A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Strata One
By: MEGAWATI NIM. 109026000115
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
i ABSTRACT
Megawati, Modulation in English-Indonesian Translation of Time Flies for Ms Wiz Novel. Thesis: English Letters Department. Letters and Humanities Faculty, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, February 2014.
The research discusses the novel Time Flies for Ms Wiz written by Terence Blacker and translated into Indonesian by Mala Suhendra entitled Ms Wiz Kembali ke Masa Silam in which to find the modulation used in translating from source language (English) to a translation in the target language (Indonesian).
The objective of this research is to identify modulation in the novel Time Flies for Ms Wiz into Indonesian Ms Wiz Kembali ke Masa Silam and analyze the types of modulation found in translating the novel into target language. Also, to discover the way of modulation applied by the translator in translating the novel.
As the conclusion, the translator tries to find the closest natural meaning in target language but not swerve to far from the original text. In this research, the writer has found sixteen sentences consists of modulation, they are: two sentences which contain negated contrary; two sentences which contain abstract for concrete; two sentences which contain one part for other; one sentence which contain reversal of terms; moreover, eight sentences which contain active for passive; and the other, the writer found one sentence which contain space for time.
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of Time Flies For Ms Wiz Novel
A Thesis
Submitted toLetters and Humanities in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Strata One
MEGAWATI 109026000115
Approved by: Advisor,
Dr. H. M. Farkhan, M.Pd. NIP. 19650919 200003 1 002
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA
iv
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substansial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.
Jakarta, April 2014
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praise be to Allah, the Lord of the world who has authority upon all creation in the whole world, the real writer’s guide whose blessings and mercy have brought the writer until this point. Peace and salutation be upon the greatest prophet Muhammad SAW, his family, companions and adherents.
The writer would like to express her deep gratitude to her beloved parents, Bapak Jaharuddin and Ibu Rohani, whose love is unquestionable and whose struggle to give the best for their children is too fierce to be put into words. If it is not for their endeavor and their prayers, all of their children can not arrive at this one phase of live achievements.
The writer especially expresses her deep sense of gratitude to her advisor, also The Head of English Letters Department, Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd, for his time
and help at every point of the writer’s research with wise and consideration. Without his advice, the writer would never have finished this thesis.
The gratitude is also dedicated to Dr. Abdul Wahid Hasyim, M.Ag, the Dean of Letters and Humanities Faculty; and Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum, the Secretary of English Letters Department; all of the lecturers in English Letters Department, who have taught her a lot of things and educated her during her study; all staff of the library of Letters and Humanities Faculty, the library of State Islamic University of Jakarta, and the library of Unika Atmajaya Jakarta.
Special thanks are dedicated to her beloved who always give the support and prayer to finish this thesis. Also, thanks for her brother and sister, Arfan Dadi, Ida Farida, Ahmad Arif, Romi Hidayat, Lilis Alfrida, and their little families.
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Mulia who gives her a chance to get new precious experiences, give her a great support. For The Pantries (Ka Nyun, Mba Hafsah, Ka Nutya, Ka Mila, Ka Dewi, Yuli, Rani, Indah, Lia, and Putri), Document Controller team (especially Cynthia), also for the others that she can not mention one by one.
Finally, the writer would like to say thank you for everyone who might not be mentioned yet here. Everyone who has helped, supported, and motivated her in accomplishing this thesis writing.
Jakarta, February 2014
The writer Jakarta, April 2014
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1 reaching implication from translation. If language influences thought and culture, it means that ultimate translation is impossible. The opposite point of view, however, gives another perspective.
As a means of communication, translation is known as a technique for learning foreign language. Moreover, translation is also a field of various procedures. In addition to word-for-word and sense-for-sense procedures, the translator may use a variety of procedures that differs in importance of the contextual factors of both the source language and target language.
Translating from a language into another language is not easy. The translators have to try to translate as close as the original text, without changing the writer‟s message and meaning. According to Nida an Taber, translating
consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.1 It means that translating is the effort to re-create message of source language into target language with closest natural equivalency.
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The equivalent is correspondence of the message of SL text to TL text. Formal correspondence is the equivalent of structure both the source language text and the target language text that denied (equivalent over formal correspondence).2 Traditionally, we should think in terms of free translation as contrasted with close or literal ones.
Literal translation focused on word or expression in SL, which have the same meaning within TL. Translation in relation with meaning, as change from concept of meaning is equivalent textual material.3
Usually, a source language text has a specific meaning of the target language text and translator must add one or two meaning elements from source language into the target language; therefore, we can understand a meaning. The procedure of translation is important in restructuring of translation process. Translator is easy to do restructuring of grammatical type in source language text and to search of meaning which adapted with source language. The procedure of translation is modulation.
Modulation entails a change in lexical elements, a shift in the point of view. Modulation and transposition may take place at same time. It occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective.
In this research, the writer will analyze the modulation used in translating novel. To translate the novel, translators have to be careful, because they will be
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Eugene A. Nida and Charles R. Taber, The Theory and Practice Translation of Translation (Den Haag: United Bible Societies, 1974), p. 12.
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fallen into translation of sentence-for-sentence. It makes the message in original text is nothing. The translators must be consistent in five basics level:
1. The translator must fully understand the sense and meaning of the original author.
2. The translator should have a perfect knowledge about source language and target language.
3. The translator should have avoided word for word rendering. 4. The translator should use forms of general speech in common
use.
5. The translator should choose exact word to produce the correct sentence.4
Here, the writer is interested in analyzing the novel Time Flies for Ms Wiz by Terence Blacker into its translation Ms Wiz Kembali ke Masa Silam because a good translator must be understand about translation procedures, one of them is modulation. This capability is needed absolutely to avoid misunderstand and unreadable the text, so the readers who read the product of translation as in this novel is not getting confusion in understanding the message of the novel. These are the things that have motivated the writer to examine deeper about modulation in this novel.
B. Focus of the Study
In this paper, the writer will focus her study on the modulation types found in English – Indonesian translation in the Time Flies for Ms Wiz novel, and also will be seen the efforts that the translator did in translating the novel in order that the message which is relayed by the writer will be understood clearly.
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C. Research Questions
According to the focus of the study above, there are two research questions, such as:
1. What kinds of modulation found in Time Flies for Ms Wiz novel?
2. How are the modulation applied by the translator in translating Time Flies for Ms Wiz novel?
D. Objective of the Study
Based on the research question above, the purpose of this research is to identify modulation in the novel Time Flies for Ms Wiz into Indonesian Ms Wiz Kembali ke Masa Silam and analyze the types of modulation found in translating the novel into target language. Also, to discover how the translator applied modulation in translating the novel.
E. Significance of the Study
This research is expected to increase the knowledge about translation studies, especially in the novel translation. In addition, this research is also expected to improve the reader‟s knowledge about kinds of modulation that found in this novel.
F. Research Methodology
1. The Method of the Research
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for the problems investigated.5 So, the result of the research will be written in descriptive analysis.
2. The Data Analysis Technique
To analyze the data, the writer uses modulation concepts of Vinay and Darbelnet for the theory is simple and easy to understand. Firstly, the writer reads the original novel and compares it to translation to collect the data that have modulation types. translation of “Time for Flies for Ms Wiz” novel, and to find out the most dominant modulation type found or applied.
3. The Data Collection
This qualitative research uses herself as main instrument to get qualitative data about the text from source language into target language. After the objects of the research collected, the writer did some activities: a. Read the source language of the novel and then read the target
language text repeatedly to find the kinds of modulation that applied in the novel.
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b. Mark and give a note that found the modulation. c. Classify them into table.
4. The Unit of Analysis
The analysis unit of this thesis is Time Flies for Ms Wiz, written by Ternce Blacker Published in London, 1997.
Its Indonesian version is Ms Wiz Kembali ke Masa Silam, translated by Mala Suhendra, and published by Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2003. She is a translator of eighteen series of Ms Wiz Novel.
G. Place and Time
7 decision while they are translating. Actually, the understanding about general concept of translation theory is very important and useful for the translators. So, it is impossible for the translators to get a good translation without understand what the meaning or definition of translation is.
There are some definitions of translation taken from many sources that all give the theorist, one of them is Peter Newmark. According to him, Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language.”6
To state a simplistic definition of translation, we can say that it is re-telling, as exactly as possible, the meaning of the original message in a way that is natural in the language into which the translation is being made. The term
language. The aim is to reproduce as accurately as possible all grammatical and lexical features of the Source Language (SL) original by finding equivalency in the Target Language (TL). At the same time, all factual information in the original text must be retained in the translation7.
The term “Translation” can be generally defined as the action of
converting the information of the meaning of a source text, and production of the equivalence target text that communicates the same information or message in another language.
Translation theory‟s main concern is to determine appropriate translation
methods for the widest possible range of text categories. Further, it provides a framework of principles, restricted rules, and hints for translating texts and criticizing translations, a background for problem solving. Thus, an institutional term or a metaphor or synonym in collocation or metalingual terms may each be translated in many ways, if it is out of context; in these areas the theory demonstrates the possible translation procedures and the various arguments for and against the use of one translation rather than another in a particular context. Note that the translation theory is concerned with choice and decision, not with the mechanics of either the SL or the TL.
The linguistic approach to translation theory focusing on the key issues of meaning, equivalence and shift began to emerge around 50 years ago. This branch of linguistics, known as structural linguistics, features the work of Roman Jakobson, Eugene Nida, Newmark, Koller, Vinay, Dalbernet, Catford, and Leuven-Zwart.
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The emphasis of the structural approach to translation changes towards the end of 1950s with the work of Vinay and Dalbernet. Vinay and Dalbernet in Venuti identify two procedures of translating, the first is direct or literal translation, and the second procedure is oblique translation. Literal translation occurs when there is an exact structural, lexical, and even morphological equivalence between two languages. According to Vinay and Dalbernet, this is only possible when the two languages are very close two each other. The literal translation (direct) procedures are borrowing, calque, and literal translation. While oblique translation occurs when word for word translation is impossible. The oblique procedures are transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation.
B. Procedures of Translation
It is not always possible to translate the segments with equivalent structures. That is the reason why translators often use several procedures in order to assure the translation of a determined text. The first classification of translation techniques that had a clear methodological purpose was presented by Vinay and Darbelnet8. According to their classification, translation procedures were classified into two methods covering seven procedures. They are(i) direct translation, covering borrowing, calque, and literal translation, and (ii) oblique translation which is transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation.
First procedure is Borrowing procedure. It is the simplest of all translation methods. It refers to a case where a word or an expression is taken from the SL
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and used in the TL, but in a „naturalized‟ form, that is, it is made to conform to the rules of grammar or pronunciation of the TL. It is usually used in terms of new technical or unknown concepts.
There are some possibilities that may occur in this procedure: (1) borrowing with no change in form and meaning (pure loanwords). For examples: email email, internet internet, (2) borrowing with changes in form but without
changes the meaning (mixed loanword), for examples: account akun, compensation kompensasi, and (3) borrowing when part of the terms is native and another is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed (loan blends). For examples: internet provider penyedialayanan internet.
Secondly is Calque. Calque,refers to the case where the translator imitates in his translation the structure or manner of expression of the SL. Calque may introduce a structure that is stranger from the TL. For instance, “photo studio” in
English is still translated as photo studio in Bahasa Indonesia, although there is normally no such Modifier + Head construction in Bahasa Indonesia Noun Phrase.
The next procedure is Literal Translation. It is a direct transfer of a SL into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate to TL text, principally, literal translation is a unique solution in which is reversible and complete in itself. For examples: “black market” in English is translated to be pasar gelap in Bahasa Indonesia. “Honey moon” is translated to be bulan madu.
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message. The method also involves a change in the grammatical change that occurs in translation from SL to TL (singular to plural, position of adjective, changing the word class or part of speech). For instance, a compound “keyword”
in English is translated as kata kunci (Phrase) in Bahasa Indonesia.
The fifth procedure is Modulation. It is a change in point of view that allows us to express the same phenomenon in a different way. Modulation as a procedure of translation occurs when there is a change of perspective accompanied with a lexical change in the TL. For instance, “He was killed in the
war” in English is translated as Dia gugur dalam perang in Bahasa Indonesia. It is Free or Optional Modulation. Another example, “It isn‟t expensive” is translated
to be “It is cheap”. It is Negated Contrary, which is a procedure that relies on
changing the value of the SL in translation from negative to positive or vice versa. Besides, Equivalent is a part of translation procedures. This term is used to refer to cases where languages describe the same situation by different stylistic or structural means. For example, an interjection “Ouch!” in English can be
translated to be aduh or aw in Bahasa Indonesia. An English Idiom “Don‟t cry over spilled milk” may can be translated as nasi sudah menjadi bubur in Bahasa
Indonesia.
The last is adaptation. It is used in those cases where the type of situation being referred to by the SL message is unknown in the TL culture. In such case, the translators have to create a new situation that can be considered as being equivalent. For instance, “Take a bath” in English is translated into mandi in
C. Modulation
Modulation is changed that happens from SL into TL, therefore we can understand a meaning into target language and some word has a meaning shift that into TL and we should equal a meaning in a culture.9Peter Newmark‟s statement: “Modulation is a meaning shift which happen in a target language, because it is a
changed a point of view and opinion”.
Vinay and Darbelnet coined the term „modulation‟ to define „a variation
through a change of viewpoint, of perspective, and very often of category of thought‟. Standard modulations are recorded in bilingual dictionaries.10
Modulation is a translation strategy converting SL double negative to TL positive or vice versa, qualifying a verb, adjective or adverb. Modulation is a variation of the form message, obtained by a change in the point of view. This change can be justified when, although a literal, or even transposed, translation results in grammatically correct utterance, it is considered unsuitable, unidiomatic, or awkward in the TL.11
Based on the characteristic, modulation is divided into 2 types, namely free modulation and mandatory (fix) modulation.
In the case, translators have a good knowledge of both languages free use this method as they will be aware of the frequency of use, the overall acceptance and the confirmation provided by a dictionary or grammar of the preferred
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sanctioned by usage, so that the procedure must be carried a new each time. However, the result of translation should correspond perfectly to the situation indicated by the SL.
Free modulation tends towards a unique solution which rests upon a habitual train of thought and which is a necessary rather than optional. Therefore, that evident is in between fixed modulation and free modulation has differences of degree. Free modulation is felt to offer the only solution.12 However, a free modulation does not actually become fixed until referred in dictionary and grammar.
The difference between fixed and free modulation is one of degree. In the case of fixed modulation, translators with a good knowledge of both language and freely used this method, as they will be aware of the frequency of use, the overall acceptable, and the confirmation provided by a dictionary or grammar of the preferred expression. Cases of free modulation are single instances not yet fixed and sanctioned by usage, so that the procedure must be carried out a new each time.
Based on types, modulations are: 1. Negated Contrary
Negated contrary occurs when translating double negative in the SL into positive in the TL, or vice versa. Example:
This book is not expensive Buku ini murah
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The force of the double negative depends on the tone of voice, and therefore the appropriateness of this modulation must depend on its formulation and the context.
2. Abstract for concrete
The sentence of the SL is abstract and general, but the translator translated the text to be clearer and concrete.
Example:
Sleep in the open Tidur di bawah bintang-bintang
3. Cause for effect
Cause for effect used when the translator change the meaning of the TL. In the SL, the author stated cause sentence, but in the TL the translator translated into effect sentence
Example:
You are quite a stranger Saya tidak dapat mengenali anda.
4. One part for another
This is kind of modulation that occur when the SL only state a part, but the translator translated into other part in the TL.
Example:
From coast to coast dari tepi kembali lagi ke tepi.
5. Reversal of term
Reversal of term is also a distinct procedure, usually for making language sound natural. For example:
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Lend – borrow 6. Active for passive
Active for passive is changing of point of view when active form in the SL became passive form in the TL, or vice versa.
Example:
You helped by him Dia telah menolong Anda.
7. Space for Time
This is one of modulation types that occur when the text in the SL described “space”, but in the TL change into “time”.
Example:
As this in itself presented a difficulty (refers to space) ini memberikan kesulitan (refers to time).
8. Intervals and limits Example:
He is the one dialah satu-satunya.
9. Change of symbols
For example: in English, if a men or women who will get marriage, she or he held unmarried party and drink a sampange. In Indonesia, if a men or women who will get marriage, she or he cannot meet each other and usually a family plays fireworks.13
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D. The Novel Translation
Literary works such as novel is a literary essay in which there is a message of the author which will be relayed to the reader. For that a translator of the novel should be able to relay back that message to the reader as the original novel. Many of literary work like novel in Indonesia that make readers guess himself what is the purpose of the content in the novel. Sometimes even readers can get the messages contained in the novel when they read the text of the source language first.
For that there are some things that a translator should have in translating novels, including language "sense", mastery of the source language, mastery of the target language, familiarity with the culture that surrounds the source language, familiarity with the culture surrounds the target language, a wide knowledge, and supporting reference source.14
In addition there are some translation strategies that can be done if you want to translate the novel. As a first step the translator reads the book which will be translated entirely to get a general overview of the characters, plot, setting, narrative tone, the implicit meaning, and so on. Furthermore, the translator must find additional information about the books which will be translated, it involves both content and background, including the author. After obtaining complete information, it should be decided which style of speech most appropriate. Then read the chapters which will be translated while marking the parts that might be a problem, just as mental preparation. Then, begins the process of translation.Then
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finding an equivalent that cannot be taught directly. It means that the writing process is often interrupted because usually we have to open a dictionary. Every sentence must be done the restructuring process repeatedly until obtaining the proper equivalent. Only after one part (sentence / paragraph / chapter) is completed, the translator should continue to the next section, and so on.15
In translating the novel, a translator must concern how the readers in target language get the same message with the reader in source language. There is no advantage in making generalizations about translation of serious novels. The obvious problems: the relative importance of the source language culture and the author‟s moral purpose to the reader- it may be exemplified in the translation of proper names; of the source language conventions and the author‟s idiolect; the
translation of dialect; the distinction between personal style, literary convention of period and/ or movement; and the norms of the source language- these problems have to be settled for each text.16
In addition, Larson stated17 that in translating the text appropriately, the translator needs to know certain things about communication situation. Most of the text meaning is determined by its author, purpose, audience, the relationship between writers and audience, culture of source language, the amount of information that is known by audience of source language and target language text, and another factor of communication situation.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. Data Description
The writer would like to show the following data which are taken from novelTime Flies for Ms Wiz, written by Terence Blacker and its translation is Ms Wiz Kembali ke Masa Silam which is translated by Mala Suhendra. The object is the sentences that contain modulation in the novel. The collected sentences are written in the form of data and classified them based on the theory of modulation by Vinay and Darbelnet.
The possible meaning changes that may occur in modulation can be observed in the following data descriptions:
1. Negated Contrary
Negated Contrary occurs when the sentence of SL consist of double negative become positive in TL.
SL: There was no gleam and sparkle to their uniforms (page 110) (1) TL: Seragam mereka kotor dan lusuh (page 49)
2. Abstract for Concrete
The sentence of the SL is abstract and general, but the translator translated the text to be clearer.
SL: It wasn’t at all like the film she had seen (page 110) (2)
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SL: Brushing down her pink crinoline dress (page 97) (3) TL: Mengusap-usap gaun merah jambunya yang dilengkapi lingkaran-lingkaran
kawat agar menggelembung kaku (page 36) 3. One Part for Other
This is kind of modulation that occur when the SL only state a part, but the translator translated into other part in the TL.
SL: Ms Wiz opens her magic book from cover to cover (page 79) (4) TL: Ms Wiz membuka buku sulapnya dari halaman pertama sampai halaman
terakhir (page 15)
SL: Nabila could see row upon row of English Soldiers on their horses, preparing for the charge of the Light Brigade, but it wasn’t at all like the film she had
seen (page 110) (5)
TL: Nabila dapat melihat dari barisan terdepan hingga belakang Pasukan Berkuda Inggris tengah bersiap-siap mengadakan penyerbuan Brigade Cahaya (page 49)
4. Reversal of Term
Reversal of term is one of modulation types. This type is usually optional for making language sound natural.18
SL: I’d love to go back in time (page 77) (6)
TL: Aku mau melakukan perjalanan menembus waktu (page 14)
SL: The sunlight blinded Nabila for an instant (page 109) (7) TL: Cahaya mentari menyilaukan Nabila sejenak (page 48)
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5. Active for Passive
Active for passive is changing of point of view when active form in the SL became passive form in the TL, or vice versa.
SL: With a puff of smoke (page 81) (8)
TL: Diiringi kepulan asap (page 18)
SL: My mum and my dad will be worried about me (page 83) (9) TL: Ibu dan ayahku akan khawatir memikirkanku (page 22)
SL: We had only been gone a few minutes (page 83) (10) TL: Kita seolah-olah baru pergi beberapa menit saja (page 22)
SL: Soon the other children had gathered around (page 87) (11) TL: Anak-anak itu segera dikumpulkan (page 25)
SL: What are they doing to her? (page 91) (12) TL: Dia mau diapakan? (page 28)
SL: Nabila thought that the faint humming sound she heard was in her
imagination (page 91) (13)
TL: Mulanya Nabila menyangka denging pelan yang didengarnya hanya ada dalam khayalannya (page 29)
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6. Space for Time
This is one of modulation types that occur when the text in the SL described “space”, but in the TL change into “time”.
SL: In the darkness, and everyone was fall asleep, she heard a strange voice
(111) (16)
TL: Pada sekitar pukul 12 malam, ia mendengar suara aneh (50)
B. Data Analysis
Having been mentioned in the previous chapter that the purpose of the study is to find out the modulation used in the novel Time Flies for Ms Wiz by Terrence Blacker. This chapter will analyze and discuss the data by the use of modulation in translating this novel.
The writer found modulation used in the text of the novel as below: Datum 1
SL: There was no gleam and sparkle to their uniforms TL: Seragam mereka kotor dan lusuh
No or Not is one of prefixes that show negation. In the sentence above, the source language contains of two prefixes negation, and in the TL become one positive form. Although the author only write one “no” in the sentence, the translator could see hidden “no” that might be showed after “and”.
for something that reflect the light. The translator makes the result of translation readable and easy to understand by using negated contrary modulation, it is simpler but clear.
It is clear that the translator using modulation in translating the novel, the type is negated contrary modulation.
Datum 2
SL: It wasn’t at all like the film she had seen
TL: Suasananya sama sekali tidak mirip adegan yang dilihatnya di film
The source language text in the table above described the reality that she saw different with the film that she has ever seen. The author only state “it wasn’t at all like the film she had seen”, he did not explain what the difference between reality and film. The translator added “adegan” to explain the author‟s aim. In the next sentence, the author stated “the men looked tired and dirty as they sat on their thin, mudspattered horses”. She might watch a cowboy film that showed many handsome boys looked perfect and riding a clean horse bravely.
By the explanation above, we can conclude that the translator using modulation procedure in translating this sentence, namely abstract for concrete modulation.
Datum 3
SL: Brushing down her pink crinoline dress
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Based on tthe sentence in the Datum 3, there is no equivalence meaning of “Crinoline” in Indonesian, however the translator translated it into “yang
dilengkapi lingkaran-lingkaran kawat agar menggelembung kaku”. In the illustration picture below, looks a woman wearing a wide dress. It can be a reason why the translator translated it so.
The translator aims to make the translation product easier to understand, and makes the readers imagine the situation at the text.
Datum 4
SL: Ms Wiz opens her magic book from cover to cover.
TL: Ms Wiz membuka buku sulapnya dari halaman pertama sampai halaman terakhir.
In the sentence above, the author only state “cover to cover”, but the translator could get the author‟s aim. The translator translated it into “dari
halaman pertama sampai ke halaman terakhir”, besides the writer did not describe the pages that opened.
the past. Nobody noticed until the alarm on the clock went off. All students were angry to Ms Wiz and asked her to return Jack back. She opens her book hurriedly.
The translator could imagine how Ms Wiz opens her book. With panic situation, surely she opened her book from the first page until the end. The translator used one part for other modulation to translate this sentence. Modulation used in this sentence is appropriate, and make the reader can get the point easily.
Datum 5
SL: Nabila could see row upon row of English Soldiers on their horses, preparing for the charge of the Light Brigade, but it wasn’t at all like the film she had
seen.
TL: Nabila dapat melihat dari barisan terdepan hingga belakang Pasukan Berkuda Inggris tengah bersiap-siap mengadakan penyerbuan Brigade Cahaya.
In the sentence above, the translator translates “row upon row” into “dari barisan terdepan hingga belakang”. Word “row” means “line of people or thing”, or in Indonesian Language “baris”. Literally, “row upon row” means “baris demi baris”, but the translator makes the translation became explicit“dari
barisan depan hingga belakang”.
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Datum 6
SL: I’d love to go back in time.
TL: Aku mau melakukan perjalanan menembus waktu.
The sentence of the datum 6 shows the modulation translation that reverses the meaning. “Go back” that translated into “menembus” is the example of reversal of terms that used by the translator in translating the novel. In oxford dictionaries, “Go” is equivalent with “move from one place to another”, and “Back” is “so as to return to an earlier or normal position or condition”. In
Indonesian Language, “menembus” means“go through over something”, literally was very different with “go back”.
If the text translated literally, it will be “Aku suka untuk kembali ke dalam waktu”. It was so difficult to understand and unnatural. That is why the translator
used reversal of terms modulation to make language sound natural.
In this case, the translator used reversal of terms modulation to translate the sentence.
Datum 7
SL: The sunlight blinded Nabila for an instant TL: Cahaya mentari menyilaukan Nabila sejenak
It shows that “blinded” and “menyilaukan” literally have a reversal meaning. But the translator can imagine the situation, when the sight highlighted by sharp light, it will make the eyes seems like blind, dark, and unclear. It is the reason why the translator translates it so. It is clear that the translator used reversal of terms modulation in translating this sentence.
Datum 8
SL: With a puff of smoke. TL: Diiringi kepulan asap.
It was very clear that there is no passive form in the SL above. “With a puff of smoke” is an active clause, but the translator used “Diiringi kepulan asap” as the result of translation. Literally, “with” can be translated into “dengan”,
“bersama”, or “terhadap”, but actually “diiringi” and “dengan” have a similar
meaning, that is “accompanied by”.
The translator used active for passive modulation to provide connotative value in the translation result.
Datum 9
SL: My mum and my dad will be worried about me. TL: Ibu dan ayahku akan khawatir memikirkanku.
The sentence of the datum 9 contains passive for active modulation. “Will be worried” contains of simple future passive form. “My mum and dad will be worried about me” is passive sentence, but the translator changes it into active “Ibu dan ayahku akan khawatir memikirkanku”. The SL, if translated into passive
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pronoun “Aku” or “-ku”, and make the sentence sounds unnatural caused by pronoun repetition.
Datum 10
SL: We had only been gone a few minutes.
TL: Kita seolah-olah baru pergi beberapa menit saja.
The sentence of the datum 10 contains passive for active modulation. In this sentence, the source language show passive form, but in the TL there is no passive form. “had only been gone” is past perfect passive form, but in the TL, the translator makes the sentence became parable sentence.
The translator translated so because Ms Wiz and Nabb went not only in a few minutes, and they visited some countries to search for Jack. But, when they did time-travel, time seem stop, “we’ve stepped out of time” said Ms Wiz.
Datum 11
SL: Soon the other children had gathered around. TL: Anak-anak itu segera dikumpulkan.
In this case, the sentence in the SL is active form and the sentence in the TL is passive form. “Had gathered” has “Me-“affix in active form, but in the TL translated into “di-“, that is affix of active form.
When the translator translated the SL into passive form, it can inflict ambiguous. “anak-anak itu akan segera dikumpulkan”, the question is “with whom they will be gathered?”, though they gathered by themselves. If the
translator translated the SL into active form, it will be “Anak-anak itu akan segera berkumpul”, so that the message of the TL will be same with the message of the
With the explanation above, we can conclude that the translator used active for passive modulation in translating this sentence.
Datum 12
SL: What are they doing to her? TL: Dia mau diapakan?
In the sentence above, “what are they doing to her?” which is active form translated into Indonesian “dia mau diapakan?”. It showed that the translator change the form, from active into passive. The translator could translate the SL became “Apa yang akan kamu lakukan padanya?”, but it looks so clumsy and unnatural. So that the translator used passive for active modulation in translating the sentence. Even the form was changed; the meaning still understood by the readers.
Datum 13
SL: Nabila thought that the faint humming sound she heard was in her imagination.
TL: Mulanya Nabila menyangka denging pelan yang didengarnya hanya ada dalam khayalannya.
In the datum 13, the translator used active for passive modulation. “Heard” is simple past active form, but the translator translated it became “didengarnya”¸ which is affix “Di-“ in Indonesian is passive form. If the
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pronoun “she” of the SL and replace it by changing to be passive form, but it was
not change the point that the author want conveyed to. Datum 14
SL: For about a second, the tent was filled with humming noise TL: Dalam beberapa saat, dengungan kencang memenuhi tenda itu
In the sentence above, the SL is passive form, and in the TL is active form. “was filled” is simple past passive form, but the translator used affix “Me-“ to
translate it. It means, the translator was not only change the form, but the point of view also.
If the translator translated ”For about a second, the tent was filled with humming noise” into active form, it will be “Dalam beberapa detik, tenda telah
dipenuhi dengan dengungan kencang”, it has a little difference. The translator rotated the subject and the object. In the SL “the tent” as a subject and “humming noise” as an object. But the translator rotated it in the TL, and change the verb
into active form. It was not change the message that the author want to convey. According on the explanation above, we can conclude that the translator used passive for active modulation in translating this sentence.
Datum 15
SL: Nabila had been turned into a little bird. TL:Nabila berubah jadi burung kecil.
present perfect passive form, but the translator translated it into active sentence, that is “Nabila berubah jadi burung kecil”.
Nabila turned into a little bird was not her desire, but Ms Wiz bewitched her. If the translation be “Nabila berubah jadi burung kecil” seems like Nabila bewitched her became a little bird by herself. It means the author aims would not received by the TL readers correctly.
Datum 16
SL: In the darkness, and everyone was fall asleep, she heard a strange voice. TL: Pada sekitar pukul 12 malam, ia mendengar suara aneh.
In the sentence above, the text in the SL showed what Nabila could see. “In the darkness” was not state the time, but the translator can imagine the
condition. “In the darkness and everyone was fall asleep” showed that Nabila awakened in the middle of night. In Indonesia, middle night between 12 p.m until 3 a.m. The translator tried to adjust situation and culture of the TL.
“In the darkness” showed the situation in the night, and “everyone fall asleep” usually also in the night, so that the translator used space for time
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CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
The title of this research is Modulation in English-Indonesian Language Translation of Time Flies for Ms Wiz Novel. This novel is translated by Mala Suhendra into Indonesian with the title Ms Wiz Kembali ke Masa Silam. The object of this research is focused on sentences containing modulation in found in the novel. The sentences are classified and analyzed based on Vinay and Darbelnet theories.
This novel describes about a witch, namely Ms Wiz that coming out from a Mickey Mouse alarm. Travel-time started when Mr Bailey asked the students to finish their history project. Ms Wiz was going to use her new time-machine to help Class Three with their history project. But when Jack gets lost - somewhere in the last 500 years - only shy Nabila dares to travel back in time with Ms Wiz on her strangest adventure to date.
A translator should be able to adjust the equivalency of the source language into the target language. Every translator must have this capability to prevent the rigid and difficult to understand of translation.
In process of translating, a translator has to focus on the translation procedure. Talking about translation procedures, related to a smaller level of a text are sentence, clause, phrase and word. Translation procedure becomes very important in process of translation to complete the product of translation. Translation procedure is useful in translation process, so that the translator can always adjust the changes of meaning that accord with the target language. Translation procedure is divided into seven: (1) borrowing, (2) calque, (3) literal translation, (4) transposition, (5) modulation, (6) equivalent, and (7) adaptation.
Translating from a language into another language is not easy. The translators have to try to translate as close as the original text, without changing the writer‟s aim and message. Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor
language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. It means that translating is the effort to re-create message of source language into target language with closest natural equivalency.
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part for other; one sentence which contain reversal of terms; moreover, eight sentences which contain active for passive; and the other, the writer found one sentence which contain space for time.
B. Suggestions
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Alwi, Hasan. (2003). Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa dan Balai Pustaka
Bell, R. T. (1991). Translation and Translating. Singapore: Longman
Farkhan, M. (2011). Proposal Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra. Jakarta: Adabia Press.
Larson, M. L. (1984). Meaning-Based Translation.A Guide to Cross-language Equivalence. Lanham: University Press of America.
Newmark, P. (1981). Approaches to Translation. Oxford: Permagon Press. . (1988). A Textbook of Translation. London: Prentice Hall.
Nida, E. A. & Charles. R. T. (1974). The Theory and Practice of Transaltion. Den Haag: Brill.
Sayogie, F. (2009). Teori & Praktek Penerjemahan Bahasa Inggris kedalam Bahasa Indonesia. Tangerang: Pustaka Anak Negeri.
Suryawinata, Z. (1983). Terjemahan: Pengantar Teori dan Praktek. Jakarta: Depdikbud, Dirjen, Dikti, PPLPTK.
Venuti, Lawrence. (2004). The Translation Studies Reader. USA and Canada: Routledge.
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APPENDICES
A. Synopsis
It all started so well. Ms Wiz was going to use her new time-machine to help class three with their history project. But when Jack gets lost – somewhere in the last 500 years – only shy Nabila dares to travel back in time with Ms Wiz on her strangest adventure to date.
Jack should never have played with Ms Wiz‟s
new time machine – now he‟s vanished in a puff of smoke. To rescue him, Nabila takes off on a weird journey into history and discovers that even time flies when you‟re traveling with Ms Wiz.
B. Biography
Terence Blacker was born on 5th February 1948 on a farm in Suffolk. He was taught by a governess Miss Curtis until, at the age of seven, he was sent to Hawtreys, a grim preparatory school which is now mercifully defunct. He then attended Wellington College and, to everyone's surprise, got into Cambridge where he read English, emerging with a mediocre degree.
As a boy, he was obsessed with horses - riding them and following their progress in the racing pages. For a while he rode as an amateur jockey with plans of earning a living as a racing correspondent. But he discovered, rather later than he should have, that the racing world was not for him. He then went to Paris and worked in two bookshops. The first was a little shop called Shakespeare & Co, which was - and is - a famous gathering-place for people who dreamed of being writers, or wanted to meet, talk to or sleep with writers. When he needed to earn some money, he went to work in a much smarter bookshop called Galignani. He sold books to carious famous people who were living in Paris at the time - Orson Welles, Marlene Dietrich, Graham Greene and the Duke of Windsor. In 1972, he returned to London and got a job in book publishing. he worked, first as a salesman, then an editor, ending up as editorial director of a paperback imprint. He left to become a writer full-time on 11th March 1983.
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nightmarishly yobbish, snobby, randy ambitious paperback editor called Jonty Lejeune who was fictional presence in real events (an idea stolen from Auberon Waugh's diary in Private Eye). In his early years as a writer, he would write almost anything to remain solvent.
He did some ghosting, wrote a number of comedy books, sometimes under pseudonym. He edited a very successful book written by Ben Elton, Rik Mayall and Lisa Mayer based on the brilliant sitcom The Young Ones.
In the late 1980s, he began to discover what he enjoyed writing. His first novel Fixx was published in 1989. His Ms Wiz children's series was launched at about the same time. Soon afterwards, he began to write a cheerfully acerbic review of book reviewers for the Sunday Times under the pseudonym of Harvey Porlock (a bad career move, he now see).
