Dr. ABM Alauddin Chowdhury
Ph.D. (Global Health & Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, JAPAN)
Associate Professor & Head Department of Public Health
Lecture 5: How to write research Prposal
Learning Outcomes
Steps of research proposal
Learning from the ‘Sample’ Proposal
Interested some topics for conducting research
Assignment
Presentation
Some Topics for conducting research
Prevalence and Predictors of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among Youth at the Time of COVID-19
Prevalence and Predictors of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among elderly people at the Time of COVID-19
Prevalence and Predictors of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among healthcare workers at the Time of COVID-19
Prevalence and Predictors of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among university students at the Time of COVID-19
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/drt/2020/8887727/
Some Topics for conducting research
Female genital cutting in Somalia: a mixed-methods study
Childhood Illness Prevalence and Health Seeking Behavior Patterns in Rural/ urban Syria/ Ethiopia
Mother’s Illness Prevalence and Health Seeking Behavior Patterns in Rural Syria
https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/4/e025078
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC458 1421/
Some Topics for conducting research
Dietary behavior among the elderly people
Cancer symptom experience and help seeking behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK: a crosssectional population survey
https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/11/9/e053095.full.pdf
Psychosocial Stressors and Level of Depression among Elderly Tobacco Users Living in Urban
Slum Areas of Bangladesh: A Mixed Method Study
Name :
Student, Department of Public Health
Daffodil International University
Presentation Outline
Rationale of the study
Objective of the study
Study area
Methodology
Strength of the research team
Expected policy implication
Rationale of the study
Globally, tobacco use causes nearly 7 million deaths per year. (WHO 2011) and Bangladesh is one of the top ten countries in the world with high tobacco use.
(GATS 2009). Elderly people (55–64 years) are more likely to smoke than younger people (aged 25–34 years). (Nusrat et al 2017).
Evidence shows, depression and psychosocial stressors include acute negative life events or chronic strains have been implicated as risk factors for tobacco use. (Slopen N et al 2012)
About one-third of the urban populations in Bangladesh are slum dwellers. (CUS 2005) The elderly people living in the slums are in risky health behaviors due to anxiety and depression for poor living conditions, social inferiority, less family support, chronic illness. (Thirthahalli C et al 2014).
Rationale of the study cont’d.
In earlier studies conducted in different parts of the world addressed psychosocial stressors and depression are significant risk factor for tobacco use among older adults in United States (Natalie
Slopen et at 2012), and Australia .(Pasco, J et al 2008).
We also found some studies carried out in Bangladesh that explored the prevalence of tobacco smoking among young slum dwellers
(Kabir MA et al 2013) and another study found the prevalence and pattern of tobacco use among adults (Nigar Nargis et al 2015).
So far as reviewed, we found no study which could address psychosocial stressors and depression in relation with tobacco use among elderly people in slum areas of Bangladesh.
Objective of the study
General Objective
To assess the psychosocial stressors and level of depression
among elderly tobacco users living in urban slum areas of Bangladesh.
Specific objectives
To determine the pattern of tobacco use among the elderly population living in urban slum areas of Bangladesh.
To assess the psychosocial stressors associated with tobacco use among elderly urban slum dwellers in Bangladesh.
To scale up the level of depression among elderly tobacco users in urban slum areas of Bangladesh.
To recommend tailor intervention to reduce the psychosocial stressors and depression among elderly tobacco users.
Study area
The study will be conducted in urban slum areas of Dhaka Metropolitan City.
For geographical representation of whole Dhaka City the sample slum areas will be selected from both Dhaka North City Corporation (DNCC) and Dhaka South City Corporation (DSCC).
We have selected following slums as study areas:
Kollyanpur slum, Karail basti, Zakir Hossain road- town hall camp, Abdullahpur railgate from DNCC and Nubur, Wireless gate, Monsur bil (Namapara), Hindu Mohollah from DSCC by using multi-stage sampling strategy.
Methodology
Study Design and Type:
As this study will adopt a mixed method approach.
We will follow both quantitative and qualitative methods.
We will use a cross sectional survey to gather quantitative data and 8 Focus Group Discussions (FGD’s) to obtain qualitative data. Finally, we will integrate both data to draw the inferences .
Study population:
Study population will be the elderly tobacco users (both male and female) aged 50 years and above living in the urban slums of Dhaka Metropolitan City.
Selection criteria:
Inclusion criteria
Elderly people both male and female living in urban slum areas age 50 years and above.
Persons living in the selected slums for at least 6 months.
Exclusion Criteria
The critically ill or bed-ridden and mentally challenged individuals.
Sample size:
Sample will be calculated by following formula - n=z2pq/d2
Where,
n= desired sample size
z = 1.96 (95% confidence interval)
p = Prevalence of smoking cigarettes (53.3%). ( Prevalence and correlates of smoking among urban adult men in Bangladesh: slu m versus non-slum comparison
, Md Mobarak Hossain Khan, Aklimunnessa Khan, Alexander Kraemer, Mitsuru Mori, BMC Public Health. 2009; 9: 149. Published online 2009 May 22. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-149.)
= 0.533
q = 1-p = 1-0.533= 0.467 d = 5 %
So,
n = (1.96)2 (0.533X0.467)/ (0.05)2 =384
Dhaka South City Corporation Dhaka North
City Corporation
Banani
Mirpur Mohammadpur Dakkshinkhan Jatrabari Ramna Kadamtali
Kollyanpur slum
Karail basti
Zakir Hossain road town hall camp
Abdullahpur railgate
Nubur Wireless gate
Monsur bil (Namapara
)
1ST Stage of Sampling1ST Stage of Sampling2nd Stage of Sampling2nd Stage of Sampling
Figure -1: Multistage sampling strategy
Hazaribag
Hindu Mohollah Dhaka Metropolitan
Sampling strategy City
Dependent Variable (Tobacco Consumptio
n)
Socio-demographic Variables:
Age, Sex, Family type, Family Size, Education level, Occupation, Monthly household income, Spouse, Duration of
living in the slum Pattern of Tobacco Use:
Type of tobacco product, Number of use, Duration of use, Intention to quit tobacco using, Reason for
no intention to quit.
Psychosocial stressors:
Natural disaster, Overcrowding, Stigma and discrimination,
Unemployment, Disease, Verbal/physical abuse, Marital/spousal conflict, Poverty.
Depression:
Depressive symptoms will be measured by widely used 20 items in CES-D scale.
Independent Variables
Conceptual
Framework
Study Instruments:
A semi-structured questionnaire will be used for collecting quantitative data.
FGDs will be conducted using FGDs guideline for qualitative data collection.
PI and Mentor of the study will play pivotal role in developing study instruments that will be severally checked by other team members and finalized after pretesting.
Data collection
The quantitative and qualitative information collecting work will be conducted by developing a team comprised of 6 Interviewers (3 Males & 3 Females) and 1 field Supervisor. Field supervisor will be responsible for day-to-day information collection, quality control of the regular fieldwork, and conduct FGDs as well with the direction of Principal Investigator (PI) and Mentor of the study.
Before starting the data collection, interviewers will brief the respondents about the objectives of the study in short to make them mentally ready about the specific question.
Before interview, an informed written consent will be signed from the respondents and this written consent will ensure not to disclose respondents’ personal information.
Quality control:
All the Field Data Collector and Supervisor of the study will be trained intensively on the data collections tools and techniques.
Before going to actual study, the Bengali version of the questionnaire will be pre-tested in non- sampled participants in the slum to get feedback on the suitability, appropriateness and sequencing of the questions.
All the collected data from interview will be coded. Then the raw data will be checked for errors before input in SPSS.
Data processing and analysis:
Quantitative
All the collected data from interview will be rechecked and then coded for errors and entered into the database using SPSS software.
We will use statistical tests like χ2 test, and bivariate and multivariate (adjusted) logistic regression for quantitative data analysis.
Qualitative
We will code qualitative information separately.
After coding, we will translate those data into English and will perform thematic content analysis using considerable diversity to provide descriptive results.
Although the FGDs will be analyzed separately, inferences will be drawn collectively from the results.
Ethical consideration
The study team will first meet the community leader in slums , and explain the study objectives and will take their oral consent to collect information regarding the study topic.
To comply with all possible ethical issues, we will confirm the participants that their participation will be sheer private, voluntary, and can be terminated at any time without reason and without any penalty.
An informed written consent will be taken from the participants. While entering each household, we will gather consent of participation from the household head as well.
This study protocol will be submitted to the BMRC for ethical approval.
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Strength of the research team
SI No Name of the Post No. of the Post 1. Principal Investigator
(Researcher) 1
2. Co- Researcher 1
3. Supervisor/Mentor 1
4. Field Supervisor 1
5. Field Data Collector 6
6. Data entry operator & Data
Analyst 2
Expe cted pol icy impl ication
Findings regarding stressors among the urban slum elderly people may suggest the role of family members, and the role of slum-wise voluntary organizations.
Knowing the extent of depression and other risky behaviors, this study can recommend rationale of counseling services and tailored intervention for elderly people in slum areas.
This finding may also be helpful in developing New BCC materials, or it can be shared among health care experts to initiate new policies to improve the mental health status among elderly people in low –socio economic people.
