ABSTRACT
NOFI. Inaccuracy Problems of Translating English Singular-Plural Forms in Bradman’s and Chatterton’s Deadly Game into Permainan Maut. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2008.
Deadly Game is a novel written by Tony Bradman and Martin Chatterton which is translated into bahasa Indonesia by Harris Setiajid entitled Permainan Maut. In doing the translation work, the writer finds out that the translator tends to translate the English singular-plural forms inaccurately that can result in problems.
In this thesis, the writer is discussing three main points. First is to find out and analyze the noun forms which are translated inaccurately and offer better revisions. The second point is to find out the effects of the inaccuracy which will also be expressed by some readers. The last point is to know why the translator chooses to translate the forms inaccurately.
In order to conduct the analysis, there are three important aspects that will be used. The first is to analyze the inaccurate translated English singular and plural forms by identifying two primary data, Deadly Game and Permainan Maut. Second is to find the effects of the inaccuracy in translating English singular and plural forms which are also supported by some readers through questionnaires. The last aspect is to find out the reasons of the translator translating the English singular-plural forms inaccurately.
ABSTRAK
NOFI. Inaccuracy Problems of Translating English Singular-Plural Forms in Bradman’s and Chatterton’s Deadly Game into Permainan Maut. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2008.
Deadly Game adalah novel yang ditulis oleh Tony Bradman dan Martin Chatterton dan diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia oleh Harris Setiajid dengan judul Permainan Maut. Dalam proses terjemahannya, penulis menemukan bahwa penerjemah cenderung menerjemahkan bentuk tunggal dan jamak bahasa Inggris secara tidak akurat yang menyebabkan masalah.
Dalam skripsi ini, penulis membahas tiga poin penting. Pertama adalah menemukan dan menganalisis bentuk-bentuk kata benda yang diterjemahkan secara tidak akurat dan menawarkan revisi yang baik. Poin kedua adalah untuk mengetahui dampak-dampak dari ketidakakuratan tersebut yang juga akan didukung oleh beberapa pembaca. Poin terakhir adalah untuk mengetahui alasan penerjemah memilih untuk menerjemahkan bentuk tunggal dan jamak secara tidak akurat.
Untuk melakukan semua analisis, ada tiga aspek penting yang akan dibahas. Pertama adalah menganalisa ketidakakuratan dalam menerjemahkan bentuk tunggal dan jamak bahasa Inggris melalui identifikasi data primer, Deadly Game dan Permainan Maut. Kedua adalah mengetahui dampak-dampak dari ketidakakuratan tersebut yang juga akan diungkapkan oleh pembaca melalui kuisioner. Aspek terakhir adalah mengetahui alasan-alasan penerjemah menerjemahkan secara tidak akurat bentuk tunggal dan jamak tersebut.
INACCURACY PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATING ENGLISH
SINGULAR-PLURAL FORMS IN BRADMAN’S AND
CHATTERTON’S DEADLY GAME INTO PERMAINAN MAUT
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
NOFI
Student Number: 044214013
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
INACCURACY PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATING ENGLISH
SINGULAR-PLURAL FORMS IN BRADMAN’S AND
CHATTERTON’S DEADLY GAME INTO PERMAINAN MAUT
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
NOFI
Student Number: 044214013
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
Smile to the world,
and the world will smile back
FOR
MY BLESSED BUDDHA,
MY BELOVED PARENTS,
MY LOVELY SISTERS,
AND THOSE WHO KEEP BELIEVING
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
To begin, I would love to thank Buddha for giving me blessings to finish
my thesis. This thesis would never be done without Him on my side and heart.
I would like to show my gratefulness to Sanata Dharma University for
being the best place to study, to Harris Hermansyah Setiajid, S.S., M. Hum. for
his patience in guiding me doing this thesis and being my interviewed, to
Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum. for the advices and suggestion, to all the
English Letters lecturers for the willingness to improve my English skill, and to
all the staffs for keeping this campus a comfort place
. To Mom, Dad, and all my sisters, Pipi, Epi, Eni, Lia, Santa and Ren-ren
for giving me support, love and prayers so I can do my best. I am also very
thankful to have best friends like Taini, Dita Ndutz, Disti, Rini, Indree, Lutfi,
Sisca, Elin, and Pita in this campus. I hope one day we can have a picnic again.
Also, I would like to thank my other friends in English Letters 2004. To my
closest friends Fen-fen and Tita for the supports, to Hendra “Boy” for giving me
spirit to keep moving on, to Oni for being my best cousin in happiness and
sadness, and to all my friends in Palembang. I wish the best for them all.
Lastly, I would like to thank everyone whom I forgot to name. I thank
them for always believing in anything that I have been doing. May God bless
them all.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
4. Theories on Indonesian Singular and Plural Nouns ... 12
5. Notes on Functionalism in Translation ………...… 14
6. Notes on Thinking-Aloud Protocol ………...… 16
A. The Inaccurate Translated English Singular and Plural Forms in Deadly Game and Permainan Maut ……….….. 26
1. The Inaccurate Translation of English Plural Forms …..…... 27
2. The Inaccurate Translation of English Singular Forms ……... 45
C. The Reasons of the Translator in Making Translation Shift in
Permainan Maut ...………...….. 56
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ………...… 58
A. Conclusion ………...…… 58
B. Suggestion ………..……….…… 63
BIBLIOGRAPHY ………..………...… 64
APPENDICES ………..……...……. 66
Appendix 1 The Result of Questionnaire ………..……...… 66
Appendix 2 The Accumulation of Scores ………..…….……. 67
Appendix 3 The Sample of Questionnaire …....……..……...…..……… 70
ABSTRACT
NOFI. Inaccuracy Problems of Translating English Singular-Plural Forms in Bradman’s and Chatterton’s Deadly Game into Permainan Maut. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2008.
Deadly Game is a novel written by Tony Bradman and Martin Chatterton which is translated into bahasa Indonesia by Harris Setiajid entitled Permainan Maut. In doing the translation work, the writer finds out that the translator tends to translate the English singular-plural forms inaccurately that can result in problems.
In this thesis, the writer is discussing three main points. First is to find out and analyze the noun forms which are translated inaccurately and offer better revisions. The second point is to find out the effects of the inaccuracy which will also be expressed by some readers. The last point is to know why the translator chooses to translate the forms inaccurately.
In order to conduct the analysis, there are three important aspects that will be used. The first is to analyze the inaccurate translated English singular and plural forms by identifying two primary data, Deadly Game and Permainan Maut. Second is to find the effects of the inaccuracy in translating English singular and plural forms which are also supported by some readers through questionnaires. The last aspect is to find out the reasons of the translator translating the English singular-plural forms inaccurately.
ABSTRAK
NOFI. Inaccuracy Problems of Translating English Singular-Plural Forms in Bradman’s and Chatterton’s Deadly Game into Permainan Maut. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2008.
Deadly Game adalah novel yang ditulis oleh Tony Bradman dan Martin Chatterton dan diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia oleh Harris Setiajid dengan judul Permainan Maut. Dalam proses terjemahannya, penulis menemukan bahwa penerjemah cenderung menerjemahkan bentuk tunggal dan jamak bahasa Inggris secara tidak akurat yang menyebabkan masalah.
Dalam skripsi ini, penulis membahas tiga poin penting. Pertama adalah menemukan dan menganalisis bentuk-bentuk kata benda yang diterjemahkan secara tidak akurat dan menawarkan revisi yang baik. Poin kedua adalah untuk mengetahui dampak-dampak dari ketidakakuratan tersebut yang juga akan didukung oleh beberapa pembaca. Poin terakhir adalah untuk mengetahui alasan penerjemah memilih untuk menerjemahkan bentuk tunggal dan jamak secara tidak akurat.
Untuk melakukan semua analisis, ada tiga aspek penting yang akan dibahas. Pertama adalah menganalisa ketidakakuratan dalam menerjemahkan bentuk tunggal dan jamak bahasa Inggris melalui identifikasi data primer, Deadly Game dan Permainan Maut. Kedua adalah mengetahui dampak-dampak dari ketidakakuratan tersebut yang juga akan diungkapkan oleh pembaca melalui kuisioner. Aspek terakhir adalah mengetahui alasan-alasan penerjemah menerjemahkan secara tidak akurat bentuk tunggal dan jamak tersebut.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
English is a world language. Most people use English almost in their
everyday life. English is used mostly in communication, such as in conversation,
teaching-learning process, mass media, songs, and so forth. English has also been
used in literary works, especially novels.
Since many English books need to be translated, translation becomes very
much helpful because most people in Indonesia do not have any skill and
knowledge about other language except their mother-tongue. That is why most
publishers try to make the novels sold-out by translating them into Indonesian.
Translation job is not easy. Someone must have basic knowledge about
his/her own culture, the mastery of mother-tongue language, the basic knowledge
about the theory of translation study, and so forth. Translation, since the first time
it was known, has faced many debates. Many scientists still argue on the “real”
meaning of translation.
According to Bell in his book entitled Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice, translation should cover three understandings. First is
translating as the process or the activity. Second is a translation as the product or
the translated text. The third is translation as the abstract concept which
encompasses both the process of translating and the product of that process
Translation can result in problems when a translator does not concern
enough on the real message of the author. One of the examples is the rise of
translation shift. Translation shift is the small linguistics changes that occur
between source text (ST) and target text (TT) (Catford, 1965:73). One of the main
focuses of translation shift covers a change from singular into plural forms and
vice versa. One of the phenomenons of the translation shift can be seen in the
translation of Bradman’s and Chatterton’s Deadly Game into Permainan Maut. Here, the translator tends to translate the singular forms into plural and plural
forms into singular.
One of the examples is the translation of the clause reading one of his comics into sedang membaca komik. The problem of such case is that the idea that
the author wants to say is not delivered correctly. The phrase one of his comics which is translated into komik changes in message. The author actually wants to say that Jake has many comics and he is reading one of them. In fact, the
translator changes the message that Jake seems to have only one comic.
According to the writer, this phenomenon is worth to study because this
shift might change the meaning of the source text. The occurrence of meaning
changing that is caused by translation shift is very serious. It can cause two
significant problems. First is the rise of the different aspect between the author’s
idea and the reader’s perspective toward the idea. What the writer means here is
that when an author decides to use a word, in consideration of singular and plural
The goal of the translator is to communicate to the receptor audience the same information and the same mood as was conveyed by the original document to the original audience (Larson, 1984:421).
If there is a shift in the target text, the readers, anyway, will receive a
different idea. They may simply find the story boring than what the author wants
to expect from them.
The second problem is that by a shift, a translator may find that the
translation work is easy because in this case he prefers choosing to shift some
words rather than trying to find a relevancy in language between the word in the
source text and target text. Meaning to say, the translator may consider a
translation shift as his second alternative when he thinks a word will be heard
awkward when it is translated into other language as what it is supposed to be.
English and Indonesian language have equivalence, especially in singular
and plural forms. If for example there is a word eyes in English, by considering the equivalence to Indonesian language, it is better to say sepasang mata, instead of translating the word into its singular form mata although Indonesian people
widely consider mata as plural form.
From all the arguments about the study of translation above, the writer
wants to study further about translation. The topic “Inaccuracy in Translating
English Singular and Plural Forms in Bradman’s and Chatterton’s Deadly Game into Permainan Maut” will focus on the inaccuracy in translating English singular
and plural forms. The writer finds that the translator tends to translate the English
writer also identifies that it gives some effects toward the original story. That is
why the writer thinks that this thesis is worth studying.
There will be some findings on the inaccuracy in translating English
singular and plural forms and the effects toward its original story. In the
discussion later, it will also be observed the reasons of the translator translating
English singular and plural forms inaccurately.
B. Problem Formulation
In order to guide and limit the points of discussion and make the writing
clear, some questions which are related to the topic have been prepared. The
questions are formulated as follows.
1. What are the English singular and plural forms translated inaccurately
found in the translation of Bradman’s and Chatterton’s Deadly Game into
Permainan Maut?
2. How do the inaccurate English singular and plural forms affect the original
story Deadly Game?
3. Why does the translator tend to translate the English singular and plural
forms inaccurately in the translated novel Permainan Maut?
C. Objectives of the Study
Based on the problems above, there are three objectives of the study. First
is to identify the inaccuracy in translating English singular and plural forms in the
translation of Bradman’s and Chatterton’s Deadly Game into Permainan Maut.
plural forms toward the original novel Deadly Game. The last is to know the
reasons why the inaccuracy in translating English singular and plural forms is
made by the translator in the translated novel Permainan Maut.
D. Definition of Terms
Some words related to the research will be defined in order to help the
writer analyze the topic. In this part, the writer will use some sources in order to
give the most appropriate definition of the specific terms.
Translation
According to Catford in A Linguistics Theory of Translation, translation is “The replacement of textual material in one language (the source language, SL),
by equivalent textual material in one language (the target language, TL).”
(1965:20)
Larson states that translation consists of transferring the meaning of the
source language into the target language. This is done by going from the form of
the first language to the form of the second language by way of semantic structure
(1984:3).
Nida in Principles of Translation as Exemplified by Bible Translation states that translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest
natural equivalent to the message of the source language, first in meaning and
From the definitions above, it can be concluded that translation is a
process in which the message of one language (source language) is transmitted
into another language.
Translation Shift
Vinay and Darbelnet (in Newmark’s A Textbook of Translation, 1988) define translation shift or transposition as a translation procedure involving a
change in grammar from source language into target language. What is meant by
“change” include the change from singular into plural, adjective into noun, and
vice versa, passive voice into active voice.
Catford (1965:73) defines translation shift as the small linguistic changes
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Review of Related Studies
Yunita Wulansari in her undergraduate thesis entitled Translation Strategies in Overcoming Cultural Problems in Translating Mangunwijaya’s
Burung-Burung Camar into the Weavebirds discusses some cultural nouns which exist in Indonesian culture are untranslatable. She states that there are 48 Javanese
culture-bound expressions which are found in the novel, based on concrete and
abstract equivalences. The concrete concepts found are names of species that are
not common in the TL, types of food, location, tool, clothes, etc. The abstract
concepts are calendar system in Javanese, nobility title, traditional games, art,
belief and superstition, etc. (2007:57-59).
Another study is from Henny Waty in The Problems of Translating Inyik
Lunak Si Tukang Cenang, Jakarta Sunyi Sekali di Malam Hari, and Mata Yang Indah in the Anthology Mata yang Indah. She discusses the difficulties in translating some words in Indonesian culture which do not have equivalent in
English. Some words which are close to the Indonesian culture, e.g. gembong, lepau, oplet, muhrim, dangdut and malam lebaran do not have the equivalent in
English because they only exist in Indonesian. That is why the English words are
inappropriate in meaning. She states some factors referring to the above problems,
such as different culture, the consideration of the same function, the lack of the
in expressive meaning, semantically complex, the lack of the target background,
and omission of words or idea (2004: 64-67).
From the review of studies above, it can be clearly seen that the above
writers are discussing a similar topic, that is the difficulties of translating cultural
terms in Indonesian language. While in this thesis, the writer discusses the
inaccuracy in translating English singular and plural forms into Indonesian that
can give effects to the original story.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Translation Shift
Catford in his book entitled A Linguistics Theory of Translation states that
the small linguistics changes that occur between source text and target text is
called translation shift (1965:73).
The term “translation shifts” means “departures from formal
correspondence in the process of going from the source language (SL) to the
target language (TL). A shift is said to occur if, in a given TT, a translation
equivalent other than the formal correspondent occurs for a specific SL element.
Catford states that there are two major types of translation shifts. They are
level shifts and category shifts. By a shift of level we mean that an SL item at one
linguistic level has a TL translation equivalent at a different level.
Tou in A Step into Translatics mentions four major types of category shift
(2003:7).
1. Structure (order) shift
ST : A white house modifier + headword
TT :Rumah putih headword + modifier 2. Class shift
ST : Medical faculty adjective + noun TT : Fakultas kedokteran noun + noun 3. Unit shift
ST : A thinking person word as modifier + headword TT : Orang yang berpikir headword + clause as modifier
4. Intra-system shift
ST : Many teachers modifier + plural noun TT : Banyak guru modifier + singular noun
2. Translation Process
Nababan in Teori Menerjemah Bahasa Inggris defines a process of
translation as the activities which are done by a translator when he/she transmits a
message from a source language (SL) into a target language (TL) (1999:24).
The process of translation consists of three phases which are (1) analyzing
the SL, (2) transmitting the message, and (3) restructuring.
Every translating activity starts with an SL analysis. An SL analysis
linguistics and the extra linguistics elements. Linguistics elements are the
language elements such as sentence pattern, clause, phrase, word, etc., while extra
linguistics elements consist of elements outside the language, that is the
socio-cultural of the SL.
After understanding the meaning and the structure of the SL, a translator
can know the message of the text. The next step is to transmit the message into the
TL. In this phase, a translator has to find the equivalent word between SL and TL.
This process is also known as mental process because it occurs in the translator’s
mind. After that, the translator transmits the message into the TL orally or written.
The last phase is restructuring. It is a process in which a translator must
pay attention to the language of TL to find the accurate information with the SL.
Also, he/she has to pay attention to the target readers of the translated text.
Bell in Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice draws the process of translation as follows.
Memory Source language
text Analysis
Semantic representation
Synthesis Target language
text
The model shows the transformation of an SL text into TL text by means
of processes which take place within memory: (1) the analysis of one
language-specific text (the SL text) into a universal (non-language-language-specific text) semantic
representation, and (2) the synthesis of the semantic representation into a second
language-specific text (the TL text) (1991:21).
3. Theories on English Singular and Plural Nouns
Murphy in English Grammar In Use summarizes some rules on the use of singular and plural form (1985:156).
i. We use some nouns only in the plural, e.g.:
trousers jeans shorts
ii. We don’t often use the plural of person (‘persons’). Instead we use people. iii. These nouns end in –s but they are not usually plural:
mathematics physics news
iv. Some singular nouns are often used with a plural verb:
government family audience
v. Sometimes we use a plural noun with a singular verb. We do this when we
talk about sum of money, a period of time, a distance:
five thousand pounds
Leech and Svartvik in A Communicative Grammar of English also state some points on singular and plural use (1975:252).
i. the nouns which are singular are:
(b) Mass nouns, e.g. advertising, music.
(c) Proper nouns, e.g. Mars, the Thames.
The only nouns which normally occur in the plural are plural count nouns,
i.e. nouns denoting ‘more than one’, e.g. two boys, the tables.
ii. The regular plural is formed by adding –s or –es to the singular. But special mention must be made of:
(a) some nouns which end in –s but are singular, e.g. news, names of diseases (measles, mumps); subject names in –ics (classics, linguistics), some games (billiards, dominos), some proper nouns
(Athens, Brussels).
(b) Some nouns which occur only in the plural, e.g. cattle, people, police,
the Middle Ages.
4. Theories on Indonesian Singular and Plural Nouns
According to Effendi in Panduan Berbahasa Indonesia dengan Baik dan Benar, Indonesian language does not use any affix to express plural forms. Reduplication is one marker to express plurality (1995:115-119).
(1) Kegiatan-kegiatan itu bermanfaat bagi pembinaan minat baca masyarakat.
(2) Para pelajar diberi kesempatan mengikuti kursus-kursus itu.
The words kegiatan-kegiatan in (1) and kursus-kursus in (2) are reduplication and meaning plural, more than one activity and more than one
in the words kapal-kapal and ships in English form (Oplt, 1966:263). If the
reduplication words are deleted becoming kegiatan and kursus, the plural meaning will lose and singular meaning will arise (Effendi, 1995: 116).
Sometimes reduplication is not used to express plurality. Some words
describing plural form can be used before the noun without any reduplication.
(3) Para pengarang menolak gagasan seperti itu.
(4) Banyak rumah yang hancur dilanda lahar panas. (5) Berapa pertanyaan yang dikemukakan guru itu? (6) Tidak semua kegiatan dilakukannya dengan baik.
(7) Berbagai masalah didiskusikan dalam pertemuan itu.
The words pengarang in (3), rumah in (4), pertanyaan in (5), kegiatan in
(6), and masalah in (7) are not reduplicated, but each expresses plurality because those words are preceded by words related to numbers, those are para, banyak, berapa, semua, and berbagai.
(8) Pabrik yang besar-besar telah dibangun di negara itu.
(9) Bermacam-macam buku yang dipamerkan dalam pameran itu.
The words pabrik in (8) and buku in (9) express plurality although they do
not reduplicate. This is because these words are followed by other reduplicated
words besar-besar and bermacam-macam. Sometimes there are words in
Indonesian language which are in singular form but meaning plural, as in (10) and
(11).
(10) Rakyat berjuang mempertahankan kemerdekaan.
Oplt states that sometimes reduplication can appear with the addition of
the suffix –an to express collective terms.
buah (fruit) buah-buahan (fruits) daun (leaf) daun-daunan (leaves)
Some nouns, when fully reduplicated, change their meaning although
sometimes the meaning is similar or related.
mata (eyes) langit (sky) mata-mata (spy) langit-langit (palate)
5. Notes on Functionalism in Translation
According to Chosefu, one of the most recent developments in translation
theory is the emergence of “Functionalist” approaches to translation. These
approaches emphasize the purpose or the function for which a translation is needed as
the main criterion that determines how a translation is to be done
(http://academic.sun.ac.za).
Nord explains that in an ideal situation of translation, a client approaches a
translator for a service. The client gives as many details as possible about the
translation purpose, explaining the addressees, time, place, preferred medium, and
the function of the translation. Nord also explains that the detailed information,
which the client gives, constitutes a translation brief or commission. According to
Nord, the translation brief specifies the kind of translation that is expected by the
However, the translator’s role is considered as very crucial in the
translation process, because he or she is ostensibly the expert in the translation
and should be responsible for ensuring that the assignment given in the translation
brief is done satisfactorily. Nord explains that the translator studies the translation
brief and gives advice regarding the viability of the translation in view of the
specifications given in the client. The other point raised by Nord is that whereas
the translation brief specifies what kind of translation is needed, this brief has to
be negotiated between the client and the translator. Nord also states that
translators are not obliged to meet all the demands of the clients, but they have a
moral responsibility not to deceive them. Therefore the translator is required to be
loyal to the specifications of the client without violating the original intentions of
the source text (ST) author.
Nord, therefore, places an emphasis on two things: the client’s
specifications in the translation brief and the need for the translator to maintain
loyalty to both the client and the author of the ST. That is what constitutes the
“function-plus-loyalty” model.
Nord’s functionalist model implies that acceptability of a mother tongue
translation can be achieved if the translator harmonizes the desired functions of the
target text with the original communicative functions of the source text. Nord’s
functionalist model also implies that a translation that is done with total disregard of
the expectations of the target language community may be irrelevant to the actual
6. Notes on Thinking-Aloud Protocol
Campbell in Translation into the Second Language states the definition on TAP procedure.
By psychological modelling of the translation process, I mean attempts to infer mental constructs from empirical data. This could be done by mapping the inferred mental constructs in translators of different levels of ability, or longitudinally in student translators (1998:6).
Another definition comes from Dancette in Comprehension in the Translation Process: An Analysis of Thinking-Aloud Protocol collected in Dollerup and Lindegaard’s Teaching Translation and Interpreting 2.
When dealing with protocols, it is necessary to be aware of the fact that protocols, even when they are combined with questionnaires and interviews, are only a posteriori and clumsy and possibly false justification for a performance (1994:120).
As stated by Hom in Thinking Aloud Protocol that although the main benefit of TAP is a better understanding of the user's mental model and interaction
with the product, other benefits can be gained as well. For example, the
terminology the user uses to express an idea or function should be incorporated
into the product design or at least its documentation (jthom.best.vwh.net
/usability/thnkalod.htm).
A paper entitled Using Protocol Analysis to Explore the Creative
Requirements Engineering Process states that there are two kinds of approaches to data collection in protocol analysis, they are concurrent and retrospective
Concurrent protocols are generated when the problem solver verbalizes
their thoughts while working on a specific task. First, the problem solver is trained
to verbalize his or her thoughts using a thinking aloud technique. Second, with a
given task, the problem solver verbalizes his or her thoughts while working on a
given task. The process is video and/or audio taped, and transcribed. As a result, a
thinking-aloud concurrent protocol acts as the generator of the data source, which
is then later coded and analyzed.
Retrospective protocols conduct interviews with the problem solver after
the problem solving process, usually immediately. During the interview, the
problem solver is asked to recall his or her activities. Interviews are audio and/or
videotaped and transcribed. The generated retrospective protocols serve as data
for later coding and analysis to reconstruct the problem solving process and gain
insight into what happened during the process.
According to Ruuskanen in Creating the ‘Other’: A Pragmatic
Translation Tool in Nababan’s Arah Penelitian Penerjemahan, generally a professional translator already has a description about the target text readers, and
sometimes when interviewed or asked to fill a questionnaire, there is a possibility
that some things which are expressed by the translator are different from what he
did when doing a translation work (http://iasiuns.blogspot.com).
C. Theoretical Framework
This research aims at answering the problems that have been stated
explained. Theories on translation shift, translation process, theories on English
singular and plural nouns and theories on Indonesian singular and plural nouns are
to answer the first question. The first theory discusses the explanation and the
types of shift in translation. The second theory describes the process of translating
an SL text into TL text. The third and the fourth theories explain the basic rules
and usage of English singular and plural form and Indonesian singular and plural
nouns.
The second question is dealt with the effects of the inaccuracy in
translating English singular and plural form into Indonesian. The previous
analysis is needed in answering the question. Also, as a supportive data, the writer
needs the opinions of some readers whether they consider Permainan Maut is
accurate or not regarding the singular-plural forms. That is why some notes on
functionalism in translation are used. It is used as guidance to get the reaction of
the readers and to know their comments about the inaccuracy data through
questionnaire, how it gives effect toward the original story.
In answering the third question, the writer will use some notes on
thinking-aloud protocol as basic guidance to conduct an interview with the
translator of the novel. These notes can help the writer find out the methodology
of the translator in translating Deadly Game and at the same time find out the
D. Research Framework
To make clear the steps and the goal of this thesis, the writer has provided
a diagram to describe the flow of the research.
Meaning shift Translation shift Accurate/inaccurate
Effects of inaccuracy TT
Permainan Maut
Translator
ST Deadly Game
Data compilation STplural → TTsingular STsingular→ TTplural
Inaccuracy analysis
Readers:
R1= English lecturer in Sanata Dharma University R2= English lecturer in Duta
Wacana Christian University R3+R4= English Letters students R5= English instructor in Adista
Aviation Training Center
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
Since the thesis is trying to identify the inaccuracy in translating English
singular and plural forms, to find the effects of the inaccuracy toward its original
story, and to know the reasons why the translator tends to make the inaccuracy,
the data needed are the source novel Deadly Game which is written by Tony
Bradman and Martin Chatterton and the translated version Permainan Maut by Harris Setiajid.
The writer uses a short story by Tony Bradman and Martin Chatterton
entitled Deadly Game. This novel consists of 105 pages, and is published by Egmont Books Limited, London in 2004. The Indonesian version Permainan
Maut is translated by Harris Hermansyah Setiajid and published by Kanisius Yogyakarta in 2004.
Bradman’s and Chatterton’s Deadly Game is a thriller story. It tells about
a little boy named Jake who is very bad to his sister, Hannah. One day he refuses
playing with her, and that makes her very angry. She then wishes that her
imaginary friend can replace her brother by touching the Heart Stone. It does happen. The story ends with the trial of killing Jake by Hannah’s imaginary
friend. At last, Jake can be a brother for Hannah again and he promises that he
B. Method of the Study
The thesis will use three data sources which cover three aspects. The first
aspect is the identification of the inaccuracy in translating English singular and
plural forms in both novels. In this aspect, the writer is positioned as a linguist in
which the analysis will be segmental. The first aspect will also help the writer to
find the effects that arise. To support the argument, the second aspect, that is
conducting a questionnaire distribution, is used to summarize the general effects
of the inaccuracy problems toward its original story stated by the readers. The last
aspect includes an interview with the translator to find out the reasons of the
inaccuracy in translating English singular and plural forms.
C. Research Procedure
1. Data Source
To support the writer in answering the questions which were formulated,
there would be three main sources that were used in this thesis.
The first source was two main objects. The first was the source novel
entitled Deadly Game which was written by Tony Bradman and Martin
Chatterton. This novel was published in 2004 and consisted of 105 pages. This
novel was included as a horror story for children above 7 years. The second main
The second source was considered as a supportive source. It was used to
show that some readers also found the different meaning between Deadly Game and Permainan Maut. The main concern of this source was the readers of both novels. In applying this source, the writer would have 5 respondents. These five
respondents were enough for the writer to gain any opinions and arguments which
expressed agreement or disagreement with the writer. The respondents should be
bilingual (mastering English and Indonesian language) since the thesis was
discussing two languages and to help them easier understand both stories and find
the differences between the stories in terms of singular and plural nouns. They
were asked to fill the questionnaires that had been prepared by the writer. The
respondents came from different backgrounds of education.
The first respondent (R1) is a translation expert. She is a lecturer of
English Letters in Sanata Dharma University Yogyakarta. Graduating from Ohio
State University for being a master, she ever translated a novel of the same
authors of Deadly Game entitled Final Cut which was also published by Kanisius Yogyakarta.
The second respondent (R2) is an English lecturer. She is teaching in Duta
Wacana Christian University Yogyakarta. She is also the head of English
Learning Practice Program in the university.
The next two respondents are the students of English Letters in Sanata
Dharma University. They are doing their thesis on literature. The first respondent
(R3) ever joined the class of Translation 3 delivered by Harris Setiajid. She also
paper. The second student (R4) is one of the smartest students in 2004 class. She
ever received a Faculty Award of getting the highest GPA in the year 2006-2007. The last respondent (R5) is an English instructor in AATC (Adista
Aviation Training Center). She is a Master of Management graduated from
Indonesia Islamic University.
The main object of the third source was the translator of Bradman and
Chatterton’s Deadly Game. He is a lecturer of linguistics in Sanata Dharma University. He is also one of translation lecturers.
2. Data Collection
As the first object of the study was identifying the inaccuracy in
translating English singular and plural forms, the procedure of the research would
be documenting, that is analyzing the short story and identifying the translated
novel.
To collect the data, there were two kinds of procedures that the writer did.
First of all, the writer read the story in order to have better understanding of the
story itself and to find English singular and plural forms used in it. The analysis
aimed to know the types of nouns that were used; whether they were singular or
plural. After collecting, the writer made a list of the noun numbers.
The second procedure aimed to find the translated English singular and
plural forms into Indonesian language through the deep observation from the
translated novel. The writer observed the translated novel containing the
In answering the second problem, the writer still used the analysis in
previous problems. As a comparative and supportive data, the writer would
conduct a questionnaire distribution to some reliable respondents to get the
opinions of the readers. The writer distributed the data which contained the
inaccuracy in translating English singular and plural forms in Bradman’s and
Chatterton’s Deadly Game to some readers. The next step was to distribute some
questions which the writer had prepared related to the effects of the inaccuracy.
The last step was to conclude the opinion of the readers.
To answer the third problem, the writer would conduct an interview with
the translator. After finished reading a reference book as guidance, the writer
prepared some proportional questions. This method would be an exclusive
interview with the translator. In this method, the writer would also show some
examples of the translation results to the translator. This way would be very
important to support asking some other related questions that had been prepared.
A recorder would also be used to help the writer remind the answers and as a
factual proof.
3. Data Analysis
Since the writer used two primary data in answering the first problem,
there were two kinds of data analysis that the writer did. First was to identify the
they were singular or plural based on the theories by Murphy, Leech and Svartvik.
The last step was to classify the nouns based on their types.
The similar steps were also done for the target text Permainan Maut. The writer read the novel and classified the nouns whether they were singular or plural
based on the theories by Effendi and Oplt. Then, the writer made a list of the
nouns which were translated from the source text. The next step was to find out
whether the forms were translated accurately or not by comparing both novels.
The final step was to analyze the forms and to find out the better translation.
In answering the second question, the writer did two steps. The first step
was an individual argument on the effects of the inaccuracy problems gained from
previous analysis. As a supportive data, the writer would jump into the second
step in which the writer would use the questionnaires that had been distributed to
some readers. From the questionnaires, the writer read the answers and divided
the respondents who agreed that the source text, regarding the singular-plural
forms, was accurately translated and respondents who agreed that the source text
was translated inaccurately. The last step was to write down the opinions of the
respondents in the analysis.
To support answering the third question, the interview which was
conducted would be a useful tool. From the interview, the writer listened to the
recorder and wrote down the answers. The writer also concluded some main
points of the reasons the translator made translation shift. The last step was to
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
In this chapter, the writer will analyze the topic by answering the research
questions previously written in the problem formulation. There are three major
divisions of discussion, and each will represent the answer of each question.
A. The Inaccurate Translated English Singular and Plural Forms in Deadly Game and Permainan Maut
There are 39 phrases and clauses containing singular and plural forms that
are translated inaccurately which are found in Bradman’s and Chatterton’s Deadly Game and Permainan Maut. Those 39 phrases and clauses will be discussed one
by one. There will be two subdivisions in discussing the inaccurate translated
singular and plural forms.
In answering the first problem, the writer provides a scoring system based
on Nababan’s accuracy indicator and accuracy category with modification in
Strategi Penilaian Kualitas Terjemahan collected in Jurnal Linguistik Bahasa (2004:54-65).
Score Accuracy Indicator
1 The content of the ST is conveyed accurately to the TT. The sentences can be understood clearly. Rewriting is not needed
2 The content of the ST is conveyed accurately to the TT. The sentences can be understood clearly, but a little restructuring and rewriting are needed.
elements. Some restructuring and rewriting are needed.
4 Some ST sentences are not translated into TT. Deliberately omitted. The TT content is different from ST.
Score Accuracy Category
1 Accurate translation
2 Quite accurate
3 Not accurate
4 Inaccurate
1. The Inaccurate Translation of English Plural Forms
The first analysis lies on the inaccuracy in translating plural forms into
singular in Deadly Game and Permainan Maut. There are 31 phrases and clauses that are found translated inaccurately. In the analysis, the writer also provides the
source text and target text that contain the inaccuracy.
No. Source Text Target Text
1. …, reading one of his comics for the umpteenth time,…
…, sedang membaca komik. Komik itu telah ia baca untuk kesekian kalinya.
The above sentence is said to be inaccurately translated seen from the
phrase one of his comics which is translated into komik. The translator changes the
meaning of the phrase because the phrase one of his comics shows that Jake has many comics and he is reading one of them, while the translator means to say that
Jake has only one comic and he is reading it. The existence of the plural form one of his comics also describes the characteristics of Jakes in which he prefers enjoying himself by reading all his comics again and again instead of getting
The above data is given a score 3 because the translator adds a sentence to
the target text, Komik itu telah ia baca untuk kesekian kalinya, beside inaccurately translates the phrase one of his comics into komiknya. The better translation is sedang membaca salah satu koleksi komiknya untuk kesekian kalinya.
2. .., keeping his head to shield his eyes from the bright morning sunshine.
Kepalanya menunduk untuk
menghindari sinar matahari pagi,…
The next inaccuracy is seen from the sentence above. The score 4 is given
in consideration that the verb to shield his eyes is deliberately omitted. In the
source text, it is clearly said that Jake is protecting his eyes from the sunshine. The
translator in the target text, in other way, is simply saying that Jake is trying to
hide from the sunshine. The translator obviously deletes the phrase his eyes. Normally, part of the body that a human wants to protect from sunshine is eyes, it
is better to translate the source text into kepalanya menunduk untuk melindungi
kedua matanya dari silau matahari pagi.
3. …, doors being opened and closed, footsteps, his parents’ voices calling.
…, pintu yang dibuka kemudian ditutup, langkah-langkah kaki, dan suara ayah dan ibunya memanggil-manggil namanya.
The decision to give the text above a 2 is suitable since the translator does
not accurately translate the word doors although the readers can still understand the story. The word is translated into singular noun, pintu. It is different from the translation of footsteps into langkah-langkah kaki. Although this case does not
mean very much, but it is obviously seen that the author wants to say that Jake’s
parents are looking for him all around the house, from door to door. Moreover, the
memanggil-manggil that follows the word suara represents plural form. To
appreciate the author’s idea, it is better to translate the inaccurate noun doors into pintu-pintu.
4. The words are muffled,… Suaranya tidak begitu jelas,…
The next case is the translation of the words into suaranya. It is obviously
different in meaning because the author means to say that Jake cannot clearly
listen what his parents are talking about. Jake knows that his parents are talking
about something, but he cannot clearly listen what it is about. If it is translated
into suaranya, it means that Jake can hear what his parents are talking about, the problem is that their voices are disturbed by other voice. In other word, it is
obviously seen that the content in the source text is not conveyed accurately to the
target text in which the translator is in difficulty to find the most appropriate
translation for the word the words which also means that the translation above is
given a 3. To make it good, the sentence kata-katanya tidak begitu jelas will sound suitable.
5. The bench is hard to see from the bedrooms and the kitchen window.
Bangku yang didudukinya terletak agak tersembunyi di belakang, tidak kelihatan dari kamar tidur atau jendela dapur pondok.
There are two problems which make the sentence is given a 3. The first
case is the inaccurate translation bedrooms into kamar tidur. It is also included as a small case because the meaning is not wholly different. In this case, if the word
somewhere in the garden and it is hardly seen from every side of the house. The
better translation will be seluruh kamar tidur.
The second problem lies on the addition of the information. The
inappropriate addition is Bangku yang didudukinya terletak agak tersembunyi di
belakang. Considering the previous information that Jake is sitting on a bench in his back garden and reading his comic, the addition is actually unimportant. It will
be best if the translated version is rewritten into Bangku tersebut hampir tidak terlihat dari seluruh kamar tidur dan jendela dapur pondok.
7. ‘We’re going to see the stones, Jake,’ she says. ‘The magic
stones.’
‘Kita akan melihat batu, Kak,’ katanya. ‘Batu ajaib.’
The word the stones above are translated inaccurately into batu which means that the score 3 is given. In meaning, surely it rises a difference. The word
the stones means that there are many stones in the place where Jake and his family
will visit. If it is translated into batu, it seems that there is only one stone and it is magical, then the story will not be interesting and horror anymore. The best
translation of the word the stones are batu-batu since the sentence is said by a little girl.
A score 2 is given for judging the translation below. The inaccuracy is
when translating a subtitle, the translator treats a similar way as translating the
story.
8. Human Sacrifices Korban Manusia
sacrificed is only one. This can rise a different atmosphere toward its original
story. Moreover, this is a special case because the phrase Human Sacrifices is the subtitle of the story of Deadly Game. To make the story being more striking and horror, it is better to translate the phrase Human Sacrifices into Korban-korban
Manusia.
9. Then he sees that the stones are fenced off, and realizes that to reach them you have to pass through the Visitor Centre, which seems very busy.
Ternyata lokasi batu melingkar berpagar tinggi. Untuk mencapainya mereka harus lewat Pusat Informasi Wisata, yang saat itu tampak sesak.
The translated sentence above is given 4 because it is absolutely different
from the original text. From the first sentence, it can be seen that the translator has
different perspective with the author. First is the inaccurate translation of the stones into lokasi batu melingkar. If the translator chooses to say location, it means that the parking area and the information centre are also fenced off. It is
much better to say keep translating the stones into batu-batu tersebut.
The second case is seen from the translation of them and you into –nya and
mereka. It is obviously seen that the pronoun them is referring to the phrase the stones, in which the pronoun them is better changed into ke sana since it can represent the area of the stones. Also, the personal pronoun you is referring to the
readers. When the translator writes you into mereka, he excludes the readers from the story in which the author wants to make the readers get included in the story.
10. There are no inner walls Tak ada dinding penyekat di dalamnya.
Since the case above is only the inaccurate translation of English plural
form walls, the score 2 is suitable. In the original story, the author means to say
that there is a big hall with no walls to separate the hall into many small rooms. In
the translated version, the translator means that there is a big hall without a wall to
separate the hall into two smaller rooms. Again, there is a different perspective
between the author and the translator. To make it similar, it will be best to
translate the sentence above into Tidak ada dinding-dinding penyekat di
dalamnya.
11. …, and red arrows pointed on the floor show you which way to go.
Tanda panah berwarna merah yang ada di lantai menunjukkan arah ke mana mereka harus pergi.
The wrong translation of plural form into singular lies on the phrase red arrows and it is better to score it a 2 because there are two problems that are
resulted. In the translated story, the phrase red arrows is translated shortly into tanda panah berwarna merah. Considering that in the original story the author says that there is more than one arrow and that the readers have the knowledge
about colours, it is best to translate the phrase into panah-panah merah.
Again, the problem of excluding the readers from the story arises in the
translated story. The pronoun you is translated into mereka. To avoid this exclusion, it is much better to change the pronoun and translate the sentence
above into panah-panah merah yang ada di lantai menandakan arah yang harus
13. The displays had explained that the circle was probably some kind of temple, a place where people
had gathered to watch priests
performing rituals.
Gambar itu menunjukkan bahwa lingkaran tersebut seperti semacam kuil, tempat orang-orang berkumpul untuk menyaksikan pendeta
melakukan suaturitual.
The translation of the words the displays, priests, and rituals which are made singular nouns and the noun people which is made singular are the reason
why the target text above is given a 3. The inaccuracy translation is very
significant in the interpretation. When the translator employs the word gambar for displays, pendeta for priests and suatu ritual for rituals, it makes the story less
striking because if these words are in singular forms, it seems that the activity and
the objects are ordinary one. It is better to translate them according to their plural
forms: gambar-gambar for the displays, para pendeta for priests and ritual-ritual for rituals. For the word gambar-gambar, it is better if translated into gambar-gambar yang ada di ruang pameran tadi. It is considered from the plot that before
entering the computer terminals, Jake sees the exhibits and displays first. For the
noun people, it is better to say orang since in Indonesian language, orang can
represent a plural meaning.
14. They must have gone in for human sacrifices too…
Mereka pasti menjadikan manusia sebagai korban persembahan...
The case above is similar to the case of the translation Human Sacrifices into Korban Manusia. The difference lies on the sentence structure in the target text. In this case, the translator still translates the plural noun sacrifices into its
singular form in different structure. Other mistake that the translator does is
score 4 is given. The sentence above is better reconstructed into Mereka juga pasti
menjadikan manusia sebagai korban-korban persembahan.
15. It’s so easy for her to say those things.
Mudah bagi ibunya untuk bicara
seperti itu.
The inaccurate translation of the phrase those things into seperti itu has caused a change in meaning. In the source text, the author chooses to use the
phrase those things to mean that Jake’s mother is giving some advices and
understanding for being very unfair to him. In the target text, the translator
changes the meaning into seperti itu which possibly describes the way or manner
of speaking of Jake’s mother. Instead of rising an ambiguity and avoiding a score
2 for the text, it is most appropriate to translate the phrase into hal-hal seperti itu.
16. The rest of the circle is made up of similar stones arranged in the same way, although some have fallen and left large gaps.
Batu melingkar itu terbuat dari batu yang sama dengan batu di pintu masuk dan tertata membentuk lingkaran. Beberapa batu bagian atas telah jatuh sehingga yang tampak hanya dua buah batu tinggi yang tegak berdiri.
There are two main reasons the translated text is given a 4. First, the
inaccurate translation is risen in the phrase similar stones into batu yang sama. Considering that in the previous story when they just arrived, Jake could see many
stones which were fenced off, the phrase similar stones is better translated into batu-batu yang sama to describe that the circle is made of some stones which are arranged into a circle. If it is translated into batu yang sama, it means that there is
no circle stone, but there is a stone which is shaped circular. It is very important to
keep adding the sentence batu di pintu masuk to explain that the stones are all
Also, the inaccurate translation exists in the clause left large gaps. When
reading the target text, the readers can perceive clearly that it is true that there is
no circle stone because of the translation of the clause left large gaps into sehingga yang tampak hanya dua buah batu tinggi yang tegak berdiri. This can
happen because the readers understand the clause dua buah batu tinggi yang tegak berdiri as a pillar. In the Indonesian people’s mind, if there are two tall stones
standing upright, it is called pillar. Moreover, the meaning is fully changed
between the source text and the target text for the sentence above.
The most suitable translation for the sentence above is batu-batu tersebut
sama dengan yang di pintu masuk dan tertata membentuk lingkaran, walaupun beberapa telah jatuh dan menciptakan jarak yang cukup luas di antara bebatuan
tersebut.
17. Jake sees that there’s also an inner ring of smaller stones.
Jake melihat bahwa di dalam batu melingkar terdapat sebuah lingkaran dalam yang terbuat dari batu yang lebih kecil.
The similar case also exists in the above sentence. Here, the translator is
made confused in differentiating the circle stone and the inner ring which makes
him decide to say batu melingkar and lingkaran dalam in which they are different in interpretation. As a result, a score 3 is given for the target text.
Another problem is the inaccurate translation of the phrase smaller stones into batu yang lebih kecil which causes a change in idea. If the idea of smaller stones is considered as a singular noun in Indonesian language, it means that the
setting of the story is different. In the source text, it is said that there is an inner
interpret the meaning batu yang lebih kecil as one single stone with small size,
then it will erase the existence of inner ring because the ring itself will not exist
since it is made of a small stone.
Meaning to say, the best translation of the sentence above is Jake melihat
bahwa di dalam lingkaran tersebut terdapat lingkaran lagi yang tersusun dari batu-batu yang lebih kecil.
19. “No, thanks,” he says. “I don’t play stupid baby games.”
”Tidak!” jawab Jake. ”Aku tidak mau bermain permainan tolol seperti itu!”
The inaccurate translation of the phrase stupid baby games into permainan tolol seperti itu has affected the original story, especially to Jake’s characteristic.
In the source text, it is clearly seen that the author chooses to use plural noun
games to describe that Jake really hates his sister and he does not want to be very intimate with her. On the contrary, in the target text, the translator chooses to
translate the noun into singular form. As the effect, the readers can interpret that
Jake does not want to play hide and seek with Hannah, he possibly wants to play
another game with her.
Also, the deletion of the word thanks in the target text has lessened the tough characteristic of Jake. The word thanks above can emphasize that Jake
really does not want to play anything with Hannah and he really means it. If it is
deleted as in the target text, the readers can imagine that Jake is surprised when
his mom asks him to play hide and seek with Hannah and he directly refuses it.
To strengthen the characteristic of Jake, it is better to change the sentence
into “Tidak, terima kasih” jawab Jake. “Aku tidak mau main permainan-permainan bayi konyol!”
23. …; perhaps the flashes and rumbles are more bombs going off;..
…; mungkin gemuruh dan cahaya putih itu adalah bom-bom yang dijatuhkan;…
The inaccuracy in the sentence above is the phrase the flashes and rumbles into gemuruh dan cahaya and it is given a 2. Considering that the author described the flashes and rumbles as the representation of war, the translated
version gemuruh dan cahaya is inaccurate because the atmosphere is becoming nothing. In war, usually the situation is very destructive by the bombs, which are
not only making explosion, but also sounds and lights. To support the idea of war,
it is best to say mungkin suara-suara gemuruh dan kilat-kilat putih tersebut adalah bom-bom yang dijatuhkan.
24. He tries not to think about it, or look at the displays he passes.
Jake mencoba untuk tidak
memikirkannya, tidak juga menengok
foto di ruang pamer yang dilewatinya.
The translation of the word displays into foto is inaccurate because it is
translated into singular form and the meaning is changed. The content of the
source text above is not conveyed accurately which means that the score is 3. It
can be seen from the addition of the adverbial place di ruang pamer which causes
a mistake. In the original story, the displays appear through the computer screens
in the computer terminal. Moreover, the existence of the displays is at the
computer terminal, not at the exhibition room, considering that Jake at that
considered as singular form, it means that there is one photo. In order to make
both stories suitable, it is good to translate the sentence into Jake mecoba tidak memikirkannya, ataupun menengok foto-foto di layar-layar komputer yang ia lewati.
25. He stops after a few steps,… Jake berhenti,…
Another problem is found in the above sentence in which the translator
omits after a few steps in which the readers can see the difference in meaning of both stories. In the source text, Jake is following his father and he is trying to call
his father, but his father cannot listen to him at all that makes him give up and
stops his steps. A different meaning is provided in the target text. The readers can
interpret that Jake stops suddenly because of something that makes him shocked.
The deletion of after a few steps has caused a significant change in meaning. To make it accurate and avoid the score 4, the best translation will be Jake
menghentikan langkahnya.
26. Dead Eyes Mata Beku
Again, a special case of translating singular and plural form exists in the
above phrase. The phrase above is the subtitle of Deadly Game. If it is translated into singular form, it makes the story become less striking and less horror. Then, 2
is suitable to score the target text. Considering that English and Indonesian
language have equivalence, especially in singular and plural form, it is best
translated into Sepasang Mata Beku instead of reduplicated which can lead to a
different meaning. This solution can deliver the similar message and bring the
28. Mum and Dad continue to pass
things to Hannah,…
Ayah dan Ibu memberikan sesuatu
kepada Hannah,…
Another inaccuracy is found in the translation of things into sesuatu. Considering that in the original story, the situation is that Jake’s family is sitting
on the picnic table and having their lunch and Mum and Dad are helping Hannah
to get her foods, it is most appropriate to say Ayah dan Ibu memberikan makanan kepada Hannah, instead of translating the word things into sesuatu that can mean
something mystic and get score 3, being contrary to the situation in the original
story which is fun and happy.
29. …, his voice breaking into Jake’s
thoughts.
…, suaranya membuyarkan lamunan
Jake.
The different meaning of translating thoughts into lamunan also appears in
the sentence above. The inaccuracy in translating plural form into its singular
makes the text get a 2. Originally, Jake is still confused of the things that happen
to him and it makes him wondering so many questions in his mind. That is why
the author decides to use plural form for the word thought. The translator, in the contrary, shifts the meaning into singular form. If this happens, it means that Jake
is only thinking about one thing. To avoid meaning shift from the original story, it
is much better to translate the sentence above into suaranya membuyarkan semua lamunan Jake.
31. Jake tries to speak, but no words
come out.
Jake mencoba mengatakan sesuatu, tetapi tak ada suara yang keluar.
From the sentence above, the readers can see a significant effect of shifting
