ANALYSIS OF DESIGN CRITERIA AFFECTING THE
ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS IN
HIGHER EDUCATION FACILITIES
Imam Alfianto
#, Dian Ariestadi
+, Mohammad Sulton
*#
Department of Civil Engineering
State University of Malang, Jawa Timur, Indonesia alfiantoimam@gmail.com
+
Department of Civil Engineering
State University of Malang, Jawa Timur, Indonesia dian.ariestadi.ft@um.ac.id
*
Department of Civil Engineering
State University of Malang, Jawa Timur, Indonesia mohasulton@yahoo.co.id
Abstract —In Indonesia, the standard energy audit procedures
in SNI 03-6196-2000 does not include the educational facilities buildings. This study aims to develop a building energy performance analysis tool, especially for the construction of buildings for higher education facilities in Indonesia. Design criteria for the analysis of energy performance in buildings was developed based on the design attributes that influence the energy performance of buildings for thermal comfort and lighting. Identification and analysis of building design criteria affecting energy performance were calculated using the Important Performance Analysis (IPA). To analyze the level of interest among the criteria used MCDM 23 that developed by International Energy Agency (IEA) Solar Heating and Cooling Task 23. MCDM analysis use Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) model. The results of the IPA analysis showed important design criteria affecting energy performance in higher education buildings, covering categories: (1) the location of the building, (2) thermal reduction efforts around the building, (3) building plans, (4) the form of architecture, (5) structural and building envelope design for comfort temperature, (6) structural and building envelope design for convenience lighting, (7) the interior space, and (8) ventilating, air conditioning systems and artificial lighting. The MCDM 23 analysis showed that the level of interest of the building design criteria for higher education facilities that affect the energy performance are: 1) Life cycle cost 19.9%, 2) Environmental contexts 19.1%, 3) Resources use 18.4%, 4) Architectural design 14.1%, 5) Environmental loading 11.8%, 6) Thermal comfort systems design 8.7%, and 7) Lighting Systems Design 8.0%. The conclusions indicate varying criteria priority weights of the main criteria and sub-criteria as the initial product that has been produced. The value of the weight percentage of the main criteria also includes details of the value of the weight percentage of the sub-criteria. The value of the weight percentage will be used to calculate the level of energy performance of buildings in higher education facilities in Indonesia.
Key words - energy performance buildings, higher education facilities, Important Performance Analysis, MCDM 23.
I. INTRODUCTION
The building as the architecture products related factors as climate, availability of resources, energy and how sustainability. Acceleration of development, population growth and increased standard of living led to increase in the rate of energy consumption. In general, buildings in tropical countries, including Indonesia, the highest energy consumption for HVAC systems (45-70%), lighting systems (10-20%), lifts and escalators (2-7%) and electronic equipment (2- 10%). Buildings use energy for thermal comfort range of 50%-60%, while for visual comfort range of 30%, or it can be concluded that the thermal quality of the building and the weather is the dominant factor in energy use. According to Indonesian National Standard, the growth of buildings in Indonesia requires the application of energy efficiency in buildings becomes very important.
The government's policy on education in UU No. 20 Tahun 2003 about National Education System with a decentralized system led to increased construction of educational facilities, including the building of higher education facilities. In Indonesia, the scope of standard reference procedures for energy audits on buildings in SNI 03-6196-2000, only for offices, hotels, shopping canters, hospitals, apartments and houses, not include the educational facilities buildings [6].
It is necessary for the conservation of energy and the realization of sustainable development. In its application for the instrument is required audit or analysis of energy performance, to identify energy use and potential savings, so the concept of sustainable construction can be realized.
II. RESEARCHOBJECTIVE
developed based on the design attributes that influence the energy performance of buildings for thermal comfort and lighting. Analysis of energy performance is expected to provide a better design direction for improving the performance of buildings, particularly related to the concept of sustainable.
III.RESEARCHMETHOD
This study aims to develop a building energy performance analysis tools, in particular the building of higher education facilities. The components of the analysis are the design criteria affecting energy performance in buildings. The study was conducted through two stages, the first is the identification of the basic criteria, and the second is analysis of the level of importance specific design criteria that influence the energy performance of buildings. Design criteria for the analysis of energy performance in buildings was developed based on the design attributes that influence the energy performance of buildings for thermal comfort and lighting, combined with the standard criteria developed MCDM 23 International Energy Agency (IEA) Solar Heating and Cooling Task 23.
Analysis and identification of the initial design criteria were calculated using the Important Performance Analysis (IPA). The results of the IPA analysis will present the attribute on a grid that is divided into four quadrants (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Importance Performance Analysis grid
Quadrant I: Attributes are perceived to be very important to respondents, but performance levels are fairly low. This design criteria need improvement efforts should concentrate here. Quadrant II: Attributes are perceived to be very important to respondents, and at the same time, the design criteria seem to have high levels of performance. The message here is To Keep up the Good Work. Quadrant III: Attributes are with low importance and low performance. Although performance levels may be low in this cell, the design criteria in this cell are not perceived to be very important. Quadrant IV: This cell contains attributes of low importance, but relatively high performance. Respondents are satisfied with the performance, but the design criteria of this cell as being over-utilised.
This study will be conducted in two categories of the different regions, namely the campus north of the equator (in
the position of North latitude) and south of the equator (position in line south latitude). It is necessary to obtain a building response data on regional climates, given the Indonesian region covers an area located in north latitude to south latitude.
The data was collected through two phases: 1) the building environment to determine the higher education facilities using purposive random sampling, and 2) determining the respondent. Respondent is the overall picture of the academicians in higher education environments in buildings that have been determined, including faculty, students, and management staff.
The weight percentage of the design criteria affecting the energy performance of buildings will be analysed using Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) [3]. To analyse the level of interest among the criteria used MCDM 23 with Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) model, using voter appraiser experts in the field of architectural design professionals and researcher’s architecture technology, building science, building construction, building sustainable engineering and construction engineering.
IV.RESULTSANDANALYSIS
A. Identify the Design Criteria that Affect the Energy Performance
The ability of the building to provide a response to the thermal environment is closely linked to the performance of its elements. The performance of this form shape design, material, spatial arrangement and construction technology. The perfect design of the building in response to the thermal environment as a whole depends on the design of the elements forming the thermal performance of buildings, including: the design of the roof, ceiling, floor, and building envelopes.
TABLE I
DEVELOPMENT OF IPA ATTRIBUTES
No IPA Attributes
The location that affect thermal and lighting comfort 1 Weather conditions at the building site
2 Orientation
Heat reduction around the building 3 pavement around the building not reflected
4 vegetation (softscape) is free from buildings (hardscape) 5 roofing material around the building not reflected
The building layout that affect thermal and lighting comfort 6 The room layout support the temperature comfort 7 The room layout support the lighting comfort 8 The room areas support the temperature comfort 9 The room areas support the lighting comfort
The building shape that affect thermal and lighting comfort 10 Roof shape
11 Roofing material to reduce heat 12 Construction of exterior wall 13 Material of exterior wall 14 Color of exterior wall 15 Construction of heat shielding 16 Construction of light shielding
Structural design and building shape that affect natural thermal comfort
17 The wide of wall openings for ventilation 18 Construction of wall openings for ventilation 19 The wide of roof openings for ventilation 20a Construction of roof openings for ventilation
Structural design and building shape that affect natural light comfort 20 The wide of wall openings for fenetration
21 Construction of wall openings for fenetration 22 The wide of roof openings for fenetration 23 Construction of roof openings for fenetration
Interior element that affect thermal and lighting comfort 24 Interior wall construction
25 Interior wall material 26 Interior wall color 27 Floor construction 28 Floor material 29 Floor color 30 Plafond construction 31 Plafond material 32 Plafond color 33 Furniture form 34 Furniture material 35 Furniture color
36 Interior shielding (curtain, blind, etc.) Air conditioning and artificial lighting system 37 Air conditioning system
38 Integrated air conditioning and natural ventilating 39 Electric lighting system not increased internal heat 40 Integrated electric and natural lighting
Determining the location of higher education environments under consideration for: (1) Malang, The Faculty of Law building at the UB campus as the campus environment overview as a description of the physical development of the campus with high-rise buildings typology of buildings on many campuses in Indonesia. (2) Surabaya: the building at Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Planning ITS overview as a description of the diversity of geographical conditions coastal city, low-rise building typology with elongated floor plan. (3) Banda Aceh: the Lecture Building, Faculty of Economics Syiah Kuaala University overview as a description of the area of North latitude, low-rise building
typology with elongated floor plan. (4) Manado: the Lecture Building at Faculty of Graduate Samratulangi University overview as a description of the area of North latitude, high-rise buildings typology [2].
IPA analysis results shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3.
Fig. 2. Attributes in Cartesian Diagram IPA for the South Latitude
Fig. 3. Attributes in Cartesian Diagram IPA for the North Latitude
TABLE 2
RECAPITULATION ATTRIBUTES WITHIMPORTANT CATEGORY
No IPA Attributes Rank
South North The location that affect thermal and
lighting comfort
1 Weather conditions at the building site I I 2 Building orientation II II
Heat reduction around the building
3 vegetation (softscape) is free from buildings (hardscape)
I I
4 roofing material around the building not reflected
II I
The building layout that affect thermal and lighting comfort
5 The room layout support the temperature comfort
II II
6 The room layout support the lighting comfort
I II
7 The room areas support the temperature comfort
II II
8 The room areas support the lighting comfort
II I
The building shape that affect thermal and lighting comfort
9 Roofing material to reduce heat II I 10 Construction of exterior wall II IV 11 Material of exterior wall II II 12 Construction of heat shielding III I 13 Construction of light shielding I III
Structural design and building shape that affect natural thermal comfort
14 The wide of wall openings for ventilation II II
15 Construction of wall openings for ventilation
I I
16 The wide of roof openings for ventilation I III
17 Construction of roof openings for ventilation
I III
Structural design and building shape that affect natural light comfort
18 The wide of wall openings for fenetration III I Interior element that affect thermal and
lighting comfort
19 Interior wall material not increased internal heat
III II
20 Interior shielding (curtain, blind, etc.) I III Air conditioning and artificial lighting
system
21 Air conditioning system II II
22 Integrated air conditioning and natural ventilating
II II
23 Electric lighting system not increased internal heat
II II
24 Integrated electric and natural lighting II II
B. The level of interest of the Design Criteria that Affect the Energy Performance
The criteria used in the analysis of MCDM based attributes assessment design criteria that affect the thermal performance of buildings according to the IPA analysis results (Table 2). Furthermore, the attributes of the research in the first phase will be combined to be part of the criteria in the MCDM 23, as main criteria or sub-criteria (Table 3).
TABLE 3
RECAPITULATION ATTRIBUTES WITHIMPORTANT CATEGORY
No Main Criteria Sub Criteria 1 Life Cycle cost Construction cost
Annual operation cost Annual maintenance cost 2 Resource use Annual electricity
Annual fuel Annual water Construction materials Land
3 Environmental Loading CO2-emissions from construction Annual CO2 emissions from operation SO2-emissions from construction Annual SO2 emissions from operation NOx emission from construction Annual NOx emissions from operation 4 Environmental Context Weather conditions at the building site
Vegetation (softscape) is free from buildings (hardscape
Building material around the building not reflected
5 Architectural Design Building orientation
Scale, proportion and volume of the building
Roofing material to reduce heat Construction of exterior wall
Construction of heat and light shielding Wall openings for ventilation Wall openings for fenetration
6 Lighting Systems Design The room layout support the natural lighting
The room areas support the natural lighting
Integrated electric and natural lighting Electric lighting system not increased internal heat
7 Thermal Comfort Systems Design The room layout support the temperature comfort
The room areas support the lighting comfort
Interior wall material not increased internal heat
Interior shielding (curtain, blind, etc.) Integrated air conditioning and natural ventilating
TABLE 4
The level of priority interest is the main criteria: 1. Life cycle cost of a building : 19.9%,
ANALYSIS RESULTS ON THE SUB CRITERIARESOURCES USE
Voter Ann
The level of priority interest is the sub criteria of Resource Use:
ANALYSIS RESULTS ON THE SUB CRITERIA ENVIRONMENTAL LOADING
The level of priority interest is the sub criteria of Environmental Loading:
ANALYSIS RESULTS ON THE SUB CRITERIA ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT
The level of priority interest is the sub criteria of Environmental Context:
1. Weather conditions at the building site : 63,4 % 2. Vegetation is free from buildings : 25,5 % 3. Building material around the building
not reflected : 11,1 %
TABLE 8
ANALYSIS RESULTS ON THE SUB CRITERIA ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
The level of priority interest is the sub criteria of Architectural Design:
4. Roofing material to reduce heat : 8,9 % 5. Wall openings for fenetration : 8,8 % 6. Wall openings for ventilation : 8,3 % 7. Scale, proportion and volume of the building : 7,2 %
TABLE 9
ANALYSIS RESULTS ON THE SUB CRITERIA LIGHTING SYSTEMS DESIGN
The level of priority interest is the sub criteria of Lighting System Design:
1. The room layout support the natural lighting : 51,4 % 2. Integrated electric and natural lighting : 33,4 % 3. Electric lighting system not increased
internal heat : 8,8 %
4. The room areas support the natural lighting : 6,5 %,
TABLE 10
ANALYSIS RESULTS ON THE SUB CRITERIA THERMAL COMFORT SYSTEMS DESIGN
The level of priority interest is the sub criteria of Thermal Comfort System Design:
1. The room layout support
the thermal comfort : 43,5 % 2. Integrated air conditioning and
natural ventilating : 17,8 %
3. Interior wall material not increased
internal heat : 16,1 %
4. Interior shielding (curtain, blind, etc.) : 15,0 % 5. The room areas support the lighting comfort : 7,6 %,
The value of the weight of overall criteria and sub-criteria summarized in Table 11. The weight of each sub-criterion to overall criteria illustrated in Fig. 4
TABLE 11
2.4 Construction materials 14,9 2.74
2.5 Land 16,7 3.07
3 Environmental Loading 11,8
3.1 CO2-emissions from construction 27,2 3.21
3.2 Annual CO2 emissions from
operation 19,6 2.31
3.3 SO2-emissions from construction 17,8 2.1
3.4 Annual SO2 emissions from
operation 17,9 2.11
3.5 NOx emission from construction 8,3 0.98
3.6 Annual NOx emissions from
operation 9,2 1.09
4 Environmental Context 19,1
4.1 Weather conditions at the building
site 63,4 12.11
4.2 Vegetation (softscape) is free from buildings (hardscape 25,5 4.87
4.3 Building material around the
building not reflected 11,1 2.12 5 Architectural Design 14,1
5.1 Building orientation 31,1 4.39
5.2 Scale, proportion and volume of
the building 7,2 1.02
5.3 Roofing material to reduce heat 8,9 1.26 5.4 Construction of exterior wall 24,4 3.44
5.5 Construction of heat and light
shielding 11,3 1.59
5.6 Wall openings for ventilation 8,3 1.17 5.7 Wall openings for fenetration 8,8 1.24
6 Lighting Systems Design 8,0
6.1 The room layout support the
natural lighting 51,4 4.11
6.2 The room areas support the natural
lighting 6,5 0.52
6.3 Integrated electric and natural
lighting 33,4 2.67
6.4 Electric lighting system not
increased internal heat 8,8 0.71 7 Thermal Comfort Systems Design 8,7
7.1 The room layout support the
temperature comfort 43,5 3.79
7.2 The room areas support the
lighting comfort 7,6 0.66
7.3 Interior wall material not increased
internal heat 16,1 1.4
7.4 Interior shielding (curtain, blind,
etc.) 15,0 1.31
7.5 Integrated air conditioning and
Fig. 4. The Weight of Each Sub-Criteria to Overall
Criteria for the life cycle cost of the building is considered
as the first criteria the most influence on the energy
performance of buildings. This criterion is a calculation of the cost of buildings ranging from the construction process to estimate the end-of-life buildings. The cost of the entire building life cycle costs should consider priority level sub-criteria cost of construction (61.2%), operating costs (19.4%), and maintenance costs of a building (19.4%).
The second important criteria is the environmental context associated with the environment that will affect the thermal performance and energy use in a building. Priority interests include the environmental context criteria: 63.4% environmental climate, open land and vegetation around buildings 25.5%, and the material in the surrounding environment affecting the ambient temperature and lighting 11.1%. Calculation of energy consumption by means of calculating the value of Building Energy Consumption Intensity (IKE) in accordance with SNI 03-6196-2000 on Energy Audit. IKE for energy efficiency in buildings for education 165-295 kWh / m2 / year [1].
The third important criteria is natural resources use. This criteria to assess and evaluate how far the building uses natural resources. Priority level of importance include: the use of electricity (31.0%), the use of fuel oil (27.8%), the potential use of land and the natural environment (16.7%), use of natural materials for construction (14.9%), to the use of water (9.4%). The building became part of a large environmental loading, based on data that buildings produce 50% of total energy expenditure in Indonesia and more than 70% of overall electricity consumption. The building is also responsible for 30% of greenhouse gas emissions, and use 30% of raw materials are produced.
The fourth important criterion is the architectural design. Sub criteria significantly affect the efficiency of energy consumption is the construction of the exterior walls. These criteria can be determined based on the Overall Thermal Transfer Value Calculated Value = OTTV accordance with
SNI 03-6389-2000 on Building Shape. OTTV concept includes three basic elements of heat transfer through the building envelope ie: heat conduction through opaque walls, solar radiation through the glass, and the heat conduction through the glass. OTTV standard for green building shape is 45 Watt / m2 [4].
Thermal condition of the building is the main factor that will affect the energy performance of buildings with particular regard to the lighting system and the comfort of air conditioning [Evans]. Priority interests include sub-criteria: of the building orientation 31.1%, facade construction that can heat reducing 24.4%, heat and light shielding element 11.3%, roofing material that reduces heat 8.9%, construction 8 openings for light penetration 8,8%, construction wall openings for ventilation 8.3%, and the scale and volume of 7.2% of the building.
The fifth important criteria that affect the energy performance of buildings is the environmental load criteria. This criterion is concerned about how the building causing damage to the environment, in particular emissions of CO2, SO2, and NOx. Priority level of interest the results of the analysis are: CO2 emissions for construction 27.2%, CO2 emissions during the operational 19.6%, SO2 emissions during the operational 17.9%, SO2 emissions for construction 17.8%, NOx emissions during the operational 9.2%, and NOx emissions for construction 8.3%.
An important criterion is the sixth and seventh thermal comfort system design and lighting systems. Design of thermal comfort system with priority level: the design layout of the room for the convenience of natural ventilation 43.5%, Integrated air conditioning and natural ventilating 17.8%, Interior wall material not increased internal tempeature 16.1%, the addition of interior elements of heat or light shielding 15.0%, and the calculation of the support area of the room temperature 7.6%. Natural ventilation systems in accordance with SNI 03-6572-2001 on procedures design ventilation and air conditioning systems in buildings. Air conditioning system by taking into account the COP of air conditioning equipment that is used, in accordance with SNI 03-6390-2000 on Energy Conservation in Air conditioning Systems in Buildings. COP (Coefficient Of Performance) is the number of comparisons between the flow rate of heat removed from the air-conditioning system with a flow rate of energy that must be entered into the system on the whole system.
Conservation in Buildings Lighting System. Some of the lighting standards in the education building facilities are: 350 lux for administration room and need power 15 Watt / m2, while the labs and studios require 750 lux. For artificial lighting is required to use lights with more efficient lighting power by 15% than the lighting power listed according to SNI 03-6197-2011 and should use 100% electronic ballast.
V. CONCLUSIONS
Design criteria affecting energy performance of buildings in higher education facilities are developed based on the Important Performance Analysis (IPA) and design criteria by the International Energy Agency (IEA) Solar Heating and Cooling Task 23. The design criteria consisting of seven main criteria and 33 sub-criteria. Priority level of importance to the design criteria with MCDM analysis: 1) Life cycle cost 19.9%, 2) Environmental contexts 19.1%, 3) Resources use 18.4%, 4) Architectural design 14.1%, 5) Environmental loading 11.8%, 6) Thermal comfort systems design 8.7%, and 7) Lighting Systems Design 8.0%. The value of the weight percentage of the main criteria also include details of the value of the weight percentage of the sub-criteria. The value of the weight percentage will be used to calculate the level of energy performance in buildings.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author would like to thank Direktorat Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat - Indonesian Ministry of Higher Education for financially supporting this research through the research grant, on The Scheme of Penelitian Hibah Bersaing - Desentralisation Research, State University of Malang.
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