ENGLISHDEPARTMENT’S ESSAY
ATHESIS
BY
SELVIEAGUSTINA
PUTRIREG. NO.100705085
DEPARTMENTOFENGLISH
FACULTYOFCULTURALSTUDIES
UNIVERSITY OFSUMATERA UTARA
GRAMMATICALERRORSFOUNDINSTUDENTOFENGLISH
DEPARTMENT’SESSAY
ATHESIS
BY
SELVIE AGUSTINAPUTRI
REGNO100705085
SUPERVISOR CO– SUPERVISOR
Dr. RidwanHanafiah, SH. MA Drs.
YulianusHarefa,M.Ed.TESOLNIP. 19560705 198903 1 002 NIP.
19610703 198601 1 001
SubmittedtoFacultyofCulturalStudiesofSumateraUtaraMedaninpartial
fulfillmentoftherequirements forthedegreeofSarjanaSastrafrom Departmentof English
DEPARTMENT OFENGLISH
FACULTYOFCULTURAL STUDIES
ApprovedbytheDepartmentofEnglish,FacultyofCulturalStudiesUniversity of Sumatera Utara (USU) MedanasthesisfortheSarjanaSastra Examination
Head, Secretary,
Dr.H.Muhizar Muchtar,MS Rahmadsyah Rangkuty, MA.Ph.D
Accepted bytheBoardofExaminers inpartialfulfillmentofrequirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of CulturalStudies Universityof Sumatera Utara
The examination is held in the Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara onSaturday, July4, 2015
TheDeanof Facultyof CulturalStudies
Universityof Sumatera Utara
Dr. H. SyahronLubis, MA
NIP. 19511013 197603 1 001
Boardof Examiners Signature
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar,MS ………
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA.Ph.D……… Dr. H.
SyahronLubis, MA ……… Dr.
Firstofall,I wouldlike topraiseandgivethegreatesthonor to theHeavenly
FathertheAlmightyGodinthenameofJesusChristwhohasalwaysbeengiving
Hisblessing,guidanceandspirittofinishmy studyespecially incompletingthis thesis.
Inthisopportunity,IwouldliketoexpressmyhighappreciationtoDr.H.
SyahronLubis,MA,theDeanofFacultyofCulturalStudies,andDr.H.Muhizar Muchtar,
MS, to theHead of English Department, and Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA.
Ph.DastheSecretary ofEnglishDepartment,whohavegivenmefacilitiesand
opportunitiesincompleting thisthesis..AndalsothanktoDr.RidwanHanafiah,SH.
MA,my supervisor,andDrs.YulianusHarefa,M.Ed.TESOL,my co-supervisor,
thankyoufortheirtime, thought,suggestionandsupportinordertoguidemein
writingthisthesis.Gratitudegoestoall my lecturerswhohavesharedtheirprecious thought
and valuableknowledge through myacademicyears.
My lovely thankstomybeloved,supportive,andgreatfamily,my bestfather
FaridChilmi,my lovely
adorablepowerfulmotherSellyFondaEllyanceGinting.Moreover,Ithanktomylovingbrot
hersandsister FarisNdemmyKristantoPutra,
KapitJakaSeptiantoandMariaAnastasyaandmy cousinJoiceChristinSitumorang
thelatefor their loving, caring, andkindness thatencouraged metofinish this thesis. God
blessyou all and Iwill alwaysloveyou forever more.
meabeautifulmomentsandsupporttofinishthisthesis.Lastbutnotleast,many
thanksformyfriendsofbatch2010inEnglishDepartmentwhohadbeenbeing with
meinfiveyearsmy lifeincampus,sorryIcannotmentionyournames.Seeyouin betterlife.
Fighting!
Medan, Juni2015
Writer,
ABSTRACT
This thesis dealtwith theanalysis ofgrammaticalerrorfound inStudents’ Essay.
objectivesofthestudy weretofindoutthetypesofgrammaticalerror,themost
dominanttypeofgrammaticalerrorandtheimpactsofitforreaders.thisanalysis wasconductedbyusingdescriptivequalitativemethod.objectofthisanalysiswas
thestudents’essay ofenglishdepartmentwhichconsistsoftwenty
(20)essays.therewerenine(9)grammaticalerrors whichbecamethefocus in this
analysis,namely: subjectverbagreement,singularplural,toinfinitive,passivevoice,
forms of adjective,redundancy,preposition,parallelstructure,and misplacedword.The findings showed that there were nine (9) types of grammatical error found in
Students’Essay,theywere:subjectverbagreement30items(28.84%),preposition
23 items (22.11%), passive voice 14 items (13.46%), singular plural 10 items (9.61%), to infinitive9 items (8.65%), forms of adjective5 items (4.80%), redundancy 5items(4.80%),misplacedword5items(4.80%),andparallelstructure
3 items (2.88%).SubjectVerbAgreementwas proven tobethemostdominant
grammaticalerrorinthestudents’essay anditmadereadersconfusedtounderstand the
essays.
ABSTRAK
Penelitian iniberkaitan dengan analisaakangrammatical error akan Students’ Essay. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukanjenis-jenis kesalahan
penggunaankatadalamkalimat,grammatical erroryang paling mendominasi,dan
dampakbagipembacaketika merekamenemukangrammatical errorspadaStudents’
Essay.Skripsiinimenggunakanmetodedeskriptifkualitatif.Bahanuntukskripsi ini
adalahStudents’EssaydariJurusanInggrissebanyak20essay.Adasembilan(9)
jenisgrammatical error yangmenjadifokus skripsi ini,yaitu:subjectverb agreement, singularplural, toinfinitive,passivevoice, formsof adjective,redundancy, preposition,
parallelstructure, danmisplaced word. Penemuan menunjukkan bahwa
ada9jenisgrammaticalerroryangditemukandiStudents’Essay,yaitu: subjectverb
agreement30kalimat(28.84%),preposition23kalimat(22.11%), passivevoice14 kalimat(13.46%), singular plural10 kalimat(9.61%), toinfinitive9 kalimat(8.65%), formsofadjective5kalimat(4.80%),redundancy5kalimat(4.80%),misplaced
word5kalimat(4.80%),and parallelstructure3 kalimat(2.88%).SubjectVerb Agreementterbuktimenjadigrammatical erroryang paling dominanpadaStudents’ Essay danhalinimembuatpembacakesulitanuntukmendapatkanmaknadariessay tersebut.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
AUTHOR DECLARATION
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
TABLE OFCONTENTS... i
CHAPTERI INTRODUCTION... 1
1.1 Background of theStudy... 1
1.2 Problemof theStudy ... 4
1.3 Objectivesof theStudy... 4
1.4 Scopeof theStudy... 5
1.5 Significanceof theStudy... 5
CHAPTERII REVIEWOFLITERATURE... 7
2.1 Definition of Linguistics... 7
2.2 SubfieldsofLinguistics... 8
2.3 Syntax... 10
2.4 Grammar... 11
2.4.1 SubjectVerb Agreement... 12
2.4.5FormsofAdjective... 20
2.4.6 Redundancy... 22
2.4.7 Preposition... 22
2.4.8 ParalleismStructure... 24
2.4.9 Missplaced Word... 25
2.5 TheImpactsof Grammatical in Essay... 25
CHAPTER IIIMETHODOFRESEARCH... 27
3.1 Research Method ... 27
3.2 Population and Simple... 28
3.3Location and Timeof Observation... 29
3.4 DataCollectingMethod... 29
3.5 DataAnalyzing Method... 30
CHAPTER IVANALYSISANDFINDING ... 32
4.1 DataAnalysis... 32
4.2 TypesofGrammaticalError... 32
4.2.1 SubjectVerb Agreement... 32
4.2.2 Singular Plural... 43
4.2.3 To Infinitive... 48
4.2.4 PassiveVoice... 52
4.2.5FormsofAdjective... 58
4.2.8 ParallelStructure... 72
4.2.9 Misplaced Word... 74
4.3Finding... 76
4.4 TheImpactof GrammaticalError... 79
CHAPTERV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION... 80
5.1 Conclusion... 80
5.2 Suggestion... 81
REFERENCES... 82
ABSTRACT
This thesis dealtwith theanalysis ofgrammaticalerrorfound inStudents’ Essay.
objectivesofthestudy weretofindoutthetypesofgrammaticalerror,themost
dominanttypeofgrammaticalerrorandtheimpactsofitforreaders.thisanalysis wasconductedbyusingdescriptivequalitativemethod.objectofthisanalysiswas
thestudents’essay ofenglishdepartmentwhichconsistsoftwenty
(20)essays.therewerenine(9)grammaticalerrors whichbecamethefocus in this
analysis,namely: subjectverbagreement,singularplural,toinfinitive,passivevoice,
forms of adjective,redundancy,preposition,parallelstructure,and misplacedword.The findings showed that there were nine (9) types of grammatical error found in
Students’Essay,theywere:subjectverbagreement30items(28.84%),preposition
23 items (22.11%), passive voice 14 items (13.46%), singular plural 10 items (9.61%), to infinitive9 items (8.65%), forms of adjective5 items (4.80%), redundancy 5items(4.80%),misplacedword5items(4.80%),andparallelstructure
3 items (2.88%).SubjectVerbAgreementwas proven tobethemostdominant
grammaticalerrorinthestudents’essay anditmadereadersconfusedtounderstand the
essays.
ABSTRAK
Penelitian iniberkaitan dengan analisaakangrammatical error akan Students’ Essay. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukanjenis-jenis kesalahan
penggunaankatadalamkalimat,grammatical erroryang paling mendominasi,dan
dampakbagipembacaketika merekamenemukangrammatical errorspadaStudents’
Essay.Skripsiinimenggunakanmetodedeskriptifkualitatif.Bahanuntukskripsi ini
adalahStudents’EssaydariJurusanInggrissebanyak20essay.Adasembilan(9)
jenisgrammatical error yangmenjadifokus skripsi ini,yaitu:subjectverb agreement, singularplural, toinfinitive,passivevoice, formsof adjective,redundancy, preposition,
parallelstructure, danmisplaced word. Penemuan menunjukkan bahwa
ada9jenisgrammaticalerroryangditemukandiStudents’Essay,yaitu: subjectverb
agreement30kalimat(28.84%),preposition23kalimat(22.11%), passivevoice14 kalimat(13.46%), singular plural10 kalimat(9.61%), toinfinitive9 kalimat(8.65%), formsofadjective5kalimat(4.80%),redundancy5kalimat(4.80%),misplaced
word5kalimat(4.80%),and parallelstructure3 kalimat(2.88%).SubjectVerb Agreementterbuktimenjadigrammatical erroryang paling dominanpadaStudents’ Essay danhalinimembuatpembacakesulitanuntukmendapatkanmaknadariessay tersebut.
CHAPTERI
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Backgroundof theStudy
Manisgregariuoscreature,whichmeansthathe likestolivetogetherwith
otherhumanssinceitishisnature.Everyindividualhastheirowninterestor
needstosatisfy themselvesandthey canachieveitifthey areabletoliveinease
withotherpeoplebecausethey needoneanother.Peacefulnesscanbecreated
amongthemifthey haveagoodcommunication.Eachtimediscussingabout
communication, languageis themostessentialtoolthatwilldeterminewhatkind of
conditiontheywillhave.
Humanisthehighestcreationamong othersandthegoodthingabout
humanishiscreativity.Itisproventhroughthemediatheyapplytotransferevery
ideatheyhaveintheirmindandshareittootherssobetterlifeisnotadream
anymorebutitwillbecomereality.Allthis canbeimplementedunless agood
communication ispartof principle in theirlife. Communication isan activitydone
toexpresseverythingwhichappearswithinhumanmindand togetthereal meaning
ofitsmessage,languageis usedtoexpressordeliverevery ideaso,there
willbenomissunderstandingbetweenspeakerandhearer.“Languageis theability to
acquire and use complex systems ofcommunication, particularly thehuman
abilitytodoso,and alanguageisanyspecificexampleofsucha
system”(https://en.wikipedia.org). Meanwhile, according to Owen (2008:1):
andrulegovernedcombinationsofthosesymbols.”Itisobviousnow,language
hasasystem,whichmeansthatithasbeenformulatedandithasapatternof
whichmanhastofollowso,peoplecancomprehendhismessage.Speakingof
language,therearemany elementsin itsothateverywrittenorspokenexpression
conceivesmeaning.Study elaboratesallpartswhichinvolveintheprocessof
languageformation islinguistics.
Everybodyrealizes,wordswillmeannothingifthey ignorethegoverned
combinationlanguageownsbecauseitisthecentralpointofcommunication.As ithas
beenunderstood thatlanguageis likeabridgetoshareinformation thatman
useintheirdaily activity.Towidenthecomprehensionaboutlinguistics,itis
importanttolookwhatlinguist’sdefinition.“Linguisticsis thescienceof language,
including thesounds, words, and grammar
rules”(http://ielanguages.com).Languageisaproductofhumancreativity and
linguistics is afieldtoanalyzeswhatelements aretakenwhenhestarts
communicating.Every elementfoundininteractionthathedoeseveryday is
elucidatedin linguistics subfields.
Pronunciationand compositionofwordsconstitutethefundamentalof
interaction.Pronunciationconcernstoarticulation,intonationwhilecomposition is an
arrangment of words used to deliver meaningful statement, these are subfields of
linguistics talking about. There are seven (7) main topics in linguistics,
namely:Phonetics, Phonogy, Morphology, Syntax, Discourse
Analysis,Pragmatics,and Semantics.Ontheother words,it can bestatedthat language
Relatingtothetitleofthis thesis,thewriterisgoingtogivedetail
explanationofonesubfield,whichissyntax.“Syntax isthestudyoftheprinciples
andprocesses bywhichsentences areconstructed inparticular languages”
Chomsky(1971:45). Sincelanguageisagroupofsentenceswhichmanacquires
fromhisenvironmentandappliesitasconnectingequipmenttobuildagood social
life,writer(speaker) mustbe awareofhissentencesbecausereader (hearer)
willbeconfusedormissunderstoodifheneglectstheprinciplesconstructing a
sentenceandifithappens,themessagewillneverbeexcutedasitisexpected. Thismistake
iscalled grammatical error.
There isaruleorformationin making sentence that mustbefollowed so
thatcommunicationcanrunperfectly,thenameofitsregulationinlanguageis
grammar.Unfortunately,itisnoteasy tomake correctsentencesbasedon
grammar,moreoverit isnothisnative language.Therearepartsofspeechin English,
such as:noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, preposition,
conjunction,interjection, and sometimesnumerical,articleordeterminer
(https://en.wikipedia.org). This speechhas its ownfunction insentenceand there
aremany kindsofsentencepeoplewriteorutterwhenthey dointeraction.Inthis
case,languageusermustrecognizewhatsentencehewouldliketoexpressin
ordertoplaceeachspeechontherightposition,choosetheappropriatewords,
andusecomprehensivesentencetoavoidapplying differentwordsbuthasthe
samemeaning. Even thoughithas beenknownyetEnglish learners stillmake mistakes
Basedontheexplanation above,thewriterwill analyzesomegrammatical
errorsfoundinstudentsofEnglishDepartment’s essay.Englishisnotsomething
newforIndonesiastudentsyetitisstilldifficultforsomeofthemtospeakor
writegrammatically.Thisthesiswillconvey whatkindsofgrammaticalerrorare
donebyEnglishDepartment’s Studentsand whatkindsofmistake theydoin their
essaysand the last, what the effectsof it.
1.2. Problemsof theStudy
Question research of thethesisareasfollowed:
1. What are types of grammatical error found in Students of English
Department’sEssay?
2. WhatisthemostdominantofgrammaticalerrorfoundinStudentsof
English Department’sEssay?
3. WhatistheimpactofgrammaticalerrorfoundinStudentsofEnglish
Department’sEssay?
1.3. Objectivesof theStudy
In accordancewithproblems of thestudy,theseareobjectives of thestudy
which aregoingto achieve:
1. TofindoutthetypesofgrammaticalerrorfoundinStudentsofEnglish
Department’sEssay.
2. To find out the mostdominant typeofgrammatical error found in Students of
3. TodescribetheimpactofgrammaticalerrorfoundinStudentsofEnglish
Department’sEssay.
1.4.Scopeof theStudy
Languageiscreatedby humanbecausethey really needitfor
communicating.Togettheaimofcommunicating,therearemany rulesthatmust be
concerned, and this rule is called grammar. Each timeanalyzing about
grammar,itwilltakea long time,so thewriterhasdecided to limit the analysis.
Relatingtothethesis,thewriteronlyspotlightsgrammaticalerrorson:Subject Verb
Agreement, Singular Plural, To Infinitive, Passive Voice, Forms of Adjective,
Redundancy, Preposition, ParallelStructure, andMisplaced Word.
Sinceananalysisneedsanobjectasanalysismaterial,thewriterhaschosen20
students’essayofEnglishDepartment, UniversityofSumateraUtaraasobjectof
thestudy. There arenine typesofgrammatical error as focusof thisthesisbecause
afterselectingandfinallychoosingitasobjectoftheanalysis,thewriterhas found that
mostofthemistakeareonthosenine types.
1.5. Significanceof theStudy
Grammaticalerroristitleofthis analysis.Itcanbesurethatthisisnot something
newforstudents,especially,thestudentsofEnglishDepartmentof
SumateraUtaraUniversity. Thewriter isinterested in analyzing thistopicbecause
itwillhelpEnglishlearnerstounderstandmoreandmay applytherightgrammar when
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OFLITERATURE
2.1. Definitionof Linguistics
Creativityof manisreflectedthroughlanguage. Itisman’snatureto
create,innovateinordertosimplifyhislifeandshowhisexistence.Now,itis
moreobviousthateveryequipment,probleminhumanlifewouldneverbesolved
orinventediflanguagewereneverexistedinthiscycleoflife.Realizing how
importantthefunctionoflanguageforsociallife,many expertshavedone
experimentstoknowwhatelementsare involvedintheprocessofmaking a
languagewheretwoormorepeople can understandeachother.Asithasbeen
knownthatlinguisticsisastudyaboutlanguage.Tohaveagoodunderstanding
aboutinguistics,therearesomedefinitionsofitandthewriter wouldliketoquote
it.deSaussure(1986:9)defines that:“Linguistics is thescientificstudyof
language.”Meanwhile,theotherstatesthat: “Linguisticsisthestudyofthese knowledge
systems in all their aspects: how is such a knowledge system structured, how it
isacquired, how it isused in theproduction and comprehension ofmessages,how
itchanges over time.”(http://linguistics.ucsc.edu). These definitionsshedlighton
thisanalysiswherelinguisticsgivesinformation indetail all things
aboutlanguage.Linguisticsis about aspectswhichsupport language formation and
what mechanism they use to bear meaningfulutteranceor
Thereisprocessthatmustbeundergonesothatitcanbecatogorizedas language.
All thosephasesare summarized in linguisticsand the writer will
explainitbyinsertingthe main stepsof languageformation.
2.2. Subfieldsof Linguistics
Languageisacombinationofsmallestelementfoundinitandeachof
themhasasignificantrole todeterminea meaning thatuser wantsstating.Every
elementorlexicaliteminlanguageisexplicatedparticularinlinguistics.The writer
would like to put iton thispoint inorder to guide thisanalysisinto theright
destination.BasedonKreidler(1998:18)therearesix phasestaken tocategorizeit as
alanguage. Thesearesixsubfields of linguistics thathaveessentialprocess of
languageformation:
-Phonetics:Thestudyandclassificationofthenatureofspeechsounds,
primarilyits structure, articulation andperception. Phoneticshasthree
mainsubfields: articulatory phonetics(correlationbetweenspeechorgans
andtheproductionof speech),acousticphonetics(propertiesof human speech
sound waves), and auditoryphonetics(speech perception).
Voicing:[s]versus[z]
•sue([su:w])versuszoo ([zu:w])
-Phonology:Theanalysis anddescriptionofhow meaningfulsounds
combineinto functionalpatternsin speechproduction of alanguage.
• house(verb) ([hawz])
• houses(plur. noun) ([hawz@z])
-Morphology:Thestudyofthestructureofindividualwordsandofthe smallest
meaningfulunitsalong withtheirpossiblecombinationstoform lexicalitems.
• missile:‘ICBM’
• anti-tank-missile:‘missile targettingtanks’
• anti-aircraft-missle:‘missile targettingaircraft’
• anti-missile-missile:‘missile targettingICBMs’
-Syntax:Thestudy ofthegrammaticalrelationsbetweenwords,howthey
combineintolargerunitsandtherules thatmustbeobeyedtoform sentences.
Tobedistinguishedfrom morphology,whichappliestounits smallerthan
theword.
• Isawthewoman with the telescope.
• Iforgothowgood beer tastes.
-Semantics:Thestudy ofthemeaningof(partsof)words,phrases, sentences
and textswiththeaimto explainhowsequencesof language coincidewith their
meanings when articulated in particular environments.
• Wescreened the candidates.
• [huwzan f@rst]
Who’son first?/Hu’son first.
-Pragmatics:Thestudyofthewaysinwhichasituationinfluencesthe meaning
andunderstanding ofspokenlanguageornon-verbal communication.
Q:IsRobertsaRepublican?
A:IsthePopeCatholic?
Whatcanbelearnedfromthis quotationis this is phaseorstepsomeoneis going
toundergowhenheorshewantstostarttocommunicatewithotherpeople
orontheotherword, itcanbesaidthat learner willneverbeable toperceivea
sentenceorutteranceifheskipsoneofthephases.Thisisthereasonthewriter
putsthequotations.Fromtheelaboration above,it can bedrawna conclusion that
syntaxisclosely relatedtothisanalysisbecausethissubfieldconcentrateson
combination of wordsto produceameaningfulsentence and structure.
2.3. Syntax
Ingeneral,therearetwokindsoflanguage,namely:spokenandwritten
language.Spokenlanguagehappenswhentwoormorepeoplewould like toshare
anythingtheywanttoshareinwhichtheydoitfacetofacemeanwhilewritten languageis
amethodused to communicateorgivean information toothers where
mediumisneeded,whichistext.Themostimportantthing incommunicating is
careofwording andstructure.Fieldstudiesaboutitis syntax.“Syntaxisthesetof rules,
principles, and processes that govern the structure ofsentencesin a given
language”(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax
). In delivering a sentence
andutterance,therearerulesorregulationseveryonemustbeconductedsothat
theaimofcommunicationwillbe acquired.Speaking ofregulationinlanguage,
especiallyEnglishlanguage,ithasbeenformulatedandusedasaguidanceto
makesentence. Regulationin language isgrammar.
2.4. Grammar
Grammarispartofsyntaxfieldthatelucidateseverythingabout
requiredcomponents to build appropriate sentences. These definitionswill give
more
clarficationsof it. Janet (2001:2)“Grammaris the set ofstructuralrules
governing the composition ofclauses, phrases, and wordsin any given natural
language”.Toaffirmthedefinition,thewriteralsohasquotedfromtheother
source:“Grammaristhesetoflanguagerulesthatyouuse,mostofthetime unconsciously,
to create phrases and sentences that convey meaning”
samedefinition aboutgrammar,so itcanbesaid thatgrammar is likearoute
indicatortoguidesomeonesothathisideaandfeelinghetries tospeak,canbe
manifested.Grammarorlanguageregulationconsistsofmany formations.Toget
2.4.1. Subject Verb Agreement
Azar(1999:10),Subject-verbagreementmeans thatthesubjectandverb
endingsagreeinnumber.Determining singularorpluralendingscanbeconfusing
becausean-sendingonanounindicatesplural,whereasan-sendingonaverb indicates
singular form.For examples:
-Thedog barkseverynight. (Onedog=singular verb)
-Thedogsbark everynight. (More than onedog=pluralverb)
Thesubjectofevery sentenceiseithersingularorplural,andthat
determinestheendingof theverb.
-SINGULAR:
-I chew.You laugh.Waterdrips. Timeflies. Hesings.
-Themansittingon thesteps worksin thelibrary.
-PLURAL:
-Weknow. Theystretch. Thestampsstick.
-Themen sittingon thesteps work in thelibrary.
-COMPOUNDSUBJECTS
Subjectsjoined byand takeapluralverb.For example:
-Myaunt and mysistervisit me every year.
Whenthesubjectwordsarejoinedby either... or,neither...nor,ornot only. . .
but,theverbagrees with thesubjectclosest to it.For examples:
-Either her brothersor herfather hasthemoney.
-BURIEDSUBJECTS
Whenwordgroupsseparatethesubjectandtheverb,locatethesubject word to
determinewhether to useasingular or pluralverb.For examples:
-The tulipsin thepoton thebalconyneed watering.
-High levelsof air pollutioncausedamageto therespiratorytract.
-Everyonein our family, includingmysister, hastaken pianolessons.
Phrasesstartingwith thefollowingwordsare normallynot part of the
subject:including,alongwith,togetherwith,accompaniedby,inadditionto,as wellas,
except, with, no lessthan.
-CLAUSES ANDPHRASESASSUBJECTS
Whenawholeclauseorphraseisthesubject,useasingularverb.For examples:
-WhatI want to know is whyIcan't trythetest again.
-To livehappilyseemslikeaworthwhilegoal.
Whenwho,which,andthatareusedasasubject,theverbagreeswiththe word
thatwho, which,orthatrefersto.Forexamples:
-Theyare thestudentswho studyhard.
-He isthestudentwho studiesthehardest.
-Thepeople in my classwho arestudyinghard do a lotof extrareading.
-SUBJECTSAFTERVERBS
Whenasentencebegins with thereplus aformofbe(thereis, thereare,
therewas,ortherewere),thesubjectalwaysfollowstheverb.Theverbagrees with this
subject.For examples:
-There isagood movieon TVtonight.
-Therearetoo manyold movieson TV.
Ifthenormalorderofverbfollowingsubjectis reversed,theverbagrees with
thesubjectitfollows.For example:
-At theback of theroom arethreewindowsand a doorto theoffice.
-SUBJECTSWITHSINGULARVERBS
Somewords thatseemtohavepluralmeanings takeasingular
verb:anybody,anyone,each,either, every,everybody,everyone,everything,
neither,none, no one, nobody, somebody, someone, something.In additition, the
following wordsareconsideredassingular:-ing forms;somenounsending in-s,
(suchas news,physics,measles,politics,series);andsubjectclauses beginning with
what.
Collectivenouns suchas jury,committee,club,audience,crowd,class,
team,troop,family,andcoupleareusually treatedassingular.Whenthesubjectis an
amount, theverb is singular.
-Twenty-five centsisone-fourth of adollar.
When oneofisfollowed byapluralnoun,theverb is singular.
Titles, companynames, and wordsused asterms, usesingularverbs.
2.4.2. SingularPlural
A singular noun refersto1(one)only;apluralnoun refersto2(two)or
more.There are two thingsto note aboutsingular and pluralnouns. Thefirst isthat
theychangetheirformdependingonwhethertheyaresingularorplural.Every change
isnot alwaysthesamebecauseEnglish hasitsformulated rules:
-REGULAR NOUNS
Mostsingular nounsform thepluralbyadding-s.For examples:
Singular Plural
boat boats
house houses
cat cats
river rivers
Asingularnounendingin s,x,z,ch,sh makesthepluralbyadding-es. For
examples:
Singular Plural
bus buses
wish wishes
pitch pitches
box boxes
Asingularnounendinginaconsonantandthenymakesthepluralby
droppingtheyand adding-ies.For examples:
Singular Plural
penny pennies
spy spies
baby babies
city cities
daisy daisies
-IRREGULAR NOUNS
Singular Plural
woman women
man men
child children
tooth teeth
foot feet
Somenounshavethesameforminthesingularandtheplural.Theseare someof
thewords:
Singular Plural
sheep sheep
fish fish
deer deer
species species
-IRREGULAR VERB/NOUNAGREEMENT
Somenounshaveapluralformbuttakeasingular verb.Look at thebelow
someof thewords:
PluralNounsUsed witha Singular
Verb
Sentence
News Thenewsisat6.30 p.m.
athletics Athleticsisgood foryoungpeople.
linguistics Linguisticsisthestudyof language.
Darts Dartsisapopular gamein England.
billiards Billiardsisplayed allover theworld.
Somenounshaveafixedpluralformandtakeapluralverb.They arenot
usedinthesingular,orthey haveadifferentmeaninginthesingular.Nounslike this
include:trousers, jeans, glasses, savings, thanks, steps, stairs, customs,
congratulations, tropics, wages, spectacles, outskirts, goods, wits.
PluralNounwithPlural Verb
Sentence
trousers Mytrousersare too tight.
Jeans Her jeansareblack.
2.4.3. ToInfinitive
Theinfinitiveisagrammar termthatreferstoabasicverbformthatoften
actsasanounandisoftenprecededby theword"t
sentence.
-Verbfollowedwith‘ToInfinitive’
There aresomeverbs that mustbefollowedwith‘toinfinitive’.For examples:
-Theyintended to renovate their house.
-Shepretendsto besick.
Theresomeverbsmustbefollowedwithobjectandthen‘toinfinitive’. For
examples:
-Hewantsme to leavehimalone.
-Heforced usto do hishomework.
-‘ToInfinitive’ UsedafterNounandAdjective
Whensentenceismade,notewhetheritisnounoradjective,‘toinfinitive’
verbmustbe applied. For examples:
-The tree istoo highto climb.
-‘ToInfinitive’ Usedafter QuestionWordsin NounClause
NounClauseisasubordinateclauseinordertomakethesentenceoften
usequestion words.For examples:
-Idon’tknowwhereto go.
-He learned how to fixcarsfromhisfather.
2.4.4. PassiveVoice
Typically, therearetwokinds ofsentence,activeandpassivesentence.
Activesentenceis usedwhen thefocus is onsubjectbutpassivesentenceis used
whenthefocusison theaction. Itisnotimportantornotknown,however,whoor what
isperformingtheaction.In English,each timesomeonewantsto usepassive sentence,
pastparticipleverband‘to be’mustbeapplied.Theuseof‘tobe’ depends onused tense.
This thepattern must be followed to make passive sentence:“Subject+finite
formofto be+Past Participle”. For examples:
-Active: We clean thehouseeveryday.
Passive:Thehouse iscleaned byusevery day.
-Active:Theywillfinish thereportsoon.
Passive:Thereportwillbefinished bythem.
2.4.5. Formsof Adjective
AdjectiveisThepartofspeech (or wordclass)thatmodifiesanoun or a pronoun.
In English, there are three forms of adjective, namely: Positive/Negative
Degree.Positive/NegativeDegreeisused toindicate likeor unlike.Thisisthe pattern:
“SubjectPronoun+tobe+ as(adjective)as+ObjectPronoun”.For examples:
-Mybrother isas strongasmyfather.
-Iamnot asbeautiful asmymother.
ComparativeDegreeisaformused tocompareanatureof twothingswhere one
ismore than theother one.For examples:
-Myfather is smarter than mybrother.
-Sisca ismorediligent than Rebecca.
ForComparativeDegree,onething mustbenoticed,if theadjectiveisone- syllable,
at the end of its word mustbe added ‘er’.For examples:
-My shoesischeaper than his shoes.
-Andiworksharder than Clark.
Andifanadjectiveconsistsoftwo-syllablesanditisendedwith‘le’,‘ow’,
‘er’,‘some’,and‘y’,addedwith‘er’.For‘y’,itmustbedroppedandaddedwith
‘ier’.For examples:
-Mycoffee isbitterer than hiscoffee
-Ryan isnaughtier than Bobby.
Thesametreatmentwillbeapplied to SuperlativeDegreebut thedifferent is
one-syllabeaddedwith‘est’andifitswordisendedwith: ‘le’,‘ow’,‘er’,‘some’,
and‘y’,addedwith‘est’butnotfor‘y’,itmustbedropped and addedwith ‘iest’. For
examples:
-Jane isthe mostbeautifulgirl in ourclass.
-Andre isthehappiestperson intheworld.
2.4.6. Redundancy
Johnson(2001:56)saysthat:“Redundancy(ortautology)istheaddingof
wordsorphrasesthataddnothingtotheoverallmeaningbecausetheirsenses
havealreadybeen expressed”.From thestatement, it can besaid thatredundancy
incorrect.For examples:
-Incorrect :Thenew innovationsattheWorld’sFair werefascinating.
-Correct :The innovationsat theWorld’sFair werefascinating.
-Incorrect :The moneyIhave issufficient enough formyneeds.
-Correct :The moneyIhave issufficientfor myneeds.
2.4.7. Preposition
Prepositionisapartofspeechgoverning,andusually precedinganounor
pronounandexpressing arelation toanotherwordor element inthe clause.
Prepositionhasmany functionsandtypesinsentences,sointhisthesis,thewriter
isgoingtoanalyzeprepositionoftimeandplace.Inindicatingtimeandplace,
therearefiveprepositionsused,they are:at,in,on,for,andsince.Tablebelow will
explain usageof thoseprepositions:
Preposition Time
At 1.Timeof Clock.
2.Short and PreciseTime.
-atnoon, atsunset.
1.Month or Year.
-in January, in 1945.
2.Particulartime of day, month,or
In year.
-in morning, in summer.
3.Specifictime in past,century, or etc.
-in 21st century, in past.
1.Day.
For 1.Duration of Time.
-for two hours.
Since
1.Fromacertainpointoftime(past- now).
-sinceyesterday.
Preposition
Place
At 1.Used for Confined Place.
-athome, at thiscollege, at theschool
-inAmerica,inabuilding,ingarden, etc.
On .Surfaceof Soething.
-at the entrance,atfrontofchair,etc.
(www.englishpractice.com)
2.4.8. ParallelismStructure
Richard(2006:259)Parallelismissimilarity ofstructureinapairorseries
ofrelatedwords,phrases,orclauses.Parallelismsentenceorstructureiswords
usedtodescribeorindicatesomething wherepartsofspeechmustbethesame,in
ordertoconnectit,usingconjunctionandtheconjunctionhasbeenformulated. These
aretheformulas:
Parallelism Examples
-Notonly But also
-Both And
- And
-She isnot only beautiful but also
smart.
-He isboth a guitaristand a vocalist.
-My sisterdecides to study and to work
neither nor -Neither mybrother nor my sisters
loveplayingchesslike me.
verb/aux
N1 N2 +
either or
-Either theworkers or the system needsto beimproved.
(www.englishpractice.com)
2.4.9. MissplacedWord
Grammarconductslanguageusertoconstructanappropriatesentenceto
deliverhismeaningtoothers.Themeaningwillneversendcorrectly ifword arrangement
isincorrector calledit missplaced word.Missplacedword isaword,
phrase,orclausethatdoesnotclearlyrelatetowhatitisintendedtomodify. These aresome
examplesof missplaced word/s:
-Incorrect :Andrewtoldusaftertheholidaythatheintendstostop drinking.
-Correct :Andrewtoldusthatheintendstostopdrinkingafterthe holiday.
-Incorrect :Jack can hearJillwhen shewhispersclearly.
-Correct :Jack canclearlyhear Jillwhen shewhispers.
2.5. TheImpact ofGrammaticalErrorinEssay
Theexistenceofgrammarincommunicatingactivity,tohelppeopleso
thatthesharingactivity canrunfluently andasaresult,everygoalwouldliketo
achievecanaccomplish.Unfortunately,eventhoughlanguageiscommonthing
forpeople,communicationismissedsincetheydonotusetherightstructure.
grammarisnotappliedtotellordescribesomethinginessay.Thewriterhas collected
somedatas which informpeopleif grammaticalerror in writing.
-Grammatical errorcan cause intended meaningdistorted.
-Grammatical error will change the meaning.
-Grammaticalerrormakesthemeaningishighlyunlikelyorcompletely
ridiculous.
-Grammatical errorcausesreadersdifficult to understand.
-Grammaticalerrorcausesthesentenceseemawkwardanddoesnotmake sense.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. ResearchMethod
Themethodofthisthesisisqualitativeresearch.AsquotedfromSugiono
(2009:14), qualitativeresearchis:
“Metodepenelitiankualitatifadalah metodepenelitianyang
berlandaskan pada filsafatpostpositivisme, digunakan untuk menelitipada kondisiobyek yangalamiah(sebagailawannya adalah eksperimen) dimana penelitiadalah sebagai instrument kunci, pengambilan sampel sumber data dilakukan secara purposivedan
snowball, tekhnikpengambilan dengan tianggulasi
(gabungan),analisisdatabersifat induktif/kualitatif,dan hasil
penelitian kualitatiflebihmenekankanmaknadaripada
generalisasi”.Qualitativeresearchmethod is aresearchmethod
thatbasedonposypositivism philoshopy,used toobservinnatural
object condition where theresearcheristhe key instrument, the techniqueofsamplingthroughpurposiveandsnowball,tocollect
thedaausing triangulation, thedata analysisisinductively/
qualitatively, and meaningistheessentialofqualitativeresearch.”
BodganandBiklen(1982)proposefivecharacteristicsofqualitativeresearch
asfromSugiyono quoted (2009:21), theyare:
a. Qualitativeresearchhasthenaturalsettingasthedirectsourceofdataand
researcher isthekeyinstrument.
b. Qualitativeresearchisdescriptive.Thedatacollectedisintheformof wordsof
picturesrather than number.
c. Qualitative researchconcerns with process rather than simply with
e. “Meaning” isessential to thequalitativeapproach.
Thedesign of thisresearch isdescriptivequalitativeresearch. Based on the
fivecharacteristicsofqualitativeresearch asproposed byBodganandBilken,this
research willshowthenatureofthesituation asitexistsat thetimeofthe
collectingdataand willbe collectedin wordsform.
3.2. Populationand Sample
The population in this thesis is 20 students of English Department, because
thewriter willdo aqualitativeresearch, so thewriter will choosesome
samples,bypurposivesamplingtechnique.Thistechniquemakesthewritercan take
thesamplewithaspecial consideration.
Based on the characteristicsthatBodgan and Biklen propose, itcan besaid
thatqualitativeresearchisnaturalisticresearch.LincolnandGuba(1985)say that
“naturalisticsamplingis,then,very differentfromconventionalsampling.Itis
basedoninformational,notstatistical, considerations.Its purposeis to maximize
information,nottofacilitategeneralization”.LincolnandGubaalsosayspecial
charactersof purposivesample are:1)Emergentsampledesign, 2) Serialseection of
sampe units, 3) Continuous adjustments, 4) selection to the point of
redundancy.So,thesampleisdecidedwhentheresearcheror thewriterstartthe
research.Thewriterchoosessomepeoplethatareconsideredwilgivethedata that
thewriter need.Afterthat, from thosesamples,thewriterwill choose more peopleto
besampleto givemorecompletedata.But,inpurposivesampling,
“ifthepurposeisto maximizeinformation,thensampling isterminatedwhenno
newinformation isforth comingfromnewlysamplesunits; thusredundancyisthe
primarycriterion”. (Sugiyono 2009:301-302).
3.3. LocationandTimeof Observation
TheobservationislocatedinareaofFaculty ofCulturalStudiesof
SumateraUtara, JalanUniversitasNo.19 Medan.Thetakendatafrom20students who
made text(free essay). Theobservation isheld on October – December 2014.
3.4. Data Collecting Method
Since the research is adescriptive qualitative research, the main
instrumentofthisresearchisthewriterherselfasthekey humaninstrument.
QuotedfromSugiono(2009:306),LincolnandGuba(1986)say “theinstrument
ofchoiceinnaturalisticinquiry isthehuman”.Itwillbeseenthatotherformsof
instrumentationmay beusedinlaterphrasesoftheinquiry,butthehumanisthe
initialandcontinuingmainstay.Therefore,thewriteraskey-humaninstrument
hasfunction todecidethefocusofresearch,choosing thesamples, collecting the data,
analyzingthedata, and makinga conclusion of theresearch’sresult.
Azwar (1997:36) says, “Data penelitian dikumpulkan baik lewat
instrumentpengumpulandata,observasi, maupunlewatdatadokumentasi.Data yang
Itmeansthatthedataforresearchcan becollectedfrombothresearch
instruments,observation,anddocuments. Indoing research,datacanbedivided
intotwo;primaryand secondarydata. Primarydata isdata thatdirectlytaken from
theobservation time. Whereas secondarydata isdata that taken fromdocumnetary
ofthesample.Inthisthesis, thewriteruseoneofthreewaysincollecting data.
Observationisget to theprimarydata.
Spardley(1980)andSugiyono(2009:315)saythattherearethreesteps of
observation, theyare:
a. Descriptive observation; in this step, the writer do a general and
completeexploration, describeall thewriter see, listen, and feel. This
observation usuallycalled grand tour observation.
b. Focusedobservation;usuallycalledminitourobservation,itmeans
thisobservation islimitedto focuson certain aspects.
c. Selectedobservation;in this step, thewriter explain thefocus thathas
found, so thedatawilbe morespecific.
Inqualitativeresearch,collecting datadoneinnaturasetting,primary
sourcedata,anddatacollecting techniqueismoredonethroughparticipant
obseravation. (Sugiyono 2009:309)
3.5. Data Analyzing Method
Inthisanalysis,Descriptivequalitativemethodisappliedtoanalyzethe
data.Indescriptiveresearch,thedatatabulation isbasedonanalyzing percentage and
%
These aretheproceduresof analyzingthesourceof data:
1. Classifyinginto several typesofgrammaticalerror.
2. ComparingandanalyzingbasedonstandardEnglishgrammarasdescribedin
thebasictheory.
3. Correctingtheerrorsthatappearinthesentencesinaccordancewithstandard
English grammar byusing grammaticaltheory.
4. Showinghowmany grammaticalerrorsfound in Students’ Essay.
5. Calculatingthedatatofindthepercentagefoundinthesourceofdataby
Bungin’sformula(2005:171-172):
�
=
��
�
��
���
Where,
N:totalfrequencyof interference in percent
Fx:total typesfrequencyof thesub-category
N:total typesof all categories
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSISANDFINDINGS
4.1 Data Analysis
The collecteddatas are analyzed by applying descriptive qualitative
analysismethod.Thewriterhas selectedthemaindata,whichisthe essaysof
EnglishLiterature’sstudents.Afterselecting thedata,thewriterhasfound
sentenceswhich havegrammatical errors.Intheprocessof determining grammatical
error sentences, “Understanding And Using English Grammar” book written
byBettySchramferAzar asa secondarydata to conduct this analysisindeliberating
themistake inessays.Afterwards,categorizingwhat types of grammaticalerror
ismade and triesto correctitbased on the English Standard .
The nextsteps, tabulatingthe grammaticalerror sentencesinorderto
knowthemostdominant among thetypesandseetheimpactofitbasedonthe
expert’sopinions stated on thepreviouschapter.
4.2. TypesofGrammaticalError
4.2.1. Subject-Verb Agreement
Thesubject and verb must agree in number. Both mustbesingular or
problemsoccurinthepresent tensebecauseonemustadd an–s or–esat theend
oftheverbwhenthesubjectofthe entityperforming theactionis asinguarthird
1. Shenever stopto support me. (MyMother)
Analysis:
Inthesentenceabove,thereissubject withsingularthirdperson“she”.
Althoughafterthesubject,thereisanadverbof frequency“never”,butitshould
befollowedbytheverbaddedwithsuffix–s.Thus,thecorrectsentenceis”She
neverstopsto supportme.”
2. She alwaystellme to notgiveup so easily. (Mymother)
Analysis:
Inthesentenceabove,thereissubject withsingularthirdperson“she”.
Althoughafterthesubject,thereisanadverboffrequency “always”,butitshould
befollowedbytheverbwhichaddedbysuffix–s.Thus,thecorrectsentenceis
“Shealwaystellsme to notgiveup so easily.”
3.Healsoplaystheguitar,andhemakehisparentsveryproudofhim. (My
Bestfriend)
Analysis:
In thesentenceabove, thereis subjectwithsingular thirdperson “he”.It
shouldbefollowedbytheverbaddedwithsuffix–s.Thus,thecorrectsentence is“Healso
playstheguitar, and hemakeshisparentsveryproud ofhim.”
Analysis:
Inthesentenceabove,thereis noun‘species’whichpluralnoun.‘There
is’isusedforsingularnoun(oneitem)and‘thereare’formany items(plural
nouns).Therefore,theword“is”becomes“are”because itisthe correctgrammar. Thus,
thecorrectsentenceis “and thereareatleast5000species whichbelong to
thebiggestorangutanconservationin Indonesia.”
5.Nevertheless, thenumberoforangutanin thewild continues todecline
overtimeduetothehuntingdoneby peoplewhodonothasa responsibility.
(BukitLawang)
Analysis:
Inthesentenceabove,there issubject“people” and itispluralform.It should be
followed by the verb ‘have’. Thus, the correct sentence is “Nevertheless,
thenumber oforangutanin thewild continues todeclineover time due to thehunting
donebypeoplewho donothavea responsibility.”
6. Ahealthier bodygiveyou ahealthier attitude. (Benefitsof Dieting)
Analysis:
In thesentenceabove, thereis subjectwithsingular thirdperson
“body”.itshouldbefollowedby theverbaddedwithsuffix–s.Thus,thecorrectsentenceis
“Ahealthierbodygivesyou a healthierattitude.”
Analysis:
Inthesentencesabove,theEnglish“have”withoutfollowing thesubject-
verbagreement. The‘love’isasingular thirdpersonand itshouldbefollowedby
“has”not “have”while “have”isused tothesecondperson.Therefore, thecorrect
sentenceis“Lovehasno conditions.”
8.Whenwetruly lovessomeone,wecan’tstoplovingthem,regardlessof what
theydo or say. (What istheMeaningofLove)
Analysis:
Inthesentencesabove,theEnglish“loves”withoutfollowing thesubject-
verbagreement.Thesubject inthesentence is‘we’and itshouldfollowedby‘V- Present.
Therefore, the correctsentenceis“When we trulylovesomeone, we can’t stop loving
them, regardlessofwhat theydo or say.”
9.Truelovedoesn’twantsanythinginreturn,becausethereisnothingit
needs.(What istheMeaningofLove)
Analysis:
Inthesentencesabove,thesubject isabstractnoun
andtheverb“wants”.Grammatically,theappropriateverbforthesentenceaboveis“want”
because it has used “doesn’t”, it means, verb-infinitive is the correct, and the
correct sentence is“True lovedoesn’twantanything in return, because there
10. There areso manyreason whycomputersisbeingused waytoo much ,
peoplesdriveswhileon theircomputers/ cellphones.(Arewe too
dependentoncomputers?)
Analysis:
Inthesentencesabove, theverb“drives”withoutfollowing thesubject-
verbagreement.Grammatically,theappropriateverbforthesentence aboveis
“drive”because‘peoples’is second persons(peoples(they). Therefore, the correct
sentenceis“Therearesomanyreasonwhycomputersisbeingusedwaytoo much
, peopledrivewhileon theircomputers/cellphones.”
11.JustasI sitdownonthesandmymindstarttounwind.(My Favourite
Place)
Analysis:
Inthesentencesabove,theverb“start”withoutfollowing thesubject-verb
agreement.Grammatically, theappropriateverbfor thesentenceaboveis “starts”
Therefore,thecorrectsentence“JustasI sitdownon thesandmymind startsto unwind.”
12.Themassivewavesmakesaverycomfortingsound,softtotheear. (My
FavouritePlace)
Analysis:
Inthesentencesabove, theverb“drives”withoutfollowing thesubject-
“drive’. Therefore, the correct sentenceis“The massive wavesmake a very
comforting sound, soft to the ear. “
13.Thewindblowsoftlyandtouslesmyhairawayfrommyface.(My
FavouritePlace)
Analysis:
Inthesentencesabove, theverb“blow”withoutfollowing thesubject-verb
agreement.Grammatically, theappropriateverbfor thesentenceaboveis “blows”
becausethesubjectis‘wind’andit issingularthirdpersons (it).Therefore,the correct
sentenceis“Thewindblowssoftlyandtouslesmyhairawayfrommy face.”
14.Icannotdescribeshowmuchtheoceanmeanstome.(MyFavourite
Place)
Analysis:
Inthesentencesabove,theverb“describes”withoutfollowing thesubject-
verbagreement.Grammatically,theappropriateverbforthesentence aboveis
“describe”becausetheformformodal‘can’isS+can+V1.Theshouldn’tadded
bysuffix-s.Therefore,thecorrectsentenceis“Icannotdescribehowmuchthe ocean meansto
me.”
15. There is many peoples who do sports for nothing around us.
Analysis:
In thesentence above, there isword ‘manypeople’ which pluralnoun. We
use‘thereis’forsingularnouns(oneitem)and‘thereare’formany items(plural
nouns).Therefore, theword“is”becomes“are” inordertobeconcordwih
previousword“there”.Thus,thecorrectsentencesis“therearemanypeople who do
sportsfornothing around us.”
16.Theyregularlydosports;however,noneofthemrealizesthebenefits and
importanceof sports. (Importance and Benefitsof Sports)
Analysis:
Inthesentenceabove,thereis subjectwiththirdpersonsingular“they”.It
shouldbefollowedby theverbwithoutaddedby suffix–s.Thus,thecorrect sentence“
Theyregularlydosports;however,noneofthem realizethebenefits and
importanceofsports.”
17. Nobody knowthetroubleI'veseen. (Family)
Analysis:
Inthesentenceabove,thereissubject‘nobody’whichmeans“singular person”.
Therefore, theverb “know”should bereplaced by“knows” in order to be
concordwih previoussubject “no body”.Thus,thecorrectsentence is“Nobody
knowsthe troubleI'veseen.”
Analysis:
Inthesentenceabove,thereissubject‘mymother’and‘myfather’,we cansay
it“they”.They shouldbefollowedbytobe‘are’.Thus,thecorrect sentenceis“Either
mymotheror my fatherarecoming to themeeting.”
19.Theplayers,aswellasthecaptain,wantstowin.(Importanceand
Benefitsof Sports)
Analysis:
In thesentenceabove, thereis subject‘theplayers’ and‘captainr’,which
representsubject“they”.They shouldnotbefollowedbyverbwhichadded
suffix-s.Thus,thecorrectsentenceis“Theplayers,aswellasthecaptain,want to win.”
20.Insidemy refrigeratorisacanofDietPepsiandanoldEnglishmuffin. (Family)
Analysis:
In thesentenceabove, therearenouns ‘DietPepsi’ and‘muffin’. The
conjunction‘and’makesnouns become pluralwhichrepresentsubjectas“they”. They
shouldnotbefollowedbytobe‘is’but‘are’.Thus,thecorrectsentence
is“Insidemyrefrigeratorarea can ofDiet Pepsiand an oldEnglish muffin.”
21. Oneof mybrotherswerein Atlantalastweekend. (Family)
Inthesentenceabove,thereisword‘one’ whichmeans“singularperson”.
Although after the subject, there is subject “my brothers”, but it should be
followedby (past)tobe‘is’(was).Therefore,tobe“were”shouldbereplacedby
“was”inordertobeconcordwihprevioussubject“oneofmybrothers”.Thus, the
correctsentence is“Oneofmybrotherswasin Atlanta lastweekend.”
22.Theteacheraswellasherstudentsbelievethatpracticemakesperfect.
(MySchool)
Analysis:
In thesentenceabove, thereis subject‘theteacher’which means “singular
person”.Althoughafterthesubject,there issecondsubject“herstudents”butthe
sentencefocus to thefirstsubject. Therefore,verb“believe”shouldbereplacedby
“believes”inordertobeconcordwihprevioussubject“oneofmybrothers”.Thus,thecorre
ctsentenceis“Theteacheraswellasherstudents believesthat practicemakesperfect.”
23. Myfathermakea cup of coffee in themorning.(Family)
Analysis:
Inthesentenceabove,thereissubject‘my father’whichmeans“singular
person”.Therefore,noun“make”shouldbereplacedby“makes”inordertobe
concordwihprevioussubject“myfather”.Thus,thecorrectsentenceis“My
24. Neither my mother nor my sister return their phone calls. (Our
Vacation)
Analysis:
Inthesentence above,there isword‘neither(not either)’ which means“no
oneofthemotherandsister” thatwordmakesitbecomesingularperson. Therefore, the
verb “return” should be replaced by “returns” in order to be concordwihprevious
word “neither”. Thus, thecorrectsentenceis“Neither my mothernor
mysisterreturnstheirphone calls.”
25.Each of the twinshavesomeunusualhabits. (MySchool)
Analysis:
In thesentenceabove, thereis word‘each’which means singular although
after theword‘each’ there isaword‘twins’.Therefore,theverb“have”shouldbe
replacedby “has”inordertobeconcordwihpreviousword“each”.Thus,the
correctsentence is“Each of thetwinshassomeunusualhabits.”
26. Thefirst typeof driver thatIfind annoyingarethespeeders. (Accident in
Medan)
Analysis:
In thesentenceabove, therearewords ‘firsttype’which means singular although
in thelas sentence there is word‘speeders’. Therefore, to be “are”should
27.Saraistheonlyoneofthestudents whoalwaysanswercorrectly.(My
School)
Analysis:
Inthesentence above,thereissubjectwithsingularthirdperson“she”.It
shouldbefollowedby theverbwhichaddedbysuffix–s.Thus,thecorrect
sentenceis“Saraistheonlyoneof thestudentswho alwaysanswerscorrectly.”
28. Thereisalotof treeson our block. (Family)
Analysis:
Inthesentence above,thereiswords/noun‘trees’which meanssingular
whichmeansplural.Therefore,tobe“is”shouldbereplacedby “are”inorderto
beconcordwih noun“trees”.Thus, the correctsentence is“Therearealotof treeson
ourblock.”
29.Comfortableshoesandloose-fittingclothingwasreccommendedby the
instructor.(Importance and BenefitsofSports)
Analysis:
Inthesentenceabove,therearenoun‘shoes’and‘loose-fitting clothing’
thatmakesnounsbecomeplural.Weuse ‘is(was)’forsingularnouns(oneitem)
and‘are(were)’formany items(pluralnouns).Therefore,theword“was” becomes
“were”inordertobeconcordwihpreviousnouns .Thus,thecorrect
sentencesis“Comfortableshoesandloose-fittingclothingwerereccommended by the
30. Shehavegotbrown skin (Mymother)
Analysis:
Inthesentencesabove,the English“have”withoutfollowing thesubject-
verbagreement. Thesubject‘she’is asingularthirdperson anditshouldbe
followedbythirdsingularverb“has”not“have”while“have”isusedtothe second
person. Therefore, the correctsentence is“Shehasgotbrown skin”
4.2.2. SingularPlural
InEnglish,thereisatermthatindicateswhetherthenumberofnounor pronoun is
oneor morethanone.A formofwordsthatindicates oneor less than
onecalledsingular,whereas morethanoneis plural.Bahasadoes notdistinguish
singular and pluralformand to denoteplurality, areduplicated formof thenoun is
used.Nouncanbedividedintosingularorpluralandthereischanginginwordif it
ispluralor singular. Thispointanalyzesthe mistakemadeon thatform.
1.ShealwaysgivesmesomefinesolutionwhenIhavesomeproblems.
(Mymother)
Analysis:
InEnglish,theremustbeinharmony betweenthepronounandits
reference.Thepronounmustbeconcord withitsreference.Inthesentenceabove,
“some”means pluralandrefers to “bird”which is single.Grammatically, the
reference“solution”mustfollowitspronounandtakethepluralagreementas
“solutions”.Hence,therightsentenceis“Shealwaysgivesmesomefinesolutions
when I havesomeproblems.”
2. Allteacherhaveahigh opinion of him.( My Bestfriend )
Analysis:
InEnglish,theremustbeinharmony betweenthepronounandits
reference.Thepronounmustbeconcord withitsreference.Inthesentenceabove,
“all”meanspluralandrefersto“teacher” whichissingle.Theappropriatesubject
orreferencefor“teacher” is“teachers”. Hence,therightsentence is“Allteachers havea
high opinion ofhim. “
3.ThosebirdliveintheBanyuasinpeninsulainordertoavoidthewinter
attheirmain locationinSiberia,andtheKoreanPeninsula.(Sembilang
NationalPark)
Analysis:
InEnglish,theremustbeinharmony betweenthepronounandits
reference.Thepronounmustberelated withitsreference.Inthesentence above,
“those”meanspluralformfrom“there” andrefersto“bird”whichissingle.
Grammatically,thereference “bird”must followitspronounandtaketheplural
agreement assame aswithitspronoun.So,theappropriatenounorreferencefor “bird”
is“birds”.Hence, therightsentenceis“Thosebirdslivein the Banyuasin peninsulain
4.Therearemanyforeignerwhoaresurfersfromallovertheworldcome to
TanjungSetiabeach and takesomenightsthere.(TanjungSetiaBeach)
Analysis:
Such astheprevious sample, between pronoun and itsreference mustbe in
harmony.Inthesentenceabove,“foreigner”must takeplural agreement forword
“many” whichwords come after must be in plural. Therefore, theword
“foreigner”becomes “foreigners”inorder tobeconcordwihpreviousword
“many”.Thus,thecorrectsentencesis“therearemanyforeignerswhoare surfers from
allover theworld cometoTanjungSetiabeachand takesomenights there.”
5.Thereareseveralwaythatapersoncanbenefitfromadiet.(Benefitsof
Dieting)
Analysis:
Such astheprevious sample, between pronoun and itsreference mustbe in
harmony.Inthesentenceabove,“way”musttakepluralagreementfor word
“several”whichwordscomeaftermust beinplural.Therefore, theword“way” becomes
“ways”inorder tobeconcordwihpreviousword “severa”. Thus, the
6.Therearesomanyreasonwhy computersisbeing usedway toomuch,
peopledrives whileon their computers /cellphones .(Arewetoo
dependentoncomputers?)
Analysis:
Such astheprevious sample, between pronoun and itsreference mustbe in
harmony.In thesentence above, “reason” must takeplural agreementfor word
“many”whichwordscomeaftermustbe inplural.Therefore,theword“reason” becomes
“reasons”inorder tobeconcordwihpreviousword“many”.Thus,the
correctsentencesis“Therearesomanyreasonswhycomputersisbeingused way too
much , peopledrivewhileon theircomputers/ cellphones.”
7. This plan allows many aeroplane to park next to the building.
However,itcreateslong walking distancefor passengers.(Modern Airports)
Analysis:
Such astheprevious sample, between pronoun and itsreference mustbe in
harmony.Inthesentenceabove,“aircraft”musttakepluralagreementforword
“many”whichwordscomeaftermustbe inplural.Therefore,theword“aircraft”
becomes “aircrafts”inordertobeconcordwihpreviousword“many”.Thus,the
correctsentences is”Thisplanallowsmanyaircraftstoparknextto thebuilding.
8.Thetransporterplanemployssomesystem oftransporttomove
passengersfrom the terminalbuildingto the aircraft. (Modern Airport)
Analysis:
Such astheprevious sample, between pronoun and itsreference mustbe in
harmony.Inthesentenceabove,“system”musttakepluralagreementforword
“some”whichwordscomeaftermustbeinplural.Therefore, theword“systems”
becomes “systems”inorder tobeconcordwihpreviousword “some”. Thus, the
correctsentences is“Thetransporterplanemployssomesystemsof transportto
movepassengersfromthe terminalbuilding to theaircraft.”
9.Eventhoughcomputersarevery usefulforallplacearoundtheworld,
westillshouldn'tbeso dependenton them.(Arewetoo dependenton
computers?)
Anaysis:
InEnglish,theremustbeinharmony betweenthepronounandits
reference.Thepronounmustbeconcord withitsreference.Inthesentenceabove, “all”
meanspluraland refersto “place”which is single. The appropriatesubjector
referencefor “place”is “places”.Hence, therightsentenceis “Even though
computersarevery usefulforallplacesaroundtheworld,westillshouldn'tbeso
dependentonthem.”
Analysis:
InEnglish,theremustbeinharmony betweenthepronounandits
reference.Thepronounmustbeconcord withitsreference.Inthesentenceabove, “those”
meanspluralformfrom “there” andrefers to“types”whichissingle.
Grammatically,thereference“type”mustfollow itspronoun and taketheplural
agreement assame aswithitspronoun.So,theappropriatenounorreferencefor “type”is
“types”.Hence, therightsentenceis “Whenwelovesomeone,wedon’t look
forthemtofillourneeds, loveusback, and all thosetypesofthings.”
4.2.3. ToInfinitive
Aninfinitivephrasewillbegin with an infinitive(to +simpleformof the verb).
1.Zedvadoesnotdothistoestablishhisterritory,asmanycatexperts
think,buttohumiliatingmebecauseheisjealousofmy friends.(My Cat Zedva)
Analysis:
Inthesentencesabove,itshowsthatthosesentencesareusing thewrong
verb.Aninfinitivephrasewillbeginwith“toandasimpleverb(Verb1)”.The
verb-ing“decomposing”shouldbereplacedby “tohumiliate”inordertobe concordtobean
infinitivesentence.Hence,therightsentenceis“Zedvadoesnot do this to establishhis
territory,as manycatexperts think,buttohumiliateme becausehe isjealousofmy
2. Iamhappyto having such afriend. (My Bestfriend)
Analysis:
Inthesentencesabove,itshowsthatthosesentencesareusing thewrong
verb.Aninfinitivephrasewillbeginwith“toandasimpleverb(Verb1)”.The verb-ing
“having”shouldbereplacedby“tohave”inordertobe concordtobe an
infinitivesentence.Hence,therightsentenceis“Iamhappytohavesucha friend.”
3.Youneedtoknowingthatthewaveonthisbeachisequalwiththe
wavesinHawaii. (TanjungSetiaBeach)
Analysis:
Inthesentencesabove,itshowsthatthosesentencesareusing thewrong
verb.Aninfinitivephrasewillbeginwith“toandasimpleverb(Verb1)”.The verb-ing
“knowing”shouldbereplaced by “toknow”in order to beconcord tobe
aninfinitivesentence.Hence,therightsentenceis “Youneedtoknowthatthe waveon
thisbeach isequalwith thewavesin Hawaii.”
4. Mydays werehappyonesbeforeI started goingto school, asIhadgood
neighbourstoplayingwithfrommorning tillevening.(Memoriesof my
Childhood Days)
Analysis:
Inthesentencesabove,itshowsthatthosesentencesareusing thewrong
verb-ing“playing”shouldbereplacedby“toplay”inorderto be concord tobe an
infinitivesentence.Hence,therightsentenceis“Mydayswerehappyonesbefore
Istartedgoingto school,asIhadgoodneighbourstoplaywith frommorningtill
evening.”
5.Forexample,Idonothavetocatchadiseasetoknowingthatitcankill me.
(MyHobby)
Analysis:
Inthesentencesabove,itshowsthatthosesentencesareusing thewrong
verb.Aninfinitivephrasewillbeginwith“toandasimpleverb(Verb1)”.The verb-ing
“knowing”shouldbereplaced by “toknow”in order to beconcord tobe an
infinitivesentence.Hence, therightsentenceis “For example,Idonothaveto catch a
diseaseto know thatit can killme.”
6.AlsoI do nothave togodeep into the jungle to learningabout the tiger.
Ican read all aboutit inabook. (Myhobby)
Analysis:
Inthesentencesabove,itshowsthatthosesentencesareusing thewrong
verb.Aninfinitivephrasewillbeginwith“toandasimpleverb(Verb1)”.The
verb-ing“learning”shouldbereplacedby “tolearn”inordertobeconcordtobe
aninfinitivesentence.Hence,therightsentenceis “AlsoIdonothavetogo deep into
7.Iamsothankfultohavebeenabletolivemy10 yearsoflifeto
knowingexactlywhatlifewaslikewithoutacomputerorcellphone. (Arewe too
dependenton computers?)
Analysis:
Inthesentencesabove,itshowsthatthosesentencesareusing thewrong
verb.Aninfinitivephrasewillbeginwith“toandasimpleverb(Verb1)”.The verb-ing
“knowing”shouldbereplaced by “toknow”in order to beconcord tobe
aninfinitivesentence.Hence,therightsentence is“Iamso thankfulto havebeen ableto
livemy10 years oflifetoknowexactlywhatlifewas likewithouta
computerorcellphone.”
8.So,beneficial,seeIdon’twhyyounotalsowanttoeatinghealthier. (Benefitsof
Dieting)
Analysis:
Inthesentencesabove,itshowsthatthosesentencesareusing thewrong
verb.Aninfinitivephrasewillbeginwith“toandasimpleverb(Verb1)”.The verb-ing
“eating”shouldbereplaced by “toeat”inordertobeconcordtobean
infinitivesentence.Hence,therightsentenceis“So,beneficial,seeIdon’twhy you not
also want to eat healthier.”
9. Sundanese liketo drinking teawithoutsugar. (IndonesianFood)
