220 HGR

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J ;;;

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J300 NEXT

310 GET P:1$

:320 NEXT

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