A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DIALECT OF TOBA LANGUAGE IN REGION OF TOBASA, SAMOSIR, AND TAPANULI UTARA
A PAPER WRITTEN BY
NORVIKA PASARIBU NO.REG: 102202013
DIPLOMA III ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM FACULTY OF CULTURE STUDY
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN
Approved by Supervisor,
NIP: 19521126198112 1 001 Drs. Matius C.A Sembiring, M.A
Submitted to Faculty of Culture Study University of Sumatera Utara
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for Diploma III in English Study Program,
Approved by
Head of English Diploma Study Program,
NIP: 19521126198112 1 001 Drs. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A
Accepted by the Board of Examiner in partial of the requirements the for D-III Examination of the Diploma III of English Study Program, Faculty of Culture Study, University of Sumatera Utara.
The examination is held on June 2013
Faculty of Culture Study University of Sumatera Utara
Dean,
NIP: 19511013197603 1 001 Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A
Board of Examiners: Signature
1.Drs. Matius C.A Sembiring, M.A(Haed of ESP) ...
2.Drs. Matius C.A Sembiring, M.A(Supervisor) ...
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I am, NORVIKA PASARIBU, declare that I am the sole author of this paper. Except where reference is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted on the whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.
No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of this paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.
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Name :NORVIKA PASARIBU
Title of Paper :A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DIALECT OF TOBA LANGUAGE IN REGION OF TOBASA, SAMOSIR, AND TAPANULI UTARA
Qualification :D-III / Ahli Madya
Study Program :English
I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction of the Libertarian of the Diploma III English Study Program Faculty of Culture, University of Sumatera Utara on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.
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ABSTRAK
ABSTRACT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thanks to Almighty God for His blessing and protection, so I can complete this paper, especially when I begun my study in D-III Faculty of Culture Study Universitas Sumatera Utara. As long as I study in this faculty, so many challenging that I faced, but because of supporting of people around me so I can pass it all well.
A lot of complain and suggestion found in finishing this paper. However, all those make me more and more challenging to get the best grade, so that all people around me feel proud. This paper is not able be finished by me alone, I need constructive criticism and motivation to finish this paper well. Here I would like to express my deepest gratitude to all people who have been around me and give support and especially pray in completing this paper.
1. My beloved parents Arsen Pasaribu and Rosinta Simanjuntak, I present this paper special for both of you. Thanks for supporting me in praying, advices, material, and time. You are my life.
2. Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A as the Dean of Faculty of Culture Study, University of Sumatera Utara. I acknowledge for giving me changes to finish my study at Faculty of Culture Study.
3. Dr. Matius C.A Sembiring, M.A as the Head of English Diploma III Study Program and also as my Supervisor, who gives me a lot of knowledge and criticism.
5. All of lecturers in English Diploma III Study Program for giving me advices, knowledge, and guide me to do paper well.
6. My great sister, Ferawati Pasaribu and brothers, Rinto Pasaribu, Salto Pasaribu, Elmar Pasaribu. Thanks for your care, advices, pray, and material.
7. Thanks to all my close family who had given me much advices.
8. My special best friends DERITA GROUP in Diploma III Study Program Anita Lumban Gaol (KepLing), Cristine Pauline Dwinata Silalahi (KepLor), Appriana Lubis ( KepDus). Thanks for our friendship this long. So many things that I got from all of you.
9. My best friend, Rummy Hadina( Mas Bro), Cristin Pasaribu( Appiri), Dwikhairany, Andhika Situmorang, K’evi Haloho, and B’johendro Silalahi. Thanks for our friendship.
10.My close friends, Lidia Siahaan, Martha Sinambela, Dedeh K Sianipar, and Lisda Siagian. Thanks for your advices and pray.
11.My friend starting from the ledger of 2008 to 2010 who gave me great experiences and knowledge.
12.All people who know me.
I do wish this paper is useful for readers.
Medan,………2013 The writer,
TABLE OF CONTANTS
TABLE OF CONTANTS……….……… viii
1.INTRODUCTION………...………..………. 1
ABSTRAK
ABSTRACT
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Dialect is various different forms within the same language. Dialect also has definition as the kinds of language which are differences of vocabulary and grammar as well as pronunciation. The study of various different forms of dialect, especially regional dialect is called dialectology or dialect geography as stated by Crystal (1980). From this statement, we can understand that:
- the study of dialect is scientific,
- dialectology relate to dialect mapping.
Dialectology studies the differences of dialects in regional. It can be a word, phrase, meaning, and even structure.
Ayatrohaedi (1983) states,“Penekanan kajian dialectologi pada tujuan geografi telah memunculkan pandangan bahwa bahasa terhadap unsur-unsur kebahasaan yang berbeda, yang telah dipetakan itu (peta bahasa) merupakan cabang lain dari kajian dialectologi, karena tujuan utamanya adalah membuat peta bahasa.” It means that dialect geography is division of dialectology that study about the relationship from the different language.
Ayatrohaedi (1999) also emphasized that language mapping is needed absolute because it will describe the differences and similarities from the dialect.
From the above explanation, the writer wants to describe the dialect of Toba language in region of Tobasa, Samosir, and Tapanuli Utara because the writer wants to applied what Crystal, Ayatrohaedi, Keraf, and Mahsun said and as the writer knew, nobody people that wrote this topic.
1.2
Problem of the Study
This research is focused to show the dialect geography of Toba language in Region of Tobasa, Samosir, and Tapanuli Utara. So, the problems are:
- How are the dialects different?
- What are the percentages of the differences? - How are the isoglosses of the dialects?
1.3 Scope of the Study
The scopes of the study are limited to vocabularies or lexicons and phonology, so the semantics being not discussed and the dialect just researched in Region of Tobasa, Samosir, and Tapanuli Utara.
1.4 The Purpose of the Study
The purposes of the study are follows:
- To find out the different language among Tobasa, Samosir, and Tapanuli Utara.
- To find out the mapping the isogloss.
1.5 Reason for Choosing the Topic
The writer chooses Dialect of Toba Language in Region of Tobasa, Samosir, and Tapanuli Utara because the writer wants to describe and explain the dialect. As the writer researches, so many people are difficult to distinguish among dialect, accent, and pronunciation. The dialect not just focuses on the sound, but also the various different of the same language.
1.6
Methods of the Study
Method of research in this writing is library and field research. Method of library research for finding data is collection some books which relevant with the analysis of this paper and copy part of material in the book to be reference. Method of field research for collecting the data by writing, asking, giving the list of the questions. Firstly, the writer asks their names, ages, and jobs. Here there are three informants that the writer asks. The first informant is Mr.Sihombing 75 years old, his job as ex headmaster. He is from Tapanuli Utara region. The second informant is Mr.Manik 72 years old, his job as a farmer. He is from Samosir region. And the last or the third informant is Mr.Pasaribu 82 years old, his job as ex headmaster. He is from Tobasa region.
vocabulary or written form of lexicon. In phonetics vocabulary is difference but the meaning is same.
The studies according to dialect geography are done by some steps, namely:
(1) Collecting basis of vocabulary or written form of lexicon that will be researched by using list of vocabulary.
(2) Making the list various dialect.
(3) Determining the substance various vocabularies by using dialectometry formulation.
(4) Making the isogloss of the dialect.
To know the differences of vocabularies as language differences, dialect differences, sub-dialect differences, speech differences, or nothing differences is
applied by the dialectometry formulation: �����
�
=
�
%
Notes:
S = the variation of dialect in region observation. N= a number of vocabulary.
- more of 81 % is language differences -51-80 % is dialect differences
-31-50 % is sub-dialect differences -21-30 % is speech differences
-Less of 20 % is nothing differences. -More 17 % is language differences
-12-16 % is dialect differences -8-11 % is sub-dialect differences -4-7 % is speech differences -0-3 % is nothing differences
Lexicon differences
2.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Definition of Dialect
Dialect is a regionally and socially distinctive variety of language, identified by a particular set of words and grammatical structures. Spoken dialects are usually also associated with a distinctive pronunciation or accent. Any language with a reasonably large number of speakers will develop dialects, especially if there are geographical barriers separating groups of people from each other, or if there are divisions of social class. One dialect may predominate as the official or standard form of the language, and this is the variety which may come to be written down. The distinctive between dialect and language seems obviously. Dialects are subdivisions of language.
systematically different from the equivalent items used on the other side. Dialect boundaries are not usually so clear cut, but the principle works well enough. Mahsun (1995) explained that position of mapping within dialectology, which can visualize field research to the mapping base on differences and similarities dialect.
Traditional dialectological methods of this kind have more recently been supplemented by the methods of structural dialectology, which tries to show the patterns of relationship which link sets of forms from different dialects. Revier (1975:424) says,” dialectometry is the measure of statistics that used to see how far the different and similarity from the amount of words base on the observation area.” It means that dialectometry is a statistical method of dialects analysis, developed in the 1970s, which measures the linguistic distance between localities in a dialect region by counting the number of contrasts in a large sample of linguistic features.
2.2 Description of Dialect and Language
In popular usage, the terms dialect and language are sometimes opposed to each other. Forms of speech with no corresponding written form are labeled dialects and contrasted with the true language of the literature. We can see this case when we compare some people who live in rural community referred to as dialects and urban community would on the other hand be said to speak a language. A more technical distinction between the two terms is to say that dialects are the various different forms of the same language. Using a language thus necessarily involves using one of its dialects. But in this case, depending which language used. Then, we can distinguish a virtually of different form of any language, depending on just what linguistic features we focus on and how much detail.
rather than different language, whatever the degree of mutual intelligibility provided only that the standard or written form is not totally unrelated to the one they speak. So far we have considered cases where different dialects look to common standard form and a common written language, but there is one notable case different forms of speech are usually referred to as dialects and where they share a written form but not standard spoken form.
2.3 The Description of Dialect and Accent
The distinction between dialect and accent is not obviously appears. In popular usage, the two terms are sometimes employed interchangeably. For instance, when dangerous things happened, people sometimes don’t realize whether they speak dialect or accent but if someone gives an instruction, we will know that it is dialect because the using accent is more restricted than dialect by accept a distinction commonly in linguists. The term dialects refer strictly speaking to differences between kinds of language which are differences of vocabulary and grammar. The term accent on the other hand refers solely to differences of pronunciation. All matter of pronunciation is matters of accent, whereas grammar and/or vocabulary must also be involved before we speak of dialect.
3.
THE DIALECT OF TOBANESE IN TOBASA, SAMOSIR,
AND TAPANULI UTARA
3.1List of Vocabularies
Num-ber
Indonesian English Tobasa Region
22 kulit skin [hulikkuliŋ] [hulikkuliŋ] [hulikkuliŋ ]
23 kumis mustache [kummis] [mise] [kummis]
24 leher neck [rukkuŋ] [rukkuŋ] [rukkuŋ]
25 lidah tongue [dila] [sialapikkau ]
[dila]
26 muka face [bohi] [bohi] [bohi]
29 pinggang waist [gottiŋ] [gottiŋ] [gottiŋ]
30 ayam chichen [manuk] [manuk] [peok]
31 kami we [hami] [hami] [hami]
32 parang cutter [goluk] [parang] [rabi]
33 beras rice [boras] [boras] [boras]
34 madu honey [situaknilob
a]
48 gereja church [gareja] [parminggua n]
[gareja] 49 cantik beautiful [bagak] [uli] [bagak]
50 pintar clever [malo] [malo] [malo]
51 rajin diligent [riŋgas] [padot] [riŋgas] 52 tetangga neighbor [hobbarjabu
]
69 warisan inheritance [parbagiana 72 makanan meal [sipaŋanon] [sipaŋanon] [sipaŋanon
]
73 istirahat break [maradi] [so] [maŋulon] 74 kolong underneath [tobbara] [tobbara] [tobbara] 75 kaya rich [mora] [paradoŋan] [paradoŋan 81 [menikah] [merry] [marhasohot
an] 83 duda widower [mabalu] [toppastatari
ŋ] [mabalu]
[buhabaju] [paŋgoaran] [paŋgoaran ]
single child [anak sasada] 91 pelit stingy [holit] [sigotilmonis
]
[holit] 92 keranjang basket [karajjaŋ] [karajjaŋ] [karajjaŋ] 93 cangkul mattock [paŋgu] [pakkur] [paŋgu]
94 pisau knife [piso] [balati] [piso]
95 tawanan captive [sakkalan] [taddosan] [partaŋgoa n]
96 hati heart [ate-ate] [ate-ate] [ate-ate] 97 tungku firepalce [tatariŋ] [tatariŋ] [dalihan]
98 asap smoke [timus] [timus] [timus]
101 jodoh mate [rokkap] [rokkap] [rokkap] 102 putri daughter [boru] [sinuanbeu] [boru]
103 putra son [anak] [sinuantunas
]
[anak] 104 pemalas stolid [nalosok] [sigurbakulu
] 108 teladan model [sitiruon] [siihutonon] [siihutonon
]
109 tingkahlaku behavior [paŋalaho] [paraŋe] [paŋalaho]
110 istri wife [parsondukb
olon]
[tungganebo ru]
[pardijabu] 111 suami husband [amaŋsiadop
an] 113 belajar study [marsiajar] [marguru] [marsiajar] 114 lincah active [hibas] [hicca] [hicca]
138 salib cross [silang] [silang] [silang] 139 kuburan grave [udean] [hinabbor] [udean]
140 paku nail [labaŋ] [labaŋ] [labaŋ]
141 pepaya papaya [botik] [botik] [botik]
142 gelap dark [golap] [golap] [golap]
143 mendung cloudy [makkolom] [makkolom] [makkolom ]
[appaŋ] [bakkul] [bahulbahu l] 171 kerja bakti cooperate [marsiurupa
n]
178 garam salt [sira] [sira] [sira]
pregnant [hamil] [mardeŋgan dagiŋ]
[buttiŋ] 191 sendok spoon [sodduk] [sodduk] [sodduk]
192 jeruk orange [utte] [utte] [utte]
193 perahu boat [kapal] [kapal] [kapal] 194 mertua
Parent-in-law
[simatua] [simatua] [simatua] 195 lumbung rice barn [poti] [libbuŋ] [lubbuŋ]
218 gila crazy [rittik] [rittik] [rittik] 219 beruntung lucky [marnasib] [marnasib] [marnasib] 220 banyak much [godaŋ] [suksuk] [godaŋ]
From 220 vocabularies, there are 113 vocabularies that have various dialects. *table that colored is various dialect.
3.2 Calculation
Dialectometry is the measure of statistics that used to see how far the different and similarity from the amount of words base on the observation area. And at last we will find its result in percentages. Base on the percentages, we will know whether its phonology or lexicon differences. Percentage in phonology is fewer than percentage in lexicon. According to Guitar (1979), percentage in phonology is fewer than percentage in lexicon because phonology can reflect to differences some form for some meaning. Here are the divisions:
-more of 81 % is language differences -51-80 % is dialect differences
-31-50 % is sub-dialect differences -21-30 % is speech differences -Less of 20 % is nothing differences. -More 17 % is language differences -12-16 % is dialect differences -8-11 % is sub-dialect differences -4-7 % is speech differences
Lexicon differences
Base on the above table, so we can use dialectometry formulation to know the
dialect differences: �����
�
=
�
%
═ › ����������= ��,�� %
So, from the above formulation we can conclude that the differences of Toba language in region of Tobasa, Samosir, and Tapanuli Utara have dialect differences.
3.3
Mapping
As I mention before that the purpose of this analysis is to make dialect map. This relate to visualize field data in to map, so that the data drawn in geography and to know where the data more dominant. There are two kinds of dialect map. They are display map and interpretative map.
(1) Display Map.
Display map is map that contain tabulation field data so that data drawn in to perspective that has geography. So, in the display map included distribution geography with the language differences which included between region observation. Filling field data in to display map can be done by direct, symbol, and box.
(2) Interpretative Map.
Display map and interpretative map is made base on basic map. Basic map usually contain important thing that influences to language differences. From the basic map then made map that contain region research and next, from this map will be made display map and interpretative map.
Different and similarity form of dialect of Toba language can be drawn in below mapping.
TABLE OF DIFFERENT FORM OF DIALECT AND ITS
MAP
Map 1.
Number Map Symbol Word Dialect Map Of Toba Language
Tobasa Samosir Tapanuli Utara
29 Dukun( shaman) * datu √ √
# namalo √
#
*
Explanation:
The symbol
*
and#
in the vocabulary show the various lexicons. In the mappingnumber 29 describe that datu is word that used in Tobasa and Tapanuli Utara
Region, namalo is word that used in Samosir. It means that there are 2 (two)
various lexicon”dukun” in Toba language in Tobasa, Samosir, and Tapanuli Utara
Map 2.
Number Map Symbol Word Dialect Map of Toba Langauge
Tobasa Samosir Tapanuli Utara
44 Istirahat( rest) * maradi √
# so √
** maŋulon √
#
*
Explanation:
The symbols
*, #,
and**
in the vocabulary show the various lexicons. In themapping 44 describe that maradi is word that used in Tobasa Region, so is word
that used in Samosir, and maŋulon is word that used in Tapanuli Utara Region. It
4
CONCLUTION AND SUGGESTION
4.1
CONCLUSION
After explaining the dialect of Toba language in region of Tobasa, Samosir, and Tapanuli Utara, I become understand that dialect is different with accent. I get the conclution that dialect is various different forms within the same language or the kinds of language which are differences of vocabulary and grammar as well as pronunciation. Thus, accent is features of pronunciation which identify where a person is form, regionally or socially. Linguistics literature emphasizes that the term refers to pronunciation only. And also after analyzing the dialect of Toba language in region of Tobasa, Samosir, and Tapanuli Utara, I get conclusion that:
- Toba language in region of Tobasa, Samosir, and Tapanuli Utara has dialect differences. Number of the differences about 51,36 %.
4.2
SUGGESTION
I analyze the dialect of Toba language in region of Tobasa, Samosir, and Tapanuli Utara because it is essentially in literature. The dialect is important because it can’t separate from our life and everyday we use it to communicate. Sometimes when we talk with other, we don’t realize whether dialect or accent that we use. To distinguish both of those terms, we must learn it more deep, so that we don’t miss understand about them.
REFERENCES
Crystal, David. 2008. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. UK: Blackwell.
Chambers, JK. 1980. Dialectology. Australia: Cambridge University Press.
Mahsun. 1995. Dialektologi Diakronis. Sebuah Pengantar. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.
Sembiring, Matius C.A. 2012. Buku Pedoman Program D-III Studi Bahasa Inggris Fakultas Ilmu Budaya. Medan: D-III Bahasa Inggris Universitas Sumatera Utara. Unpublished.
Sibarani, Robert. 1997. Sintaksis Bahasa Batak Toba. Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara Press.
Strevens, Peter, dkk. 1964. The Linguistics Sciences and Language Teaching. London: Longmans.
APPENDICES
