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,

8AN&lo\DESHumVERSITT Dr ElIGINEERI1t6 UD TtttWJLCJiT

GlIOVING UR1Wl CENTRES IN BANGLAOESH

0\ sm:JAL (t(lIlllMIC AND Plo\NNllIi ANATOMY

II THESJS

SU!ll'lITTED m ntE' PllST GRo\OOo\TEllEPo\R'floltN1Of PHYSl~L PLAlmUlG

JII ""IlTJAL F'ULfIlPlENT Of TIf( R~IROl(NT FOR TIlE IlEGREEOF MSTER

or

PfmiICN.. PlANNING

8T

tlANGLAM:SH UNIVERSITY lU" ENGUIEERlf& AND TrCI'INllLDGT

.!lAce".

'REPo\RED • SHo\llID IIAY,

un

SUIIUTTEOI SIl"HI0 IMY. 1972.

,-

\

lillDlIING URII.\H CENTRES IN lWtGLADESH A SOCIAL £COKJMIC AND Pl.MIlIIE ANATOMY

" THESIS

APf'RtM:O fOR THE PIIOGfI»'ME

or

MASTER DEliREE

IN PIfl'SICAl.. I'lANfiIfffi

I't THE COIlHInEE fOIl ADVANCEOSTUnIES ,,"0 REstARW

a,llIl'GL.AOCSHUNIVtRSITY Dr ENGIHE£lUNG AND TEOIiOL.O&l',DACC,ll •

•

I

'.

THESIS

1iIIlJltIN6 URlWl CENTRES IN DNIGlIlIlESH II &JetN.-. ECOJUlJllIC AND Pl..ANNINIi ANIlTOIff

"

,YEO

Aw= •••••d lie tD atyl" IIIld =nt...t by I

'-1=11111111C-'1111'iiiilll'=IIII'1 --.

{5t'Y~ .

~N1-..,...

~bl12__ ^#4553111

thdI:mm <I"ern.itt... '-

J

f'iY~ .<1'(/vY-r~M1"f..

ttll"d of' lleparbollltt

SHAHIO DAY. t972.

ACKNOlilbEDliEPlEliITS

in writing 'lhilo 'lhnb.

tcoIl: the trouble 01' up1.ini.nc;lII. the te<:l'mique01' wriUng. giving ••• knowloldg••

••1' br:mk••••• d o'ln.r ..,uree" of infaD!lItian, lind fil'>l!11y,IDcli1'ying •••••••of 'the . paint. ••1' tt. thed .••

euthar pU"ticul...,ly, lind hie grllllt d"••••Uan t:a the CIlU•• of fiauruh!ng p.l.nninll IItudiell ..,d p....,Ucea .t l~ •• i" thill =untry.

the public officble of yllria ••.• deplU"l:RIerl'l1lwho hllVlOe"tIInd..:l theiz

ta.

..,d

rrlendly ea-aperlltJ.an lIIIld••.•e1'<11suggllfltilln. 01' 1'11110.ras •• rch WClrkUII.re IIlsa

"I'Preeiootlld.

Atwllt!""d ShII1'iuddinKhe" for the1.r hll1p i" the Pre$lllrlltiarl and typi"ll of thitl

Th. topi" of stuely I 6rawing lIrb"n Centre. in 8Ilng18 o...h ••• .ociti.

l!COIllIlIlic,,"d pl"ming

,;t,d;bmy,

ipnyut in n.t~ MId in 1I"lJTlitu••• th.t it i.e diffault (or th. authllr to 0<>prop"" justice with •• hart tim" F'U'illd. E..,h

liJrdt ••d

W"""""

lind desl •• with the ell conditilmll prevailing "-f'>rll Harch.19T1.

publish.

.

But it is ~uitll evident

. ^.

th"t the whel• .cllnomi".

s"OlX'Ycitinn of" Bangle 'Dolsh,di.rcocUy or indiroocUy lire "f"f"ected dlJIIto th.

rlllla9" of lOa.,of" Indepe'l<I"nce.

Sa. ,,"y •• ""it'ie r ••••••AIII'd8tion fur future plllnning without th •• c..,....

,

III. PATTEfmOf IJRBAliliJlO\fJH

1\

"-

,

Our Urban IfBrl.t~ 21

••

Urbal'lilRftion I WIld

It M-""'

³⁰

C.

Urb-'>i"ortion in tn. Pr_t C.ntury 32

'-".

Ih'b>milllltion llYring

t'"

^h.t Twc>o.c.dn

" ^\'

, '-,

'" ro.

Ihb."llo..-tilln And Reqional

,\

Tr ••••••• rt end Coro!tvnication

,.

^WMerwlIYlI•

••

••

^Railvays

••

C.

Ro.d.'

"

I\' ••

UmlANSTRUCTURE

.""

^{Nlltun of' 11••••8"} S••tthl.~nt in UrboInAnl.

"

••

lined Pllttll •..•.•

"

C. p"ttern of lend-lOB.

"

D• I"indings

"

.-t. """'"

¹¹

LIST OF TABLES

•••

102,

'.3

3.1

l'lood D.eges in Bang1llllnh Cyclon. in the tlIIcadli (1960-70)

Prennt Ih:b•• ""'rId (in Drd~r of' R•••••.'

Perclmtll\lll of' Urban Popu1.tiDn to tot.al Popu.l..ticn

I

- ^,

•

7

"

"

Incrtl••• 01"Urban PopuletiDn oVllr tt.

,

_, n.ee •• tperclll'lhg ••),.

3.' "

pDl'ul8tiol'l l •••d 01"dif'l"~ "he c:besell

•

(19Dl-61I

3,0 PlOl'Clmtllql!of U"b•.• Popullltion in Oif'fuent Siz•• cl.n 31

• '.'

" . ^" "

exieting p~b1 ••• of' phya,i<:alplenning in a.ngJ.. D..h without .eking "'Y

""ncluding rellarl<e.

It. at •• ""ined the a(l o;alled indepenlienellof' 1\147•• 'pertiUon'

•••thor al •••. i.~ ei""..rely th~t tlla etud,Y•.ill bll .~l_tlld l.ter by hila IIrt<l other intermltord pllll'•• nalliU_ in thie f'ield •.ith an lIIlatyaia of' oth"

optimum•• luticn.

TAILE pF t!lNTENTS

I"rI!fllcII

List of Tabln

PW'TE!!

1. JImlCOOCnOIl

""'-

^III

IV

VI

VII

B.8IIngl. lletIh. th •• L,.ndl " Pllrttp"Cti,,",

E.Contributi.,n

lJ. DtAGONJSIS

or

!llCJO-EOJNOMJC O£VD..OPMENT FOR

UR9ANJSATJON.

I

• •

"

Vo.

fl:lgh-.,...t • .,1 Popul ••ticn Grtnrth ^U

••

Industr:1II1 o.w.1Dpllent in fb.ngl.d •••h

"

C.

Effect of P~titicn

"

D.

DI!Ivll1op11."tof T""".port & ecm.unic:••tion

"

•••

^Spuad of Edue.-ti"n &. Tr"ining F••c:ilitie"

"

"r.

^Effect of Urbaniu ••tion On Econ. 2J o..veJ.cpI'Il6flt

LIST or JIIAPS¹ nGURES MW 6RAPtl5

--

1) ~ 111'~.. De"" W

"

^{Buddhiflt ~n •••tery .te.}

I ^21_"

"

txe ••\I"tian at !II:Igrll

.,

^Aqri. nDn-a<.lri& Urbllfl populQiDn

.•. ^"

"

Ihblll'l Popul-tion. a~ghne.h

,'-'.

.,

Ch"'\Iil>ll T",," PopuJ..tion in ~gle

r-h

^36-31

T)

~h

"r Urban C,mtrn, 196f1 3T-311

0'

e"''Jlll Onh Urb••• Centre 19T1. 38-39

"

ltIeortilm 01' new tndulltrb. 41-42

lO'

""'jor tnduririal centres end Reil.WQ Linlc

.•...,

-11 ) 88Tlgh

o""h

tar.urde ••tion 47-1B

",

^{S_u- Are.}

••••• , •...

• 13) lllft(\..u." MBp, Cnod11•

• •••••

'"

^{loe.Uon •.••.} R.j"","M 61-6B

l5'

lIlnd-u ••• M.p.

"'"""'""

^6B-69

16) land-U.. )II.." Ik":lr. 69_10.

,

•

"

.

,"'"]

-- .

r ,,',

,

_• .

,

,

I

, , ^,

" ..

CHAPTER • llME rlilTRODUCTIOt;

Tm.PllOph, y~.

Out af what ia their eh8"9.

frtII!IehllCa tc order and en•• " ••gftin .,

_ C""l Sendbu'ol

Ao BAClCGROLlNDOf' PlftSICAl PLANNING

The tldntieth century ••ill b. recarded by th" future hiatori.n

••••••• gniricil!llt en in the hilltol:Yor "-en civiliz.tion du. to it. diven"

•

bo"",dup "ith t ••••^O"1Il: growth of urban ~gla ••llt"I!tian.re .,.,..,n in all devll- lo"i...,. cauntri ••• of the ••••rld. but the condition in Sauth-.lI.t bie ie,,,e,....

tunity for elllf_d.velClF""lInth."I! b""" lot of " 1£';11! .-.fority of psople in undlll:

devlllopedCCluntrh•• Poverty tll"re i. old. but thll _reneu Df pClvllrtyand the hop. thet _.tMng c.n be <:kin•• bout it lire n•••• In feet. revDlution of rilling I!xpeetetion h eurrenUy •••"""ing in undn d""lt1cp"dworld.1

1 ""d"m EcollDlAlcTht!CIry {N_ o.lM. 19&31.P.151

- ^{, -}

Plflflninq ill "'" ints11ig~nt f'outhaught and o•.••.•""i,,"d "ffort to _

I" rec""t tfull II "'-.1or c:m"titlJ~rt of trn.t "rl;Jenised thinking h"l1

""erged in the "SIll!of physk.w. phnning tnnlllllting thll economic contnoints

•

II"Y, " fllctery, "ntail" pllrll1lel invelltment in public utilitiftll.",",d. tren~rt

t!:lt"l capital r"'I"i",",~nh ."" UllU.l1y under e"tim"t"d. ana h.,nes physical. .nvi.

2. I.I'I,Robincon t "" Comprtlhen.ive Region"l PhYllica! Planning I ASoomd Pettern Df Future Urb"" GJ:'Owthin P•••.bt ••n ••• (Probh,,," "f Urbaniuti,,"

in Pllld."b". ICllnlchi, NIPA, 1967)

- , ^.

E<:o"""'ic:1'1••••••generally eonc••••tnt" on e.;oit.l uu'. Th",y<Xl I'IOt include p1111l11far th1l Us" of land, key conlltructicn "atl,rial, snd • dedrabl. ape-Hal Dt'g"niBatiDn of vllricu" ..c:tiviUea~Phyllical p1.",ing deal. 'olith th. phrming

;,t

tobll living el'Iviro•.••

"."t

^whichb CO&lPoll"dof hnd, phyaic.l .trllcttar"" •••d vnri_

tOldto distribution ..,d ~lItribution of productio" ^phllftl! of neUon for better 111111

of

1'''''1'110,

n""re,,.

end ",reduction in •• dellirlObl. phyaical

""viro•••••

nt.4

SCI,th" om ftIr pl •••ninv of the enUre phyaicel ",w111>•••••^t in which

Thill lIId to the 101I01"tlon01'

ttl",

concept of phYftieel planning ••ithin ttl"

1n 1'".1 0"'"10"it 'lives propel" ••eight ta ever)' Ml'JU'e inch withil'l m.tional topo-IIh ••ort I

At 11ut th •• p:rof'lIs11ion we. •• "tly canddered the job of civil engin""rlI and. bit lehr, of "rchihct. but ..,onth ••"tudent. of lOC>Cialacienca .nd public

3. Ibid I

".r..•..

Hun"in .nd Khali<lShibli

"lIrb!!!!il!lltion and Urban lIolvs1C1P'"ent

~. QaIol:Uddin AIWl••dl R••qi<ln..vPlwlli~1l1 Pl,.nning ot ,",list Pski"t"n

Third S•••in"r an .o.rt:hit""turll, (0,,=0, Pekhten eo"ncil, 1966)

f "\,

\ •

I 1

_•

'"

( .r'

•

1

•

^A

^{, 0 ,} • ^,

^N

^{• , ,} '0 ^("'J

"Ill ••

""I' ⁰ _{, ,}

⁵⁰

_, ••

_I

••••• ^\

, ,

-.-

of phnni"g i. both eachl ,,"0 ••""noJIlic ...,d ttl••ulti.lo.te emphasi•• ill an the physicd devalopf!lBflt of the ~unity throughr"tion(l.1orgBfli •• tion MId ''''''

II. IlANGU orSM. THE:LANO I ~ PERsPECiIVE

Bounded ••••And Spoti.l Rlll"tionship I Sangl.

oesh,

th.. young••••t cuve-

P"",ht"" occ1J!letion f'orctJ1!l for 24 y••"r. lind over the 'illoriDu~ War of Indap.,ndenclI

It. H"" ••1. th •• nanh,,::n end of the allYof

a"ng.u.

roughly bitt••••••"

, .

o' o'."d925O

end 26 "S north latitude ""d ee D ""IIt. longitudll. It ill alm:Illt

The country h ••••lin IIrllllof 33 ~il1ion ftCre •• of which cultil/llbl" l,,"d

:ie "bout

,

22 lnillion "er"" • ("~ 1

J.

Geology And TopogrllJ>hy I !lBf\g1110..1111conei.t. prim"rily of ddt. fOrl'&d by th"

thde" g••••,,1. rivers _ the Gllng••e, Br"twllIPutr" lind Joillglme"I'd th.,;.r hundred •• of tributllrietl. Thll>donIin"Ung ^{f ••}"tUX'llllof the topcgnphy ill 1.1'111lI>c1.:r""'" fl"tnllS8 of th" """ntry h lJ""eX'lIl. In elevlltion th~ l~nd ~lop. glll'ltly f>:omlIbout 20lJ 'ft ••t 5. N••n ••Ahm••d I An E=,,",,"11: lieogrephy of hst P-'<istan ISec.Ed.L.ond:>n.

lJ)<ford Uni",•••.••ity Pr ••"', 1968) PP 13-1lJ

- ^{, -}

"ho"" •••• l ••vel

,

•

C1\1"~th" greet buri~ depression, f'iU"d ••^itt> .lll'vi ••• depo,,;.bd by the riller ••

Gerler"l Probll!lll" And (eona ••ie. 1

".et lIIajority <If"poPl.llfttion depend. entirely on it. But th" country h nJnning deficient i" 1'""d"I'd hIl" to depend on impart of food grain. fr<IllIebro••d.Thb

T.hle 1. 1

IM1'ORT Of I'OOIJiRAlNS INTO BANEiU D(Slt

T""r

I"'Port of Rice I""",rt of' ",h"llt end .••h•••^t product.

'-

^{'roo Total F_ Froo}

^T,W

^Total

West

ab:r<l.d .

'".

^{.brc.d Food-}

Pllkhbn Pakillhn gr.i". lin

000 ton,) 19",

" ^'" '" ,

113 116

",

1961

" '" '" ^{"T ,OT ,} ..

1952

" '" ". _{" '" '"}

^'82

1963 328 237

'"

²

'" '"

¹⁴⁸⁴

1964

'28 ," _'" '"

²¹⁹

."

1965

'" " ^{'" "} '" '" '"

1'966 279 13'

m - ^{m m} .,.

1967

'" '" ^'" -

^{123 123 10eS}

19'"

'" '" ^'" ." _'"

¹¹⁴⁵

Source Bsngle O""h Ob,,~r.

011"",".

feb. 20, 1912.

6. Ibid, pp 1:!-40.

- , ^-

All th" 8Vllihbl" hndll thllt "",,, b" used far cultivation art! 1I1rBi!!dy

1"", end crop """'"Ile by flood. lI••••frequent. r ••••ding of IOnever 1""""",,1ng popuhtion h•••• been" prelleing p,."bllllll of the country.

!ntM'-rd.,ticnlll1il' Dr^{industry lind}tf'\'iculture i. very do". in tb et>untry bee••""",,,"Ollt of th" ,*"""etic r ••.••••••ter!,.].. for prol:lledng lire frtllOthll IIgri._

cultural n"ldll ••nd f'o~"tII. Indl".triBliIlOltion"" stllrled in thi" <:ountr~ht.

odth " ••••••bton lII:lIltl, du•• to th" "olon1.,1 Illlploit"tion of the pftllt.

en" cropping pet tern hll\lllbe"n lI~ullt ••d to th. no~a1 condition. of :<II1nf1l11 lind noo!'ing7 •

But "hen

1'100""

fir ••

"""""d".

in ""'Pth,

rill"

to rapidly, COllIeto " ••dy

Tebb 1. 2.

fUlOll OoYMGEIlIN 8~m;UDtSH

1954 1955 '956

1962

"'"

.. ^"

13,1100

'"

13,7llD

'"

15.000

'"

Floode" ^erl!l"

(in

"'I.

mil••e) Eati.llta1:••d ri"e

CJ'Op.. 10""".

(in f1Un.RII.1

S'II,Il:CIl• Th"

""'dst""

Db••••""",,,.

0"""11,

Oct. 12, 1970.

7. V'WAPIIA I """ter PlIm, Vnl. 1. lInt.ern~tiDnI;ll Engineering Co••

c",liforni.l

o..CCII PP :I _ 36

thsr _ •• inl} probu.. in th" ""untry. The cy<:loM "trtmll genenlly occur bllfor.

""d "Hsr _1IO<lf\ 1I••"son. They originate from 10" depnlllsion in Bey of eenglll crll"tll(l by "1I:nn"""th"rly Idr •••••••frmo thll Il"" ••eeting cold"r northerly

";'1'

""IIS. Winds ov"r 120 ••ph with sw:t'n .=11". ;pte 20 ft. abov" thll '"'''' l""el ""'I'

• ".1 d"",,,,,,. to crap; proPllrty • 101111of ".ttle "nd hunlln life.

TIlbh t. 3

tYCl.Ot<EIN THEDECADE(l96C - 70)

Vo=

TiJn. of Vll1ccity Right of thll Lallll of

occUr""cll (roph) tidlll _"1IIl li".11

""'

^Twice

"" , •. ^'" _"

^5.149

1!l61 0=_

" "

^1l.ote6

1963 Once

'" "

^11.520

""

^{Twic. '00}

-

¹⁹²⁹⁷

'"

1966

"'00 - -

^15,DOD

"'"

^Twice

^'" _.'" ^'" _'"

^2,DOD

^>C,

Soure" I P•• illt •••••Obll"rvllr,

"'Y.

14, 1970 lo.cca )

II bch peopJ.••

"fhcted L.aIlSof Prop"rty R•• 19S "rares.

Y""", 'iD ths pml/inc" hilS be",n badly effected by cyclonll twic. within. p"riod of IIlDnth.

- . ^-

!llIcill1 SCIlf!"I 8l11lgl•• ne.h lin Dllerwhal.ingly 8'!IrIlrien •••d IhrllinlP-Y Ov"r <:1'I:I••d.d loInll, tIOci.o-ecol'lOlPli""Uyis eI'lt"ring " new ••gl - the ega 'If urb.ni ••"titl" •• IId"

root. of which "re the "ItU:l:a1 gmwth of populBUon. indu.Uia1 Prollrll" of ,"'- country Ind the i"fiu,", 01 fIluslill

.igr""t.

froll .djac::••t territorl •• of Indie

"",••tly clulte...,d araund thol urb.., u •••• The aDd"ty •• pir.,. highar ill/in'il

.t_

dard, Y"rrnt to throw off """".,,lie b.ckOlaro*l"a, illihrl'lCY and pnvaUing ~IIII inltqU~iti~ in .t"tul lind poaition in IIftd.b:road It individu.l mnd"IUD,..].

leI/ill.

In bngl. C•• I>r.>ciety to-<my, orglnf""tion ^{lind .••},,1uI judg-llIil.rrt n' •

•d.lIIIJlt"""lIudy teonding tD alter tn" tradition,,1 IIOcillty. Cnnfliet ...,d cl •• h bit ••""" tnditillnal and _l!%1Iingattitude and value. helll """"red and thaa

•••••VIltouched .11 -..aRt every ISPl!ICtof th • .ociet)'. Gen"r,.]. .djultrf.mt IIl'ldIcca-

•• dlltion P=CUlI is gaing on. In fllCt. llEtlwingurlI."blltion with it. virtu •••

,,"If vic •••• (....tHe ••• itl> ih IItructun ••••d :rolli, co_l1ity .l1d itso ti •••••••dd .,ecurity •••d el • .,. IItrll'trific"tiol1 IIr., ell p.uil1!1 throu!lh • trllVlomdo••• tl •••••i-o tory pwod. Under th., IIittJlltinn • persist •••t p:robl•• ill occuril1g in tile ,"il1ulI 01 think "" ."d pl.".,.ra th," howthill trlOl1ftfo"",,,Ulll1~"" h••••••d" tl'lrough • prec •••" of

b.l..,~. ",,<I

h.l'IIIDny.

C. OBJECTIVE MD !!COPE OF WE STUt!!

for tlangl. o".h, th"re h"l1 be••••hel:'d1yany "tudy lO••dll ebcut ~n9

urbeni""tion f'rmo ..,do-.,,,,,nomic ""d 8Pecidly ph,yeicel plllJlllinli point 01 view.

Although II con.idlll:'lIble BMOunt01 etudt •• h"y. bllBl1mlldecol1Cernil1gecono-ic dev••lop_t ifl undllr-develop"d <:ountriSll .mer •• 8lmgl"dllah ha. bllen "n•• 0' th.

1'O•••••••'t in

ditticulti~s, potentialities ••.•d it. bene/'it tor the societies conctlrll"d, nat in

••••• tunctional .r'eei'lncy of the region in alloceting n •••urr"s ,,"d to "st-bU.h

ng!o ••••l alI'durban .tudi"" and plane .r. elluntial f"r • vsriolty "f' r ••uon ••

cist "ffltet" of urb_d.•"Uon .nd tel pro<iK:""re adequwt. and leu IIl;IlPsnUV.enn_

"

pl.e •• to "",rl<snd liv ••

In yi •.••01' th" situ"tion, it hu beeo,"" rather t.lt-n • .c:l of' U•• hour to

"nd tutUl:'flp:mgrn".

(1) Oi.',I':Jni.",'the soei<l.eeanoldc pnuure for url>enirlstilln , (2) Drew'th. pe'tt"rn of urbftn ~ro.th I

(31 Sk"tch th. probl.m of u~etructur •• itll ragion"l CCdMOUniclItion.nd trftnsport "Ylltl•• , And

(4) Suemllri.e the who!•• "itulltion.

II. t...R""din I Urb." Phnninq in OEvs1<lpinqCountri.s (U.N. ItJnogrllph, U65)P-2

- 10 - D. "ETKlllSOF STUOY

Studies in u""••••b.U"" hllve be.., h•••dicapt"d by th glln"rll1 lsck of •• lIthod of ••e.lOUrinqOr el ••••iryinq th •• function. Or ct!viti"l1 of town•• O<:CUPlltiollslp.ttern of tt. p""ple, ••• ispon..m: =itlll'ion to det"ndn •• the f"nctiond hillHChy of thIo town••

hu unfortun.t ••ly nat b"en =lIl'lt"d in our C•••••". R"port, 1961. Sa, th••• tu<40hila b•• n b•• ~ .".inly on hi.toric.l •••thod •••••• pl •• tudy providing validity to this d,ynaMi.c t..",. of probl •• ,""ul<lin""1ve • gnat." "agn.itudll of ""rk which ia bayond the pn"ent r""".."."" ••••d ti •••. f4c1dernurbani •••tio" h•• b""" • ecoop1fP<prabl. in We.tam c:ounui •••

Thoughour bllCkll:roimd..,d p..,e of llro!lr<l•• i. quit" diff"uent, y.t a .an"d ch""p i.e th"rs. which q1ll••.•UIIinsight ..,d clUII to S)Cplsinour liw.tion. Within the "pSrtlnt di""uity b.tw""" the ls10t t.o dKst!IIa. an.parisian and ."l"lsnIlUon qiv •• u. undar.t_

ding of ctlI!lIIIOnIItrategi". of Urb..,ill"Uon,

Books on t~is BUbjecte d.1Il ",ith the probl_. of urb.ni •• Uon in W•••tun Socillti" •• a. ",.n a. on under developed countri" ••• f ,.u,i1er nllture to ••ur •• "" ••y

••l'PDrtuniti ••••••••r. liMited to d",,1 Mith

"""Y

booJc'" p!U'ti<;ular1y••n e""\lla DII.h. I .ttelopted to euppl"",....,tth" difficilll1cy by p•• plllb, nw. r •••le, n•••••P"I",r editori.ls, Go"u-.ont public.tion. ""d offie. UIIIII which deel ",itll the preb1•••• und"r .tudy.

To ••ak••• "'•• ""s"rtione ..,d .rri ••• at conclusiona, J hav. u•• d .t.U.ticel data frt>!llC",,,ua IlftPDrb Df Go"t. Df Pakist ••n. Fi"" 1'ellr PIlllllIof Pski.t •••••• d "'Ole rec:""t c:ounb •• d" by ••til•••.&avt. d$artll •••ts. a. for, Th. Election Casrr.hsion••

B"""au of Stati.tic., "-larh Er.dic.tion Offic •• te, R.liability and validity of the dat. u."" in th•• !huh "II)' b8 que.tionsd by ".~. aut to rb better os nilly bltY"nd fly prqtlllt •••••••••lInd rb hop•• 'for th •• pirical atudi." in futura. t hava ua~d ,"".Uy library •••ted"l. frrno th" library of Engi"uring Univllreity, o.CC.1 Centrel P"blic

_ 11 _

LihrflrYI USlS LibruYI Bd U~h Council Lib,..rYI 5cienl:s end &enard Lib,..ry of Oae~aUniversity , Nstional Institute of Publi~ Administration, Oal:l:a.

E. COmllIII\JT10N

Thi. Iltudy, t hop••, ,""uld hdp us tel undautand our lIOcisl and ac;onOllien."cIa, sima .nd abjectiy" •• of prop"r planning in the context of prevailing Ilituation. It give. u. to perIOd•••••dynMde nsture of urbsnill..-tian wh:i.lOhwill halP. in turn, to project futu,.. cour••e of ection.

Thill type of study wh~nbroadly b"sed ""Y help the ecano;noieplannSl: to .ak.

arein- of pnlflU'ence I'Dr c!OIve1opal""tI the Goverrrrlentto initiats policy ",.tter ••ith the unmetsnding of ohydes! n.e<ls of the pl!Opl••, achlllen and inte11ectuftl. to feel the 1etlll1 trend of thll aacill'ty "",d public in gllnaral to ~ consciau •• bout derirehla objectiy ••••Md thdr rl!311llCtiY.role fat: .,hieving sueh 'OI0d.

It h •••boVIIell, ••xpsctal;! to I.•• rag.n:led sa • !bc""'ent of urb.ni •• tian in Bengla 0...1'0 r~o:rded IIxtsn.l •••••ly r~ ths ys.r 1951 to 1971 (bllf'ars M.rch 25, 1971) which ,""uld help th" tutu,.. hbtad ••nll .nd 8Clcial scientbts to .ak. II c""'!'aut!.,.

.tudy en f'oet Iter 98"gl" o..sh.

CIlfd'TER _ T\lIl

DIAGONISIS or soCtO-ECOMONIC

DEVELOf'MENTrOR URBANI,SATION

_ 12 -

technology of ."s" p:mduetio", quid< ""d ••ffiehnt tranlpDrtation and co••••uni"••tion

on. e\lllflin th •• htll lllth Cl!I\tllr)'-()Jring the ••••gh"l ptorlcd o.cc••• "s th. on1y

Arab., PorW'JUelUI••••d (n••li.h tr ••dllU. OOrlngth. l.Iltter p.rt of th. lllth " ••"wry

••h••••the British rule "e. ~.t"blhhed in Benglll, th. c.mtr. 01' .trllCtion (>1'tnd.,

one. flourhi"9 cotta!!!! indO.try ••htc:h ruched it. z.nith during th ••••••ghal p"riod

•• t"ri.l supply b~" for C.lc:utt•• During Briti"h period the e.at 01' .dRini.tr.- tion 01' eMollof the "~nbtr,,ti •••D ~n dol•••"loped int" • urban ".ntn when pro-

_ 13 -

co-uniCBUon f'''dliU ••••_d "bamc•• of' indutltrialiB"tion, largll lI~lfl urbanillll- tion ""uld not tel<r:

,

plee:" •

Cl'U!'Itrywert! "ho <:oJIlinqinto promin"""" owing to thdr growinq f'ullcUonal.

A. HtiiH-R,o,TEDr PCPUL,o,nON GRlJIffil I

"Popul"Uon inf'1uell<:lIsthe produetivs forellB of thll country in V"rl"Ufl••••y" such fUlthr<lugh lalxlur roquireoentll, its pill end <;uelity, m.rl<"h •••d their eep;aeHy ste. The n"ture ""d ext""t of' ••••tari ••l d"vdop-

"'•••.•t end """,ort"d"'pportuniU •••• in thltir tum, .xert " prof'ound innu"n"r:

on the p""uletion, end in the process of ccntinuing ••dJulltment, int.reeting

"""grephic Gh"".", Bndp••tterne "'Brq.,,2, Too """nyp80plll in • Urnitr:d phyBicel

t.D: of viciou. drclll in which population d..,aJ.ty, frall"'enbtion of' lend in.uf'fi_

cl""t ,.oil end .ining .,••••ou>:'<:•• l~ of' capit'll end t~reby low prodUt:Uvity

1.

H.A.Ze"","

I """" ••hUon T~ ""d urb'lIlhaticn in East Ppitbn".

Urben1sIlUon in E.olltP••khhn ( 1961, NIPA.Kllri'JOhi)pp 91-92.

2. N••

n.

Ata"d, I:JP.CH, P 283.

••il~B. I!ut 01' th. tobl 1Ir"" 01' 55126 lqu8l:tl mil"", nos lllil~. U covllred by riVl!!rI .,nd 1'or""hor,,". Thu. clen"ity 01' popul"Uon i. 922 p~r sq••• ih on I!lvsrl!lg"

Mil th" highest dendty ito

HalO

p••r aq. Ilia, 01' which onI-y 5.19 pereent popul_

tion Uve in lIrqtr ciU"s •••d town". lind t~ """at 84.91 pe""'ent of the p.opl."

Uv"d in 61,4424 vill,,'] ••• where popubtion

,

reng. "",i,,11 greotly • DbviouaJ.yW.

ill one of the very denuly popu1..t••d """. of the ••••dd. Of tim toW popul.Uon

••lmo.t 85.26 p""",ent of the total labeur 1'o"",econ••tituttl agricultural lolbounr ••

Agriculturel CI!Ilf!U"R"port 01' 1960 rl!lP0rt•• th"t in lI""Vlld•• h " VIIlt populltion

.ely limited. II tabl of 1.6 IOillion .cre. of cu1t""eb111,.""tI 1ll11dcan b" tlpp"d with diff'iculty IIftdcost but .t th" •••••" tim. ellow.ru::e h,," to bB •• d" 1'''r growinV enc:ro~t.en1: upon agrieultural l.,d fol' fIOn-lIgril:u1tur.u ~""1.

AccordinVto th" planning t""',,,hllian, p"pul.Uon of Sengl" De"h ill incr" ••eJ,ng

Uo" ¥ill bII "" egricu1tuu. Thie definitely rliprnen1:11a ""'ioul circl", "nd it is cl~er th"t egdeulture1 uetor ihelf is not in e position to f•••d, nor to .pc ••••

0'1'th. incr"aeed population in future. but "f present ~. Su:tpl"" papul."U"n ill

"",illUll1y thrM~ !!Con"",i"d"vllloP"'ent of the country.

3. "",""gll':'nf f'vbli,,"ti<m I tenl'" of Pekhtom (K"rllCh1, 19611 Vol-2

•

"ut "r eulUv"tilln for hIlusin!! "r .is d••wted to fo"d crops f"r .ub.iltencll th"n

"th"" ftgriculturd Clluntri.,. with <,lr".tsr .quipoosnt ,,"d teclln!>l"W pm' Wllrkllr, Unb.ll it intrcdul::"" Cllncentnt..d pett..rn

,,1'

living in 1'1pl"nn"d wIlY,,1"Man ll",tU••

a.

INOOSTFltAL

fFJEl-DPfIlfHT

IN DANGLA OESH

fCONO!!!

in ~y IlCIundtlCOflamicd1lVll1ll1*""tprogr_. An under-devll1oPlldcountry lackinll in rll"oureas IIIU.tbuild industry Isrgdy b."ing on to •• "trllngth

,,1' ••

Ilst it h". th"t i. "grieulturill. And -th •• iIoprov","ent in ths productivity

,,1'

sgrieultun ill ons of th ••MO"tcolid "'Il8IlS,,1"~ramoting industri8l1zIltionl inf"ct unlellD .gricultur ••

clllllltries is Uk"ly to b" eut "hurt by leek Df'.arksta, for th •• great ."jllrity

""mts csn ""t go YIlrY1"er un1"",",thus is industrial devalD~snt to t.ka lIP th.

~. Euglln. Stllte1y I Th!Futurll of under-devBloplldc"untries(Londbnl ~_JD4.

- 16 -

1:"" .atuhb fra. tt.. loce! cotten. liUhlla indu.trie Wen lIlaallt 1'01:cetuing the Qeds of .df' "uff'icient vil1agll ~nitie. Ora ",.Jority of tt.. .".ua""a wert!

ttlert! Wllaherdly eny inc"ntive f'iU ioopravin; tha akill 01:t-=hnolo;y a. tt..ra lola.no tltr'e••t of COIIlPetition"nd th" prate,aian lollSh"ndLtery. Dn the other hend urll•••

htduetry w". entirely dependent upon the patl:onagOlof tNt al:h.tocncy and crutlld te thd:r lu,,""Y d_..,dA. S Th. IndL"n urb"n nti""n attain.d high .kill of p:rof-=1- ency wMchwonf'_ for th ••••• d for thai,. praduct. out-ida tndLa. Ind.ed Indian cnf ••• nehip wee ranlced hiQhe.t in th. wol:ldof' the p"dod I handllork. in .Uk,

th. lI'•••t.

Indi. in til. leth century

W"

.lIl\uf'ftCturing ae wall

a.

agd.c:ultu:ral CO'Untry.

arb •••••••• ra..ut of ."ch ••.•g. and export rathOlr tl1"n for locll1 u•• '.6 S. !l.R. Godgil I Th. Induetria1 [\lDluticn of India in Rec.nt Thoe.{Gokhda

Inetitut.. ,,1' PoliUC. and Econoldca,Paone.194S)p 134.

6. "'.K./qaul «:.d ••• Changing Society in IndioJ•••d Pakistani Dccc•• 19611p-<l1.

-11-

ch•••g" in llri ti ••h Colonial policy to find rllrt e"pend"d ••"rk"t for ever in-

cre"Bing bulk of inliJ••tri"l products. E•••t India CoOlpanyend th" BriU.h .P••.•U •• "nt

'"'Plaiting the country ,,"d •••da Indi" ",b-.urviant to ttll' Indu!rlriee of Gr"••t SJ,iWn. Indian ••rti ••""••••••re forced to work in thE!COIIll'lIny'.fectary. Prehibi_

UVB t""iff includad Indi"" ••ilk and cotton goode ••••.,e ••rtdtt ••d in India fn. of

<kItyor on payment of nominal duty. This ill rath ••r " pllinf,,1 epieod •• which can BJ<Plllinth •• "cOI'"<I"ieeonditicn of th" IndiM people of 19th ellntury end thBir halplell8 dllpllndenc•• on ..,,,ieu1tu",, Thu. iJMtlllll!l"••_tern ,u_ta ••••"•• imported to di""""t til •• old tIOdllty btrt not to bring roopid eeof\DlTlic.,;!vance.7

In th •• IIar1y twIInt1Btlleent"ry. I:,ucutta and o'lhu m.tropo1itan ciU"", of Indie fIIad•• " relJI"rl<ab1"p:rogr_" in •••nufecturing :ind\J"t:delh Th" Eurep••,,"

cep!tal inve ••t ••d in til•• v....,:iou"breneh"l1 of indulltry ine!udin'J jute on the b.,-,k of Hoog1y"iver. 'TtN. 1:"1cu1;1;,,.the "'!b of Europ""n antBl'Prb ••• indirlllrtly P't_t"d d••V'Il1opII•••t "b ••.••hertl. perticul"rly in E""t iJIIlngal"'rll".8

So. during th.8 18,,10.200YIIIIIIIof Briti"h occupation this r"gion f"d tho. ""''''' induOltrielly dav••lop"d "" ••n of Indi ••n lIubcontin""t with ••"n mnd"ot •.•

"i"l" ~lIining itself poor. femish"d lind und..rdeve1oplld.

7. John 1l"lIIJc"lWOflI British J!!I!!~"ial.i••• in India (Lambn. 1935) P-~6 8. NoIfi" At.~dI Cp. Lit, P 217.

_18~

Sincs p"rtition eucc"••••ive ""Uonal 6ovt•• c,,,,tributlld tc ••••.dIothe ..co""",ic growth though th" """lint of ••.•cc"•••^W(lD not .uch IOignificilmt. Th"

pee" of d"v"lo~"nt W,,"aceelsr"t"d to ""i~nific"nt extent "inc" ~b

relfiln. took Ov"r the power in 1958. 10Irgely dull to th" dIot.:noin••d pOU'suitof

" n..-be:<O3fdeY*lopl,,,!,,,tO3rientedpglici"". Beginin~ ••ith th" 'tiut fiv" ytler pI"" • "u.hin"d "ffort for ,.ll round dl'lvft1oplllentof th" country' • .conollY hll" b""" ••ed", •••ith th. •••"""nful i.IIlpl"lIIItlltion of the Second FivlI 'I'eer PI.,..

trlppling th" indu"trie1 inve"tMent, •.•rb""ieatiol'l gained II new

_""two

lind th" t~ continued fer the eucc",5"iv" pl"n period. Ofcollr8". 'to. p"rform"nc.

of the induutrl"l "ector in th" Third Pl"n. To""••h llubBtIlnUftl. hila not be""

entir81y ••••to the e""ertetion, Th" plan h." had • chequ"rlld cUe"r. It. got of'f to " difficult "hrt in 1965-66 ..,d the PSCllof inve"tment el'Idproduction

•••••"'iI"in ••••"et by the di.turl","C"ll of 1968_69,.9

a•••••101lJeh Ind""trill1 Develo~".I''.:Corporeti<Jn (fo"'''1: EPJOCItl:" •• its history

mm

1962 b"i",:! bifurc"tIId of develop:r>entin the country. This proved to b" " ••lOjor lOt"!'w-rd" th" indu"trill1 gro••th ""re. Th•• c"pits! in",•••tro"nt by th" COrl"I:t""tionu.hered " new er" of indu"trial gro••th. beth in the field of con"•••"r .nd c"Pitsl goode.

I"r:rnnthe "be",,, lltUdy it revealll th"t the ••••

w

or thA Ind•.••tris! Revol••.•

tion effected very ~t~ to toi" pert of the "ubcDntinent end e. n r"eult tn.

dorIIogrllPhicporttlll:Oof tnen"nll~tUl!lllent in urben are". de.-.1oped in.ignifi~

ennU)' in eoaplll:!llOnto th •• eountrien el>joyedmnjor indu"tri"l deve1opm,,,,t.

Kings!"y Oavi" note8

...

.,,..

the """ Il.jority of the intlebtt""h lira city Mll.,rs, Il""rly flOperc ••.•t (If th •• p.,pl.e in ttl" llnihd KingdPmI1vII in citi •••, sa do nl!uly TOp~c"nt (If th. pecplll of th" lJoite-d Stolte•• Contr".t this with th" preindulltria1 ci .••i.

lized wadd, in which only •

.",.,ll, .,dally

dcminent minority lived in citb.J.O •

The tr"ditionel Illlt!'cd of ••griculture end~n sbtll of industria!

illlpereti_ on Oil'!'p.r't to r".tlap" our UI'Idudevdop.d aQricultunl IIDcillt,yinto

" well belon" •• de".lnp/llgEO-indu.tria1

.,

IQcillty.

C. EFFECT

or

^PARTtSION

of thb "ubC<lntinM't fll"Qh1: f'al' finding Il .,u.tBbb t-c. ••f'or thll1r ""tiona!

•

I!II""t •••••, terwl"d !IS pM"tition by

c""",,,,"

ter<dnclogy. Since ttl" country ••••

Indu"tri'll!1 ""i.eh ••1Ir8 dsltllloped by th" ""lonia! adunhullwrll wera located ••^t

9. Go"OlrTlO'ent of Pakl"t,," I The fourth fiv!! Year 1'1,,"

lhl •••absd, 1970 l P 355.

10. liidl!On Sjob"r\! I "Origin lind E\lQlution of ciU" ••" ll:ntEs.Scientific AIIeric.

New York. Vbl. 213, 1b.3, 1965) p.31.

-"'-

The ••",,,,, ""'•••• ":rl<,,d••• B,,"g1. O"••h (folIO"" Eut hkbten) ""B the IOU$Iplierof r_ ••terillb Bf'ld 1""""'" In ;r••ality. the e"treprllllu"ra! ability, technical pe.,aonne1, nki1l"d ••nd u""ldUe<! lolbour •••ploy••d in diff"nnt indus-

t.,i."

of' undivided Indi. """d to com.f~ different p"rt •• of tke country and

t""•.•••,,"

no on" Pllrt. which wu 1I111fllUfficientin thi-. rlllPllct.

~fter p"rtition ••!moat ~ the urb"n "re". of Bang!"

De." ••

er"

"ffllCt"d ^iii" t<l eonigr••Uon

,,'f

Hinlt-J ."rcnent". tr"dertl "I'd entreprBllBllr •• of 8<1"'"brlilll ••Ule ..te. The V8CUIIIthie cnllIted in the popuhtion of a"'1/1.

o.."h.11" filled up to " grl'lllt utent by th. foIualim:lIraigrllntll frmo Indi". Th1.

hug" influx of .,,,fug••,,,, .,.,re IlO.Uy settl"d in an Ill"Hlnd thll diffl!r1lnt town.

of

8""gl •• O""h,

.mang ••hieh On""., Chitt ••gong and Raj.h ••"l absorbed the

l""lI"t

nlJfMb"r. ~ n!lIult, 1951

ten." •• ,,'f

^{P•• htan} ••rowed IIhl1rpup••"rd trend of popul_

tion in _~ ttl••",. end cUba of Bangh au.h.

o. OEVnnPMM Of TllANSPORT AND COIMJNICflTlON

Th•• o:rigin of growin; ""'b••••c••••tJ'••••••••••••••"••• h••• th. p.,.,duct of

••gricultur ••l ••uJ'Plu••• end ita "ccUDul••tion in f"vouJ'••d loc ••tion - to"",, or ciU~II, This "dequ.tll food ~urp.lu. "a" tha ba••i. of ••>datllnc•• of ttl""". end tha nUn of food prcduneJ'. ttl no""produeaJ'" r •• in ••• Ulbl••^{fuJ' ••} long tilll••, P""pl•• 11ving in di ff'lIrant ••••rly citi.... h••d 110cc••••vnicatia" end .••••J'y li",i hd tJ'en.pcrl f ••cilitilla, R••afdllntia1 .obility ••••••h••rdly itll••gined and "n•• knew nothing ••bout th~ m••••of ned ciU ••!•• Th•• "J'II. of uJ'b~n.pee ••••••• li.,it ••d ••ith anonymav..cro••dy living ••t th. c~ntr~,

,

••21.

Our urb8n life is B revBrea1 of t~et an~ient at.ti~ order end brought ChBngeB in werk end mcbility. It is no longer an abode of leisure clnse. but of • WOrk-plll"lI^f"cr non-.griculturll1 pursuit ••• Jobdern method of tr"'eport and 1"".""'_

cent:re ""U"iti"". ThUll •• ...,noof upward trllOutian ill crented ••^t di/lh •.••nt

recently hlle begun to inject B considllrllblllel~lInt. of townsfolk into rural

for ""'•.•• fe"quent end repid COllI1lluniclltion.

!luring the Britieh rul •• in IndiO!, th" gro••ing commercial nlllld" required b"tt"" tr"n"l>Ort and CO!IIIIlunic ••ti"n flleiliU"" .."d CftlCtlttll being a pr •••iu port

HUn" ""rIOt.!nprovedto l!Mble the hint.rl,nd to direct its geod••t" ClI1cutt".

to COnsumere in East Bengal. Thus chillf function of rllil,wBter lind road trans- port 10"" "" ""IV" ••ith "'lin lind ",,,hrill! to the Calcutt ••••1kI"'il1y"egion. Tn"

"

ll"od •

11. Nefh Amed I Op.cit. l'-2Sll.

.;n-

P~rlition "f th~ ""b"ontinent c~."d ~ yr•• t di.r"ption to 0"1' tren"port

"y.tefD. a.nQladuh w"" left with only" ••••11 p":tt "" Chitt ••;cnQ with liloihd f"cilitie.. MorllO~:t,owin9 to the "tr"in of the SecondWOrldw.r yeeF", ,,11 fo","" "f tr""'lIlI"rt in a"ng1e De"h_rtl I;Ildly depleted ". th" are. w"e'in f:tant of' eUl'ply"h"",nde for the war oper••tion ••• gai•.••t th" J.pll"""" on th" Bu"",_

Aa,,_ Seng••l fmnt12• I_ ••di"t81y ••ft"r partition th" Gov••••••cnt .tart"d rel:On-

"trueUon of tr"",.pcrt f~ilitie" conn-eting th".~rtRnt_centr~ with "rban Carl! ,md providing i"'P=v"d f""ilitie. for w"hr and "irport". Sa, th" irtproved

~aan. of tr""lIlIort and cam.unic"tion, an" of th" inport"nt factor. reftPCnaibl"

for "rbani"lrtion, d:>"",..,t t""" ••• ih rich hhtory in this "re. b..,k to partiion.

!itill """'Y rurd ••ra••••arl! left hop81aasly to ClInhct ••ith n~ighbouring l:<IlIm>- niti"" 0" tr"dft """tr",,.

t. sPREAD OF EDUCATION.TRAtNINq fACILITIES AND SPDNT6NEDU5 TREND TOWARD URIIANISATlIlN

ECDlKIIIli"daVl!lloplO"ntin th" ",odem world d"",,,ndeedu"ational facilitbs

"t evt'!rylevel. Thh h be""''''' ,""d~rnindu"try 00"" nat only d"'end .killed l"bo"r b"t "1",, ••ffi"i""t ••"n"!led"l. ",*"inistrativl! end ""gin••,,ring pllr•••nnlll.

Sin"" d""alaJll'l""tof ..,da! inf'r ••••tru"tur& i •• sin-QUe-nonof econrndc ". well

••••indu"tdal d"velop,.u.nt,the "t""d"rd psrfo""""a of te"",her•• docton,n"r-

••••• ~ci"l workara"r~ eB"••••Utl1. So ther" i" need ""or training in tho""

euxiliery .phera".

12 Ibid, 250.

~ 23 _

R"alising th" gr"at n""d f'Dr .zve1apm""t of hu!oenreBllurc:"". Gav"rn- ment in it" "uc:c:"""iv"plan•• IP"nt a can"id"rabl. ~unt of man"yan educe-

tion end training "cheme", N••~ly "Gtlbli ••h"d g••n••ral end techni""l univex- siti"" along with enginpp.ring end m"dical call"g"" Bt different citi".ttown", d,,~i"g II goad numb""of "tudent" mnd"t"ff fram different part. of th" "oun- try. working 1''' a g""••t fillip toward. urbBTlh"tian,

Educ"ti"" dep""bo"nt in B""gl" DIl"hh••" taken the r ••aponaibility f'Dr running voc"tianal ""hoal", The Oir""torllt" of Indulltrin ••nd Rural Industrial

""rvies of 0••ng18 De"h~&ll Indu"tries Corporstion "r" or~llr>i"ing tllCnnician end craft" mllnlevel training c""tr",, in th" country. Th" latter h." been found keen in c"rrying the trllining fociliti"s in the r~test rural ares. "nd have ext,,"~d facilitiell to womenin eam••••uitnble tr ••des, In edditian Bani'll"O""h Indu.triel T""hnicsl Auiet....,s Centr•• has be"n opened lOtDaccllto offer ••I-<Irt caura. trnining to t""hnic:al ••en in jeb,

Be"id"" the p~i"ing cecnomic:opportunity of cities. nat ~i.t. in rural "nviro•.••"nt. the ch";rI!l""d gl...",ur of urball life cantinu"l1 to dr_ p""pl"

to CitiBII. 'one. thay llriv" in the cIty ond becom•• 1nvolv"d in the struygl. for empla~"nt. thuy "nc:ounter ,,"d1ells diffic:ultia~. but paeeibility of finding emplaY'""ntill alw••ys prellent.

F. ErrEtT OFURBANISATIONONft:ONOMICreVEIOPMENT

PclliU"", Eff""t I

LJrl,,,,,

c"ntree Qrowup lergdy b""auSll peepl•• went to be

"loll. to • v••riety af f""ili U ••••_ bUlline"" "nd prof"lIeional cantact".llduca- tianal in ••titutionll. rl'Cr"ation ••nd "ulture1 fa"Uitiell requiring I'•••.tir:ipaticn

•• 24-

pllrticipllt10n of' la!"911nlftber. of peopl", sp...,ieli""d shop. and other peopl"

"

with ,,1mi1,,!"tlllltll • Som"writllrll uphold the idea thllt the cor~"latio!'l of

h"••••"","••IOp"d in th" Pllllt in IQllny""untriell lOB'cu1tur,,1' ""d GOII"rJ1III•••.•t e"••.•

trll" or "" ollergrown1li111lge.. Out the future eeonc~ic grawth will b" centred in urb"n "r""e, lIi111f11ybllCIIUB"they p.-ovidll both poole of 111bourand ••erioull public f""i"iti"". Contin"ed urb""i •• tion, including th" g.-owth"f new pcpu>-

The urben CllntUII prollid" both the ingr"dil!!'ltll of indulltria1inticnl Supply llr 8\:Ubd hbour fore" lOI1dpublic f...,Hiti,," conduciv" ta the hw •.••.

rabl" llT\lIiro•••""t for it'lV"et1llent.1M. i. the lIi.."l" re"lIOnwhyurb"nia"tion

vic"" in ciU"", th" ••c,n"""ie," of Scal" in""lv"d in urben Qro••th and phrn"l Ilcan~icB orll"t,,11for oth"r ""tillit1e8 by ,,"ch new enterpri." or lI"rvice eatab- li"h,,11in 01'111town IlrlI w"l1 kno•••.••

nn" ~rtllnt point i. p"rhep" n""d"d t" IItrees that highly treinlld

scnneb of I'Iidr.lle""d high position in "lther the public Or prill"te sector h"••••" gr""t p.yehclogiclIl inclination to Ii ••" in Dr near citie". Ellonif the

".,\:" of • "trong r"""ure" potantiality, ,,1'1inll""trill1 unit gro••a lIt " non-

n.

8,,"j•••in Higgin. I Econ(lftlicO"""loPJllent( 1960 Lon"'n) P-

urban area, public ~.cilities scs put there to give impetars f~r &BDoth functioning of tha industrial bu.iness and the aree is drew cloas" to

i"po"t"nt civic c""tree. brewing indu"tri ••l_ urb"n c""tres in and around the e!'lvirons of o..c"•••••y b" "at ". good '''''~lIlplellin thl6 HII•• (Ref. Kap.2)

or urbani""tion. lik •• delin~uency, drug .ddietion, IIlCDholi~, sex,gambling.

baggex;y,eriloll, dillallBeI end fru"tr.tion in f ••••ily bond and eulturB1 pettarn.

ill hoUlling••nd 81"", <!wltHing"nd ,""cio-lloliti,,1ll unraet *e_ to b" worth

Si""" th" Worldwer II, for .ub.t ••nti81 reUon •••H knownto "'''.!It of u., eitywftrd migr"tion h••• l""""I1""d 'to the point of pllin in ••"n.\' regione. Ths prcbI ••• IISpect of this sudd"n flight frtm tl,,, land is moat acut" in th" d"ve- lDplng CDuntd"lI, """"" th" 8Cut"n.n Df the IIitu"tion ,"IIYbll .".""ured by thll number"1I10nll,thllt ill the emplo~ent nll"d" of • country IIr" t~ bll ",,,alluredby un""",loY"'entin a city excellsively burdened by in- .••igranh.

Insplts of ell ths dllfeci""ci,,. in the ~plo~"nt ~t"tilltic. it is avid""t th..t the trend of growing un••••••loJlAlentin Ball(ll. Desh•.••not likely to r,wers" itllelf in the nller future. Eeont".ie hu"tratio", u"••••ploY"'''nt ""d

""du-

Olmoloym"ntin urbe" araa•• ere more f"tal than in villagll. It .,nk"" politiclIl ertterprhe "",re rl"eir"d "•• " ",elll'1"to ••t"tu", "nd pow"",

"

•

lAo S"nt! T"ngri ,"Urbani"••ticn. I'oliticlll Shbilitv lind Economicbrewth-.

Indi.'" Urb"n Future {rd. by RoyTu""••~. Univ. Df California fOr••••••6url<el"y,l961l Pl'192-212

f~",

the I:.,I''''U''Repo:tt of' 1960 IP.k.htan /buaing Cen.ulI) and fro••

thll IIxperiem::1Iof othllr d"".,lcping ""Ul"Itria. in r""ant de:"delI. it ie observed thet t-ousing c:ondiUon,;get WOr""in urban are.". "" c:onge"tion and s1•••• !lro", t~ ne"def to ospenrlie 1l'O:t"on urb"" S""II" to prDvid" h".lth lind ••••eniU ••",

CiUes give birth to politic:sl 0" other l"arlerll I Or rl••••thn the"",.

~ ••@jar c:onsequencsof' western oppreeeion hea been the !Iro••th of nationalist end th"" aoeiel1ete ideologiee in the ~frD_~eian countries. The conlltant .ocio-""ooomi=- poliUe.,l dieeont ••••t. gr"lItiy ",""if"sted in urban e"ntr ••", CIIUIIIItraublell in decillion ••eking procees snd ~ooth impl~entetion of th"

publie policies. "",tB"ding ""onolnicgrowth of the country. Ita c:onsequence18 f"r reec:hing, mayfruetrete the ••t-ol" K!>cu._eeonolnic"tnrctu"", of the country.

So, the dedr..bility of the "he end p"UlU'T1of urbani"ation is "" iMportsnt el ••••.".,t of the n"tionlll plllnn1n9"'Buix, Th. dftve1op""••.•t c:anoot be ""_ed do••••

on those qrDund. Hinde"inq the growth ciUe. ••ill entul •• greet "a"tege "f

~lIn ~eoUrce. Stebility end .ulltein"d !Irnwth"'v.t be ettained through th.

pro"e"e of p1"nne~ in"""tJoent end distributing J1I1XiJnU.,,"rvi"l111for the ",ejority of the IlOciety.

• ••••••••••••••

,

,

CHAPTER.

THREE

PATTERN Of URBAN GROWTH

_27~

A. CUR URBA~ HERITAGE

Th ••urban phel'''''''''"''"!ft, ••ithout /bubt, on" of the ..,st striking

~.,,,tur.,,,of "ont~orary civiliz.tion1• The history of a ••ng"l is recorded

••ith e rleh tr"E!ition of hr twon b"ildinll "inee the Jrd e"nt"ry B.C. There

pI""

WThere ••••r••to••n" of conaider~l" "iz" in enci""t .nd "arly

grim~g ••Dr ~"rcie1 activity b~"u"" of "uitable loc"tion end f8Cilitic"

th" ~in" of which Ii" on the b"nk of k.r ••toy" river about a"v"n ~il"" north of Bogr" h" ••,,1"0 bee~ id"ntifi"d "" the old city of P.undrev ••rdhen •• It ••ppear.

to h"ve flouri"h ••d from the ""rly Chri.ti"n "ra till the Mu.Iiu eDn",,~ent.

tn"t aeng.l) ro.e into prominence. Oth"r contempor"ry eiti.,,,or tho" ••of elightly lat"r development ."rOI Vikr~pur of th" San" kings in Dace. di"trict.M¥-~

JII••yn •••••ti ne"" Comilh "nd po ••••ib1y Chatigr •••• (CMU"gong) ••••re "entre" ,,1' Buddhist cultur" ••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••

".1. M"dm ••J. B"anjen _ (i"rini~l Urben (iMlgrephv (LDn/bnl Spolti..."o<!l'l.

B"ll"ntyne CD. ltd. 195_3) P.2 2. II.C.JIl"junder,Hi.t"ry "f Bengal, Vol. t 'Oaeell, 1943).1 P.64J

. ^-

I-fINDO CIVILiZATION 5HI TO 12',1-1C"N-r(l~Y AD

6UDDf/IST MONASTER.Y lOW Cf:-NTURY AD

,- -,

"

,

~

,

_ 2 B -

t •••d"d tD "erve" v,.riolty Df functiDro" b"iro9 lOilitary, political. "d'nini"tx_

tive. ~ ••rcial Dr r ••ligiDn" centr." •• well "" eeteriroQ fDr induetrLal

"""yn•••••U we" thll cllPitlll Df Che"dr. King. who"'ere Buddhi"t11Ilf\druled frtJIII 900 tD lOSO~.O. It "'". then celled RDhit~iri4.

cit"del. built by ~"o~•• on " relic Df Lord Buddhe. P"h"rpur IIDn""tsry i. 'I .,;.g- ni fic ••••t e'JtllIIIPleDf Buddhiet "rehi t""tUrfl. BuildinQIIlnlre pl ••••n"d to ItCcOlfJ/llD-

ted by ••• "cropolill cont!,ining • IlOn""hry and • etupe, ("cev.UDnll lit Meyn••••

••"U "I"" "ho.••th" •••••" forme! develDplllent"" .t Peherpur. !Iindu erchitectB

which >Ie. "uth""Ucelly Bengali. The Mu.U••• "tut with fDrUfied buill;ling.

3. N"fb ~"",••d I Op.cit. P. 7'-

.-. r,~.Kh ••n I New~rch••~109iceJ DiscDy••ri ••••iro [".t P.ki ••t.n (0"""•••Pub.o.ptt. Gcvt. Df [.P, 19S511 P,4-S.

• •

. ^{. ..}

^"

^...

: "f'''' " , .

;,

.

o

+.!

1•••••• l •••••••

'11' ~ •• :-1._-.

liII '_-_

~

o .

•

,

~ ~

:.;~ 't, :

@;."

J::1' II .,".

A.' .l.. ^f~'d!

c" _

...

^~

. ^{. .}

•

•

. ^,

: ~ 1

- ~$=';:,': ~ _{• •}

' .. 'J

-I ., ,.

I, ••••

'lor

!

... ^..

^,

, .•..

1".1'

• ,

"

[;r::CAVA.1'fONS ,\1' GOl(UI,.

DreT.Cue.,.. 60612'"

,

J/INDO Ti!fYIPIA fJCMAINS 'fl'/) "012.Tot

GF"'J Tunv 1I11 eUDDurST M(Jfo!llj'TCRy.

e

^{TI! C.NT(JI'Y AD.}

BY covlnrsr;.

.APCIIA6:0LO(;.)' Df.P7T.

6CVT. OF 1l1l"'(;I,.;1D,S'I

•

- ^,

.29.

t~"tu •.••end pl"nning in B""9,,1 ••••'" h••rdly not"d """rtht • How""Br about th" begi_

"in", of th" tw."H"th "r:ntury ••••find

...m"

UIIF"'"'''' to loc.ool "rwirum •••'" in colonl,,1 ~rchit~turftS. (Fig _1 end Fig.21

Thoughth" i"'Porta""" Dr twon huildinl/ W?B r..cognia"d by til" Sriti ••h

"Clill'" opin". th" city of Kursidlobad"

w".

^{in hi"} doIy" "0:<" populo" •• 'than

london end •••••••••• Beng.!

"t

hi" ~" contain"d big and populo,,",citiel,,6

Aftn th" s<>lidfo<md"Uon of til •• Briti.h rul" l"id DVl!!rth" "ubcoMHn."t, 'th"

but, on th" atm. •. I>•••.•d. til" •.••tillS ""rtain!y •• \I"•••t decreas!! to b•• flCcounteU

Munhideb"d. Luck""•• "tc., 7 Indl,lI.t:r:bl d~.16p ••"nt in this region during the

p:robleooto prvi"" in competition witt. H,. che-.l' mll<:h"nica1prod""h of th" •••

".t

But " qood nunb" •.of di"tri"t end ",ub-diviaiDnal h~d quart" •.towne, with " much 5. "'.II."I'oo••d I ArchitP'Ctu;r" i ••(est Pekht"" upto 12-47(O~II. Third S••••inu

On ~rchitecturll. Paki.tlln COuncil. 1968). P.8T.

6. O.R.&lldgil I Op.Cit. l"-

• No•• in West Beng.u, Indh.

1. Ibid.

-"'-

~l""",i"g in the present """, for 8""g1. Oeah, b ver~ brief. Townplanning in it", rudiJaent.lry ((,:<10

stnt"d

only .ft"r "..rUtinn "nd wntinued in Ill""

'form during- the f'i•.••t d."lId••• F~ 1958 "". to the growing •

..nd

of bnd for varioue develoll"l"nt purpas ••e p1""ning etart"d <;Iainin•• _8 ilapartance 8•

B. URBAUISATIn!'l I WHAT IT MEMIS

l

Urb""i""tinn i. " praeeell thraullh whi"h an incre ••nin1J proportion o'f p""p1e liv" toqllther in II co""...,tr.ted loce1ity having ClIntinuou. ealhetion of

!'lOu"",. ""d enjoy in CDmIlC"the b"" ••fitla of certain public utilitiu. tiuenUUvely

e. urb,,".

8. Ikb." o..veloPl"eMOir~tcr ••bl Phvgicd Planning ProgI'lIl1!l' (Oe''':'''' 6ovt. of u.st p"klst8n, 1968) f'-9

Th" "t"",""'rds app1i."d for dilt:Lngui"hir"J lIn urben •• '". di1'f""r 1'X<llI coontry tn country "nd ••••01d "",," to bs lllrgely bllS"d en th" Jlnv.iling con- d:LUon. in thll cauntry. ',The b"d-. uSlld in P",",:Llltnn'",r thll division blltwl'llfl

~

(MunieipslitylTcwn (""""itt",,) or both. Accarding tD C,,"!lUIld.t'iniUon of 1961, urlIlln arllM inc:1ud.,d

ul

IIIlJnicf.pa1itbll, civil linclI •••d •••••w"",enta

••••t inc10d"d ••ithin lunic:ipd limits "",d llny other continuous caU""Uon of hoc"••••:Lr.h.b:Lt.,dby 'not hilS thlll'l5,OOD PllrSIJn:~.

,

~!n deciding th" urblln "hllrac:tllr of II placll certllin oh"rec:tlri"tlc:I, lI.g. =""""n utiHti"", :rae""'. ""n:Lt,,tion. 5c:oool" "",d lIl:LniJolJll• ""l1"gl, ..,d epac:i,,11y non-lgriou1turB! occupltion 0' the plIOple "rll 1I1~ look"d into.,) Thu. ^{II •} epechl "lin. II 1'_ lUll" .hich hlld th"slI orb"n chll"""teri"tie"

"

rurlll •

g. I!len"gllr. Gollllrnllent.f! PubU""tion I C","US of P"killtomW61.llCllrKhU Vo.2 10. ["nau" of P••••iahn. H61

c. URB~NISATInN IN THE PRESENT CEI'lnlRT

, UrbB!"PJPu1l1tion i •• lll>rIf.dlIery un8l/t!l'l1y

,

Ollllr tt>e world Surhce,

l,

but thll regions of IIxtreme url!eni••"tion "" •• fmw"nn r •••tricten. Jt ill II IIl1ry- ing ",ixtur" of eeem"",ic IlfllllIIOebl fore"" ••hiet> rler:idell th •• paUlIrn of urbani_

utilln in th. world ta-day. A century end II helf "11"only "bo•.•t

2.""

^{of th"}

,world. popu1"tion lill"d in town, in 1850, it raieen ".:K in 1900 it ••"a 9.~

and 1950, 20.9',(. It h ""tiJolltl!!<lth ••t in ••••0. 2,000 it will b" ••~ At pr""""t

trial countri"a bOt hardly ••noogh to disturb th" 9""••"al up••••rd ^trsnn

"

^•

,J

thi •• century. MunJ.eipaliU"a which nurtur"d t.,.inin~ in "e1f- GDv""•.••ent fOrlllfd the nur::l"aueof politicO-ll'Conomico-alhinhtretille unit •• facilitie" for t!duc_

, ,

it. In thh _Y II buil't in fore. ""II cr,,"tlld and th!l gro••th 01"'to_ "ulI'tein"d

11. Emry".lQn", I To••"" lind !:iUS' (Lona:m,Oxford UrI1v••rsity Pr""", 1966) 1'_13

_ JJ _

TABLE J, ¹

U,S,A.

,""".

J.,.,

Union of South Afri""

U, A,R, ,.Jord ••"

S~lIin Colombi"

flrll2i1 TunieLt 8u1gllri.

Alg••rh

R•••

"ni"

""':ro,,=

PMi"t"" hiitMut 8~1" eellh) In!!i"

Inron ••"i ••

P",,"enbg,,("l of Urb.n Pop ,

,

(,,:roUl'ld 19(1)

".0

-69.9

69.6

61.2

65,S

6J,5 '8.J

J9.7

J9.2 J7.7 37.0 J6,3 36.2 35,0 3J,6 32.6 31.3

Ihln\lh O""h

•.,01 Uq"n""

"50ure" I li:i"9,,1••y o..vi" I

S.2

2.' 2.'

"ThllU~niB"tion 01 HUh." I"opu1"tinn".CITIE5.

5<;i..nti

n"

.'J,",d."., N,Y, 1965.

~ 34 _ TAl!LE3. 2.

PERtENTAGEOF URBANPOPUlHJDN TO roTAl POPULATION(BAI!GI.!IDESKl

19111 2.43 H121 2.' 1941 3.26 1961 S.2

1911 _M' 1931 2.62 1951 4.34 1971

1.'

TA!!!.t 3.3.

IlI:REASE Of' URB•••••PllPULATtOItDvrR TIlE DECAO£(percl!l'lbge)

1901~l1 14.96 1921-31 22.55 1941_51 111.41 1961 S.2

1911_21

'."

^{1931_41 42.114 1951_61 45.11 1971}

^1.'

TAau ,. 4

QECENIAL VARIATION IN NIJIolBER Of' URO"," CENTRES WITH POPULATION LO&D Of'

DIf'FERENT SIZE ^ClASSES

Year 5,aoa 5,000- 10,000- 20,000- 50,000- 1,00,000 Totd 10,000 20,000 SO,DOO l,lllJ,lI00 •••.•d o"ar

1951 1961 1971

,

1

•

11 21

"

"

"

"

ro

"

'"

,

,

S

,

• , ^•• "

"

nBlE '.5.

INCREASEOf' RURALANDURBANRlPtlLATIONIN BANGLI,DrS!! (19D1-61)

""",, .•

I Hum••ri" ••1 In"r •••••e (000) I P"rc!!F!teg"

111<:1''''.''

Toty I Runl tUrban I Totel I Rurel I Urb.n

t!JO-11 2627 21"

""

^{9.DS B.SS 14.96}

1911_21 1699

"'"

^{11 5.311 5.29 8.BO}

1921_31

"SO

"" ".

^{7.07 6.65 22.55}

1931-"1

""

⁵⁹⁵²

'"

^{17.96 17.Bl 42.8.4}

1941_51

-',

^~3B4

^2"

^{0.15 0.B6 111.41}

195t_61

"US

^BOB7 '21 21.24

ro."

^45.11

5:lurc •• Tebl •• 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, &. 3.5 Co!lIpiled 'l'OIl th" foU"",ing IIOUr".,..

1. (enllu. of Pakisten, 1961 Wl.2.

2. P"",vinciel El!!l'tion Cmilnhsion' •• offic" R••j ••rbeg, c..&"•• (Off. file ••) 3. Pmj!!l't of Power Sur••••y I Indu.trial Adv.CentX1tof Pakist ••.•

I'Iotijh.l>1,

o..r::"".

FU •• No. Pl2()5{ Dl!lt. B.bIt 1 4. tlrb ••• llIlvelopment Direc:to>:ete, a.e"", B..ngl. O••••h.

,

-110

o

'0

•• •

\

;

~ '00

i _,

,

, ,

I

-00

\ i

I

: _, I

2 •

6ourCl:t UrI>'"

.-.I+~

Oi)oiel.a} ••..

1> ••.••eo""

\

\ i I

I,

!

,

i

I

•

AGRICULTURAL POPIJLATI~

I

~

•

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