Environmental Effect On Composite Material.

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ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT ON COMPOSITE MATERIAL

MOHD SYAHIR ASYRAF BIN MOHAMMED TAHIR

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ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT ON COMPOSITE MATERIAL

MOHD SYAHIR ASYRAF BIN MOHAMMED TAHIR

Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (Structure and Material)

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering University of Technical Malaysia Melaka

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We hereby declare that we have checked this project report and in our opinion this project

is satisfactory in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (Structure and Material)

Signature :

Name of Supervisor : MR AHMAD RIVAI

Position : Lecturer

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“I hereby declare this project report is my own work base on my scope except the quotations and summaries which have been duly acknowledged”

Signature :

Name : MOHD SYAHIR ASYRAF BIN MOHAMMED TAHIR

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WLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I am very grateful to Allah S.W.T, for giving me opportunity to finish my Final Year Project. I want to express my greatest attitude and appreciation to the following person and organizations that have directly or indirectly given generous contributions towards the success of this project.

I would like to thanks my project supervisor, En. Ahmad bin Rivai for his consistent guidance and advice throughout the project preparation and sharing his knowledge and experiences in finishing this project. This project would not be able to be completed in time without his constant encouragement and guidance.

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ABSTRACT

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ABSTRAK

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TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER CONTENT PAGE

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v

ABSTRACT vi

CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLE x

LIST OF FIGURE xi

LIST OF SYMBOL xiii

LIST OF APPENDICES xiv

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Project 1

1.2 Problem Statement 2

1.3 Objective 2

1.4 Scopes 3

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 4

2.2 What makes a material a composite 4 2.3 History of composite materials 5

2.4 Advantages of composites 5

2.5 Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) 7

2.6 Style of woven fabrics 7

2.7 Chopped Strand Mat (CSM) 8

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2.9 Properties of GFRP 10

2.10 Environmental Factors Affecting GFRP 12

2.11 Type of tests 16

2.12 Bending test 16

2.13 Flexure bending test 17

2.14 Why perform a flexure test? 18

2.15 Types of flexure test 19

2.16 Flexure strength 19

2.17 Flexure strength testing of plastic 22

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction to Methodology 23

3.2 Flow Chart PSM I 24

3.3 Flow Chart PSM II 25

3.4 GFRP reinforcing bar specimen 26

3.5 Recourses used 26

3.6 Environmental selection 27

3.7 Running the experiment 29

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS

4.1 Introduction 33

4.2 Interpretations from the Data 33

4.3 Overview of the Data 35

4.4 Calculation 37

4.5 Analysis Graph 39

CHAPTER 5 DISSCUSSION 48

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 51

REFERENCES 53

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LIST OF TABLES

No Title Page

1 Mechanical properties [13,14] 7

2 Fibers and Metal 11

3 Material Properties 11

4 Flexural test result exposed in normal room temperature 35

5 Flexural test result exposed in mineral water 35

6 Flexural test result exposed in seawater 35

7 Flexural test result exposed in fridge 36

8 Flexural test result exposed in high temperature 36

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LIST OF FIGURES

No Title Page

1 Weave styles 8

2 Chopped strand mat (CSM) 8

3 Rough estimate of alkali penetration in GFRP rods [After Katsuki and Uomoto (1995)]

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4 Graph of flexure stress versus flexure strain 18

5 Flexural test with three-point bending 19

6 Specimen is placed on two supports and a load is applied at the center

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7 Typical Curves of Flexural Stress versus Flexural Strain 30

8 Direction of Loading Specimen 31

9 Specimen setup on the test machine 32

10 Graph Flexure Stress versus Flexure Strain from the experiment for specimen 1 when exposed in normal room.

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11 Typical Curves of Flexural Stress (§f) Versus Flexural Strain (έf) 34 12 Graph the average of maximum load of each exposed specimen 39 13 Graph the average of maximum stress of each exposed specimen 40 14 Graph the average of flex modulus of each exposed specimen 41 15 Graph the average of flexure stress of each exposed specimen at

maximum flexure load

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16 Graph the average of flexure strain of each exposed specimen at maximum flexure stress

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LIST OF SYMBOLS

P _{Applied Load}

L _{Span Length}

b _Width

t _Thickness

E _{Elastic Modulus}

G _{Shear Modulus}

ks _{Shear Coefficient}

GFRP Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic FRP Fiber Reinforced Polymers CFRP Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers AFRP Aramid Fiber Reinforced Polymers

CSM Chopped Strand Mat

EPMA Electron Prove Microscope Analyzer Stress

R _{Rate of Crosshead Motion}

Z _{Rate of Straining}

D _{Midspan Deflection}

R _{Strain, mm/mm (in./in.),}

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LIST OF APPENDICES

No Title Page

A The Universal Testing Machine model Instron 5585 54 B

C

D

Specimen setup on the test machine

The GFRP specimen in normal room temperature, mineral and seawater condition

Data result from flexural test

55 56

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.1 Background of Project

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1.2 Problem Statement

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1.3 Objective

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1.4 Scopes

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

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2.2 What Makes A Material A Composite?

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2.4 Advantages of Composites

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producing something like a surfboard or a boat hull.

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2.5 Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GFRP)

Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic is a substance composed of a plastic matrix that is embedded with glass fibers to provide strength and reinforcement. Fiber reinforced polymer is used to build architectural elements, car parts, bridges, and consumer products. Fiber Reinforced Polymer reinforcing bars are typically made up of one of three types of fibers –glass, carbon and aramid. Glass fibers are the most popular of all the fibers used for reinforcement due to their relatively lower costs. Table 1 presents some mechanical properties of the reinforcing bars made up of different fibers as compared to steel.

Table 1 –Mechanical properties [13, 14]

Tensile Strength Modulus of Elasticity Density

MPa GPa g/cc

GFRP 483-1035 35-45 2.58

CFRP * 600-2900 120-300 1.8

AFRP ** 1000-1400 60-87 1.45

Steel 483-690 200 7.8

* CFRP is Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers. ** AFRP is Aramid Fiber Reinforced Polymers.

2.6 Style of Woven Fabrics

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Figure 1: Weave styles

2.7 Chopped Strand Mat (CSM)

Chopped strand mat is made from E-glass fiber strands chopped to different lengths and bonded in one of two ways either powder or emulsion. It is the most common form of reinforcement. Chopped strand mat is used primarily for hand lay-up processes, filament winding and press molding of FRP products including bathroom accessories, pipes, automobiles and other building applications.

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Chopped strand mat (CSM) is a non-woven material which as its name implies, consists of randomly orientated chopped strands of glass which are held together. Despite the fact that PVA imparts superior draping handling and wetting out characteristics users in a marine environment should be wary of its use as it is affected by moisture and can lead to osmosis like blisters. Today, chopped strand mat is rarely used in high performance composite components as it is impossible to produce a laminate with high fiber content and by definition, a high strength-to-weight ratio.

2.8 GFRP Fabrication: How it’s made

Although all types of Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic are composed of a plastic matrix and glass fibers, there are actually several fiber reinforced polymer manufacturing methods that are commonly used.

The first method of manufacturing Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic is what is known as the hand lay-up method. Although very precise, this method is also quite labor intensive. In the hand lay-up method, a resin that has been combined with a catalyst is placed inside of a mold. Fiberglass is then packed into the mold with steel rollers. This process may be repeated one or more times. The resin will usually start to cure quite quickly, depending on the exact amount of catalyst used, so the task must be completed relatively fast when this method of GFRP fabrication is used.