ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First, I would like to thank God because of his blessing I can live until this
time. Thank you God because of your blood I can save from sins and get a new life
and be your child.
In this occasion, I would like thank the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies,
Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A and Head of Department of English, Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS. Thank for all because you had given me the knowledge, especially in English. Special great thank to supervisor who always gives me supports,
suggestions and knowledge in completing my paper. Thanks for your kindness,
careness and his personality that motivate me in writing this thesis. Then, I would
like to thank my first supervisor, Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS, and my second supervisor, Rahmadsah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D who helped me to check my thesis. And also like to thank my lecturers who taught me in Department of English.
I would like to say thank to my beloved family, especially my father, B. Pardosi and my beloved mother A. Br Sipahutar. Thank for your kindness and your love for me since I was child until this time. Thank you because you are always
beside me whatever your condition there will be. You always support me and give
me solution in my life. Besides, you can also be a best friend and best sister and
brother. Thanks for all you have given me.
and motivations. I will never forget whatever you do and every moment in me, I love
you all very much.
I would like thank my lovely friends in my boarding house “6A”. Thanks to
Tioman P, Helvany P, Natalia S, Diana L, Uni P, Lukkas P, Heri P, and Pilemon S for your kindness and suggestions. Finally, I realize that this paper is still not perfect. Thus, I am waiting for other constructive criticism and suggestion to perfect
this paper. I do hope that this paper can be useful for everybody who wants to enrich
their knowledge about intransitive sentence.
Medan, 28 oktober 2013
The Writer,
ABSTRACT
This thesis deals with An Analysis of Intransitive Sentence in Sidney Sheldon’s If Tomorrow Comes. The objectives of this study are to find out kinds intransitive sentence, kinds of verbs in “If Tomorrow Comes”, a novel by Sidney
Sheldon. The method used in this research was descriptive method by collecting the
data first, then they were classified based on their pattern, and finally they were by
applying syntactic and semantic theory. The findings of this research are the kinds of
intransitive sentence used in the novel is not only subject - predicator, but also
subject – predicate - locative complement; subject – predicate – adjunct, and subject
– predicate – complement of the subject, and last findings is the kinds of verb that
appear in intransitive sentence determine the meaning and pattern of intransitive
ABSTRACT
Skripsi ini berjudul Analisis Kalimat Intransitif Pada Novel If Tomorrow Comes
karya Sidney Sheldon. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis kalimat
intransitive, jenis kata kerja dan juga untuk mengetahui makna kalimat intransitif
dalam If Tomorrow Comes karya Sidney Sheldon. Adapun metode yang digunakan
dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif yaitu dengan mengumpulkan data
terlebih dahulu, kemudian dibagi berdasarkan polanya, dan setelah itu dianalisis
secara kajian yang menerapkan dengan kajian sintaksis dan semantik. Adapun
temuan yang didapat dalam penelitian ini adalah jenis-jenis kalimat intransitive yang
digunakan dalam novel ini tidak hanya berpola Subject – Predicator saja, tetapi ada
yang berpola Subject – Predicator – Locative Complement, Subject – Predicator –
Adjunct, dan Subject – Predicator – Complement Of the Subject. Dan temuan yang
terakhir adalah jenis kata kerja yang muncul dalam kalimat intransitive menentukan
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ... i
ABSTRACT ... iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... v
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1.Background of the Study... 1
1.2.Problem of the Study... 3
1.3.Objective of the Study ... 3
1.4. Scope of the Study ... 3
1.5.Significance of the Study ... 4
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 5
2.1 Intransitive Sentences ... 5
2.1.1 Subject-Predicate... 5
2.1.2 Subject-Predicate-Locative Complement... 6
2.1.3 Subject-Predicate-Adjunct ... 7
2.1.4 Subject-Predicate-Complement of Subject ... 7
2.2 Syntax ... 8
2.2.1 Subject ... 8
2.2.2 Predicate ... 9
2.2.3 Verbs ... 10
2.2.4 Modifier ... 14
2.2.5 Complement ... 14
2.3. Semantic ... 16
2.3.1 Meaning ... 16
2.3.2 Situation ... 16
CHAPTER III RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY ... 19
3.1 The Source of Data... 19
3.2 The Data Colleting Procedure ... 19
3.3 The Data Selecting Procedure ... 19
3.4 The Data Analyzing Procedure ... 20
CHAPTER IV DATA, DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS ... 21
4.1 Data ... 21
4.2 Data Analysis ... 21
4.2.1 Subject-Predicate... 23
4.2.1.1 Subject-Predicate (Verbs of Behavior) ... 24
4.2.1.2 Subject-Predicate (Verbs of Weather) ... 27
4.2.1.3 Subject-Predicate (Verbs of Occurrence) ... 28
4.2.2 Subject-Predicate-Locative Complement... 29
4.2.2.1 Subject-Predicate-Locative Complement (direction) ... 30
4.2.2.2 Subject-Predicate-Locative Complement (destination) .. 32
4.2.3 Subject-Predicate-Adjunct ... 35
4.2.4 Subject-Predicate-Complement of subject ... 39
4.2.4.1 Subject-Predicate-Complement of subject Verbs of being 39 4.2.4.2Subject-Predicate-Complement of subject Verbs becoming ... 43
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 46
5.1 Conclusions ... 46
5.2 Suggestions ... 47
REFERENCES ... 48 APPENDIX
Appendix I : The Structure of Intransitive Sentences in Sidney Sheldon’s If Tomorrow Comes
Appendix II : The Kinds of Verb in Intransitive Sentences in Sidney Sheldon’s If Tomorrow Comes
ABSTRACT
This thesis deals with An Analysis of Intransitive Sentence in Sidney Sheldon’s If Tomorrow Comes. The objectives of this study are to find out kinds intransitive sentence, kinds of verbs in “If Tomorrow Comes”, a novel by Sidney
Sheldon. The method used in this research was descriptive method by collecting the
data first, then they were classified based on their pattern, and finally they were by
applying syntactic and semantic theory. The findings of this research are the kinds of
intransitive sentence used in the novel is not only subject - predicator, but also
subject – predicate - locative complement; subject – predicate – adjunct, and subject
– predicate – complement of the subject, and last findings is the kinds of verb that
appear in intransitive sentence determine the meaning and pattern of intransitive
ABSTRACT
Skripsi ini berjudul Analisis Kalimat Intransitif Pada Novel If Tomorrow Comes
karya Sidney Sheldon. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis kalimat
intransitive, jenis kata kerja dan juga untuk mengetahui makna kalimat intransitif
dalam If Tomorrow Comes karya Sidney Sheldon. Adapun metode yang digunakan
dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif yaitu dengan mengumpulkan data
terlebih dahulu, kemudian dibagi berdasarkan polanya, dan setelah itu dianalisis
secara kajian yang menerapkan dengan kajian sintaksis dan semantik. Adapun
temuan yang didapat dalam penelitian ini adalah jenis-jenis kalimat intransitive yang
digunakan dalam novel ini tidak hanya berpola Subject – Predicator saja, tetapi ada
yang berpola Subject – Predicator – Locative Complement, Subject – Predicator –
Adjunct, dan Subject – Predicator – Complement Of the Subject. Dan temuan yang
terakhir adalah jenis kata kerja yang muncul dalam kalimat intransitive menentukan
BAB I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Nowadays, there are many novels written variously such as horror, drama,
comedy and mystery. The novels are also written in difference styles of writing
which are adjusted to the readers’ interest. The differences of writing styles can be
seen through the way of pouring out the author’s mind and feeling. In addition, the
style can be seen through the dictions that used in every sentence in the novels.
These styles are purposed by made to attract the readers and to help them easily to
figure out the ideas contained in every sentence.
Sidney Sheldon is very popular for his best selling novels. One of his
interesting and thriller novels is ‘If Tomorrow Comes. If Tomorrow Comes is the
fourth novel of Sheldon which was published in 1985. This novel could grasp the top
best seller in America. The setting of the novel is in 1980s which discusses about the
story of a perfect woman, Tracy Whitney. She is beautiful and undergoing a good
career in popular bank. She also has a very handsome and rich fiancé. Simply, she
has a perfect life. Yet the condition immediately changes as her mother dies. She is
betrayed and accused for doing crime, which she actually never commits. She has no
defender to set her free from the accusation. She is put into jail and finally left by her
fiancé, whom she really loves very much. Furthermore, when she leaves the prison
for freedom, she plans to revenge and succeeds with the help of her friend.
The story flows smoothly and nicely. Sheldon really helps the readers to
figure out what Sheldon expects the readers to. She uses every sentence well and
which takes place in several countries. This technique makes the readers fell as if
they are involved in the place too.
In a novel, there are many sentences which can be discussed or used to be the
object of a research. The research can be done on the structure of sentences and the
meaning as well. One of them is by discussing about the intransitive sentences in the
novel. The kinds of sentence can be easily found in a novel as they are intended to
explain several situations and action which are done by the subjects in the novel.
Intransitive sentence cannot be changed into passive sentence as it has no object.
Based on the theory Downing and Locke, the transitive sentence classifies in
to four intransitive patterns, namely: Subject – Predicate, Subject – Predicate –
Locative Complement, Subject – Predicate – Adjunct, And Subject – Predicate –
Complement of the Subject. But the simplest pattern is Subject and Predicate, Veit
(1986:26) in his book Discovering English Grammar gives some example of
intransitive sentences as: the monkey wheezed. This intransitive sentence contains
subject (the monkey) and predicate (wheezed). Another example of intransitive
sentence can be seen in the sentence: she runs. Beside Veit. Downing and Locke
(1992:85) give some examples which consist of more complete patterns as follows:
- We walked home (Subject-Predicate-Locative Complement)
- Her latest novel has become a best-seller. (Subject-Predicate-Complement of
the subject)
Based on the explanation above, the writer finally comes to conclusion that
intransitive sentence have several patterns. So, many things can explain in the
intransitive sentence, and that is why the writer is interested in analyzing the
determines to do further research about this case in order to enrich both the writer
and readers knowledge.
1.2 Problem of the Study
The problem that the writer wants to analyze in this thesis are formulated in
to two sentences as follows:
1. What are the pattern of intransitive sentences found in Sheldon’s If
Tomorrow Comes?
2. What are the kinds of verbs used in every intransitive sentence in
Sheldon’s If Tomorrow Comes?
1.3Objective of the Study
In relation of the statement of problem above, the objective study of this
analysis can be formulated as follows:
1. To find out the pattern intransitive sentences in Sheldon’s If Tomorrow
Comes.
2. To find out the kinds of verbs in the intransitive sentences found in Sheldon’s
If Tomorrow Comes.
1.4 Scope of the Study
A research without a scope will emerge vagueness. So, the scope of the study
is talking about:
- Intransitive sentence in Sheldon’s If Tomorrow Comes.
- Sentence structure in Sheldon’s If Tomorrow Comes.
1.5Significance of the Study
The significance of the study are expected to be useful for:
1. The writer to understand more about intransitive sentence.
2. The reader who wants to get knowledge about intransitive sentence theory. It
would provide better and clearer understanding at the types of intransitive
sentence in a text novel.
3. The student especially the student of English Department to enlarge their
knowledge about intransitive sentence.
4. The other researchers provide some valuable information particularly to
another researcher who would like to conduct a much deeper of intransitive
BAB II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Intransitive Sentence
According to Klammer, et.al (2000:193) intransitive sentence can be defined
as follows:
“…sentence consists of a subject followed by a predicate in which there is only main verb followed by optional adverb phrases. The technical name of type of verb that can stand alone in the verb phrase and function as the entire predicate is intransitive. Klammer,et.al (2000:193).
Simply, intransitive sentence is a sentence where the verb can stand alone,
does not need any object, but it is still meaningful. Yet, the adverb of time, place, and
manner can also be attached in order to give more explanation. The simplest pattern
of intransitive sentence is subject (S) + predicate (P).
For example: The girl sang S P
The intransitive sentence above can also be attached to an adverb, so the
pattern is
S + P + A, as follows:
The girl sang in her room S P A
Furthermore, Downing and Locke divide intransitive sentences into four patterns, as
follows:
2.1.1 Subject – Predicate ( S – P )
This pattern means that the sentence has only subject and predicator without
having any complement or adverb. In this pattern, Downing and Locke (2006:85)
a. Verbs of Behavior
This kind of verbs shows an action which is done by the subject intentionally or
unintentionally. The example of this kind of verbs are: laugh, smile, cry, blink, blush,
cough, sneeze, sigh, tremble, yawn, wait, stay, die, collapse, fain, fall, act.
For example: - They all laughed
- Someone yawned
b. Verbs of Weather
This kind of verbs explains about weather. Example: rain, snow.
For example: - it is raining.
- It is snowing.
c. Verbs of Occurrence
This kind of verb indicates an activity which is done by the subject. For
example: appear, disappear, go, come, arrive, depart, vanish, fade, act.
For example: They have arrived.
2.1.2 Subject – Predicate – Locative Complement
This pattern is the next pattern of intransitive sentence which need
complement or verb of place or direction in order to complete the sentences. In this
pattern, Downing and Locke (2006:86) divide the verb into two kinds, as follows:
a. Location or place: be, stand, live, lie, remain.
These kinds of verbs show or explain that the subject stays in certain
place.
For example: - The National Theatre stands near the river.
b. Movement + manner of movement: walk, run, stroll, crawl, fly.
These kinds of verbs indicate or explain a process of an activity which
is done by the subject.
For example: - We walked home.
- The soldier crawled under the wire fence.
2.1.3 Subject – Predicate – Adjunct
In this pattern, the addition of adjunct is optional and depends of the verb.
According to oxford advanced learner dictionary, adjunct is an adverb which adds
meaning to a verb in a sentence or a part of sentence such as in the sentence. Usually,
he doesn’t arrive late. So, usually is the adjunct. The verbs such as work, arrive,
retire, stop are usually followed by adjunct. Yet, although the adjunct is omitted, the
verbs can also stand alone and still meaningful. The following examples are the
intransitive sentences in the condition of followed by adjunct and without adjunct.
S – P – A S – P
1a. Tom works in London recently 1b. Does his sister Priscilla work? 2a. We unfortunately arrived late. 2b. The guests are arriving
3a. He actually retired last year. 3b. He had retired
4a. We stopped exactly at the Equator 4b. The clock has stopped
From the example above, we can understand the sentences although the
adjunct is omitted.
2.1.4 Subject – Predicate – Complement of the Subject
This pattern use copular verbs as the predicators to relate the subject and the
complement of the sentence. The copular verb which is used mostly is be (is, am,
For example: A couch potato is someone who lays watching television all
day.
Other verbs which usually followed this pattern are remain, keep, tastes,
smell, sound, fall, feel, come, grow and turn.
For example: - We have to remain optimistic about the future.
- We began to grow uneasy when the skin driver didn’t appear.
2.2Syntax
Syntax is a branch of linguistics which study about the arrangements of the
phrases or sentences. According to Miller (2002:12) syntax can be defined as
follows:
“syntax has to do with how words are put together to build phrases, with how phrases are put together to build sentences.” Miller (2002:12)
From definition above, syntax can be called as branch of linguistic which
studies about structure of sentence. In discussing syntax, the writer wants to explain
some parts of sentence structure as subject, predicate, verb, modifier, complement
and adjunct. These parts will be used in the data analysis in next chapter.
2.2.1 Subject
Every sentence has subject. The subject is mostly in the form of noun, noun
phrase or pronoun which is usually placed in the beginning of sentence. According to
Quirk and Greenbaum (1973:170), subject can be defined as follows:
In order to know clearly about subject, here are some example:
1. The moon has risen in the sky.
2. Has the moon just risen in the sky?
3. The moon has just risen in the sky, hasn’t it?
4. There are five unicorns in parking lot.
From the examples above, the sentence (1) and (2) can be seen clearly that the
subject in the sentence is the moon, although the sentence (2) is begun by the word
has. In the sentence (3) there is a question tag which consists of pronoun (it). It in the question tag refers to the noun ‘the moon’ not ‘the sky’. Therefore the subject in the
sentence (3) above is the moon. In the sentence (4), there is a word ‘there’ and
phrase ‘five unicorns’. The agreement on the verb at the sentence is determined by
phrase ‘five unicorns’ which is the next functioned as a subject. Then, the word
‘there’ is called dummy or pleonastic subject. The pleonastic subject is used in a
sentence when there is no subject placed in the beginning of the subject.
2.2.2 Predicate
Predicate is an important part of sentence which explains the activity which
done by subject. According to Gelderen (2002:61), predicate can be defined as
follows: “predicate says something about the subject. The verb in the predicate is
named predicator” Gelderen (2002:61)
For example: The girl skipped
In this sentence the action ‘skip’ is done by the subject ‘girl’, so the word
‘skip’ is called predicate or predicator. Another example is ‘He left’. ‘He’ is a subject
2.2.3 Verbs
Verb is the word which explains an action. The following quotation is
suitable for further understanding about verb.
“The verb is perhaps the most important part of the sentence. A verb or compound verb asserts something about the subject of the sentence and express actions, events, or states of being. The verb or compound verb is the critical element of the predicateofasentence.(http://www.writingcentre.uottawa.ca/hyp ergrammar/verbs.html)
Furthermore, Saeed (1997:109) classifies verb into two kinds situation as follows:
1. Stative verb
According to Kreidler, stative verb can be defined as follows: “Stative verb is
a verb that expresses some state of affairs rather, than an action or event”
Kreidler, (1998:303)
The verb which are grouped into stative verb are be, have, know and love.
For example: Mary loved to drive sport cars.
2. Dynamic verb
Kreidler also gives a definition about dynamic verb as follows: “Dynamic
verb is a type of verb that expresses activity or change of state.” Kreidler,
(1998:300)
Dynamic verb can also be categorized into several kinds, as follows:
a. Durative / punctual
Durative verb describes a situation which will be ended in certain
period. Further, Kreidler explains that durative aspect is the expression of
continuance of an action or permanence of a status, example: he kept
running; they stayed at home, while punctual verb describes a situation or
following example is suitable for further understanding about their
differences.
a) John slept (durative)
b) John coughed (punctual)
Sentence (a) is belonged to durative situation. The verb ‘slept’ will be
done by the subject ‘John’ in a certain length of the period, while the
verb ‘cough’ in the sentence (b) will be done by the subject ‘John’
only in a short time (punctual).
b. Telic/atelic
Kreidler (1998:206) says that the actions and events that are
designated by dynamic predicates may occur within a brief instant or may
stretch out over a longer period of time, and difference may be due to
external circumstance or due to nature of the action itseft; a single act of
hitting or falling cannot take long but talking and walking are apt to
continue for at least several minute. Some such breaking and arriving may
take a certain amount of time but the act does not ‘happen’ until it is
complete.
To know further about the difference of telic and atelic, take a look at
the following example:
1. George was waiting Sandra was holding the baby
2. Sandra was swimming George was running.
3. George was leaving Sandra was dying
4. Sandra was writing a letter. George was cutting the rope.
Sentence (1) are stative and those in (2) are activity. If it is true that
report that George waited and Sandra swam. The predicates do not have
an end or goal; they are atelic.
In contrast, the sentence (3) contains achievement sentence and the
sentence (4) are accomplishments. If George was leaving, he did not
necessarily leave; Sandra might be dying for months and yet not die.
These sentences do not report events, happenings, but processes moving
towards events. George left, Sandra died report events that occur
instantly, however long the process of moving toward that event may be.
Since the events are instantaneous, we can ask “When did George leave?”
or “When did Sandra die?” but not “How long did George leave or Sandra
die?”
Sentence (4) is also about the processes moving toward completion. If
Sandra was writing a letter but stopped, it would be true that Sandra wrote
(an activity) but not that she wrote a letter (an accomplishment).
Similarly, the fact that George was cutting a rope does not necessarily
lead to the fact that he cut it. In conclusion, telic means a process of
activity in which the time can be seen whether the activity is still
progressing, or will end soon. Atelic means a situation where the process
can be known that activity will progress in a long time.
Example: - Harry built a raft. (telic)
c. Events / Processes
Events let the speaker see the whole situation of the activity, while
process show the speaker sees the activity/situation runs as it is. For
example:
1. The mine blew up. (events)
2. He walked to the shop (processes)
Sentence (1) indicates that the speaker can see the whole situation that
the mine is ‘blowing up’, while the sentence (2) shows the situation
that the speaker watches the activity/situation ‘walking’ is running at
that time, and the speaker will never know when the activity ‘walking’
will be ended.
Processes can be divided into several kinds, namely:
a. Inchoatives
Inchoatives mean that a process where the subject matter is
focused on the beginning of the situation started.
Example: - The ice melted.
- My hair turned grey.
The sentence above are belonged to inchoatives processes since the subjects
matter of the sentences are focused on the beginning of the processes ‘melted’
and ‘grey’. We a as speaker, do not focus or think how or what will happen
after the end of verbs ‘melted’ rather than the beginning of the process
‘melted’.
b. Resultatives
Resultatives processes can be defined as the process shows until
situation, we, as speakers, focus on the end or the completion of
the activity itself, not beginning of the activity. For example:
Example : - Ardal baked a cake
- Joan built a yacht.
2.2.4 Modifier
Modifier is a part of sentence structure which gives more explanation of the
sentence. Modifier is sometimes in the form of adjective. The word large, in the
phrase the large dog, is the modifier in which the word gives more explanation about
the noun dog. Miller (2002:2) gives some examples about modifier, namely: sad and
big. The adjective sad and big possibly needs the word very, for example, to give
more explanation, as becomes very sad, very big. Therefore, the word very is called
as modifier.
Furthermore, modifier is divided into two kinds, namely: obligatory modifier
(which is commonly named as complement) and optional modifier (which is usually
called as adjunct).
2.2.5 Complement
According to Quirk and Greenbaum (1973:170), complement can be defined
as follows:
“Complement is a noun phrase, an adjective phrase, or a clause with nominal function, having a co-referential relation with the subject (or object); follows the subject, verb phrase, and object; does not become subject through the passive transformation.” Quirk and Greenbaum, (1973:170)
Complement is used to explain the verb or activity in a sentence. The existence of
(2002:49) say that “complements ‘complete’ the meaning of the verb, giving it both
syntactic and semantic complement”.
For example: - Brown bread is good for you.
- The spaniel was playing in the garden.
Complement can also be in the form of noun, pronoun, adjective, adverb, and
prepositional phrase.
For example:
This is my brother.
Who is it? Intransitive verb with the
He is alive. pattern (be+complement)
He is here.
It is in the garden
2.2.6 Adjunct
Adjunct is a preposition or prepositional phrase which function as a modifier
or to give more additional information in a sentence. Using adjunct in a sentence is
optional, which means that the omitting of the adjunct will not lose any sense or
meaning of the sentence, but if it is attached, it will give more information. Adjunct
can be in the form of adverb of time and adverb of place.
Example: Sarah devoured the cakes in the kitchen last night.
From the example above, the phrase ‘in the kitchen last night’ is called as adjunct-
‘in the kitchen’ as adverb location and ‘last night’ as adverb of time. Actually, the
adjunct in the sentence above can also be omitted, and the sentence is still
2.3 Semantics
Semantic can be defined simply as study of meaning. Furthermore, Saeed
(1997:3) defines Semantic as the study of meanings of words and sentences.
Learning semantic is very important in understanding languages since the
language are translated based on the situations and context. Therefore, it is really
necessary to know the social condition or context where the language used, in
order to understand the meaning of language. Thus, semantic is one of the most
important parts of the linguistic branches.
2.3.1 Meaning
According to Robins (1981:17), meaning can be defined as follows:
“meaning includes the relation between utterances and parts of utterances and the world outside; and reference and denotation are among such relation”.
Saeed (1997:53) has an opinion that “meaning of a word is defined in part by its relations with other word in the language”.
From the definition above, the writer concludes that meaning is
a connection between language and reality where people make the language
agreement to be understood.
2.3.2 Situation
In semantic there are several aspects of meaning which show
the level of the sentences. One of them is tense. A theorist, Vendler gives
some kinds of situation which are next divided as follows:
1. States
State situation is a static condition which shows a temporary and atelic
can be seen as follows: hate, want, love, be sick, be tall, be dead,
know, and believe.
For example : she hated ice cream.
2. Activities (unbounded process)
Activities situation is similar with the states situation above. This
kinds of situation shows an atelic action (unlimited). According to
Saeed (1997:107), one thing which differentiates state situation from
activity (unbounded process) is the kinds of predicate in a sentence.
States uses verb to depict an atelic situation. In order to differentiate
state from activity, states usually use adjectives after the verb, while
activity usually use verb as the predicate. The example of activities
situation can be seen as follows:
- march - watch
- roll - swim
- run - think
- walk - snow
- write - drink
For example : Your cat watched those birds.
3. Accomplishments (bounded process)
Accomplishments (boundary process) show an action or
situation which is done purposely. In this situation, the kinds of verb
take a process during the progressing. The example of verb of this kind
of situation can be seen as follows:
- melt - dry
For example : Her boss learned Japanese
4. Achievements (point events)
Achievement shows the situation in which the activity progresses
immediately and rapidly. The example of verb for this kind of situation
can be seen as follows:
- pop - find
- explode - begin
- shatter - start
- recognize
For example : The Cease-fire began at noon yesterday.
5. Semelfactive
Semelfactive indicates the punctual situation. It means that the
activity is progressing when the verb is stated. In other words, that the
semelfactive situation is in which the verbs come up together with or
resulted by the activity. The example of this kind of situation can be seen
as follows:
- knock
- cough
- bang
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1 The Source of Data
The main source of the data is Sheldon’s If Tomorrow Comes. The secondary
sources of the data are some books from other discipline of knowledge that are
related to the topic of the analysis. The data that are taken from the main resource are
the intransitive sentence in the novel. While the data that are taken from the
secondary source are the theories which are going to be used in analyze the topic
discussion of this thesis.
3.2 The Data Colleting Procedure
The data colleting procedure is begun by reading the novel Sydney Sheldon’s
If Tomorrow Comes. While reading the novel, the writer marks the sentences which
are interpreted as intransitive sentences. Then, the writer writes down, on a note
book, all the intransitive sentence which have been marked before. After all the data
from the novel have been collected, the writer continues to select the data. The next
collecting data is done by reading several books which are related to the topic
discussion. The, the writer collects all the data or theories to be selected.
3.3 The Data Selecting Procedure
Not all the data, which have been collected before, will be used in the
analysis. Therefore, the writer selects some data which really relate to the topic
discussion or which are strongly used in the analysis. The data taken from the novel
the theory of intransitive sentence structure. This step is done in order to choose the
most appropriate data which are going to be analyze.
3.4 The Data Analyzing Procedure.
After all the data have been selected, the writer commits the next step as to
analyze the data. This step is done by relating the data from the novel and theories
from other book. This step is clearly described in chapter four, data analysis. This
step is very important due to answer the three statements of problem in the previous
chapter. The procedure is done by analyzing the intransitive sentence one by one,
CHAPTER IV
DATA, DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1 DATA Number
of data DATA
1 The head cashier joked. Sheldon, (1986:7)
2 A teller complained. Sheldon, (1986:7)
3 I am soaked. Sheldon, (1986:7)
4 Charles was saying. Sheldon (1986:9)
5 Budge was beaming. Sheldon, (1986:208)
6 Mr. Stanhope murmured. Sheldon, (1986:14)
7 Otto Schmidt blinked. Sheldon, (1986:23)
8 He smiled lazily. Sheldon, (1986:306)
9 it’s raining. Sheldon, (1986:4:
10 The matron was gone. Sheldon, (1986:55)
11 The banking day had begun. Sheldon, (1986:12)
12 A pedestrian was approaching. Sheldon, (1986:27)
13 Louise Hollander’s mouth tightened. Sheldon, (1986:197)
14 The connection was broken. Sheldon, (1986:127)
15 Their discussion had continued through dinner at the old Bookbinder’s
restaurant. Sheldon, (1986:9)
17 He learned across his desk. Sheldon, (1986:12)
18 She sat in the tiny kitchen of her apartment. Sheldon, (1986:18)
19 Tracy lay on her bunk. Sheldon, (1986:56)
20 The huge artificial lake was nearby. Sheldon, (1986:98)
21 Tracy Whitney stepped out of the lobby of her apartment. Sheldon,
(1986:6)
22 Tracy moved against the wall. Sheldon, (1986:103)
23 Walked into the large pleasant kitchen. Sheldon, (1986:94)
24 She jogged along the Westriverdrive. Sheldon, (1986:10)
25 They moved into the library. Sheldon, (1986:17)
26 Tracy paused in front of the statue of the thinker. Sheldon, (1986:10)
27 They shopped at head house Square. Sheldon, (1986:10)
28 Otto Schmidt stood in the doorway. Sheldon, (1986:22)
29 Work began at 6:00 A.M. Sheldon, (1986:77)
30 Warden Branningan looked up from his newspaper. Sheldon, (1986:101)
31 It’s snowing hard here. Sheldon, (1986:4)
32 The quard glanced up at the clock on the wall. Sheldon, (1986:11)
33 Tracy looked around at the lovely old oak-paneled room. Sheldon,
(1986:17)
34 Tracy had grown up in that house. Sheldon, (1986:22)
35 She came out a few moments later. Sheldon, (1986:156)
37 Desmond was the image of an important executive. Sheldon, (1986:12)
38 She was in her mid-twenties. Sheldon, (1986:6)
39 The Whitney residence was a Victorian house located in the Garden
District in the residential section. Sheldon, (1986:13)
40 Joe Romano was mafia. Sheldon, (1986:91)
41 You’re one of our most valuable employees. Sheldon, (1986:12)
42 Stanhope and Sons was one of the most important investment houses in the
financial community. Sheldon, (1986:13)
43 Her tenth birthday was the most exiting day of her life. Sheldon, (1986:55)
44 The weekly Friday-night poker at Perry Pope’s house was an event to
which all the players eagerly looked forward. Sheldon, (1986:139)
45 The prison grapevine was incredible. Sheldon, (1986:79)
46 Antohony Orsatty was a king who ran his fiefdom with bribes, guns. And
black mail. Sheldon, (1986:128)
47 The carnies became Jeff’s friend. Sheldon, (1986:190)
48 She had her mother thinness and deep set, intelligent hazel eyes. Sheldon,
(1986:95)
4.2 Data Analysis
In this chapter, the writer analyzes the intransitive sentences based on the
theories which have been explained in the previous chapter. In order to analyze
easier, the writer classifies the intransitive sentence into four intransitive patterns
4.2.1 Subject – Predicate
This pattern consists of one subject and one verb without any additional
complement or adjunct. This pattern can be called as the simplest pattern of sentence.
Yet, the writer divides this pattern into several types in accordance to the kinds of
verbs in the sentence. The followings are the intransitive sentences which are taken
from Sidney Sheldon’s if tomorrow comes.
4.2.1.1 Subject – Predicate (Verbs of Behavior)
The following is the intransitive sentence which follows this pattern and is
taken from the novel.
(1) The head cashier joked. Sheldon, (1986:7) S P
Data 1 consists of the structure: noun phrase (subject) and verb (predicate).
In order to complete the sentence, data 1 can also be added some modifiers (time,
place) since the verb ‘joked’ is an intransitive verb. In the novel, the data 1 has the
function as the introductory of the conversation which explains the reader the
expression of the character. This is the complete sentence of the data 1: “I passed
two ducks swimming down Market Street,”the head cashier joked. And the sentence
above contains an inherent activity. It can be seen from the kinds of verb ‘joked’
which categorized as the dynamic verb. The type of the situation in the sentence is
activity because the activity in the sentence can be ended in certain time. The
sentence above can also be classified into dynamic since the verb can be modified by
adverb such as: ‘The Head Cashier Joked Activity’.
Data 2 above has the structure: noun phrase (subject) and verb (predicator). The
sentence does not necessarily need additional modifiers since the verb is intransitive
verb. In other words, we can understand the sentence clearly without some additional
modifiers or adverbs. Data 2 above contains an inherent activity which can be seen
from the verb ‘complain’. The verb is the kind of dynamic verb which show the
activities situation. Data 2 is also categorized as dynamic, not only because the type
of verb is dynamic but also of the verb can be modified by adverb. With addition
adverb, the sentence can be seen as “A teller complained lately”.
(3) I am soaked. Sheldon, (1986:7) S P
The data 3 has the structure: pronoun (subject) and verb phrase (predicate). The
sentence does not necessarily any additional modifiers since the verb is an
intransitive verb and the readers can also understand sentence clearly. Data 3 has the
meaning event, because the verb ‘soaked’ can be categorized into dynamic verb, and
the situation is activities because the activity can be ended in the certain time. Data 3
can also be classified into the characteristic dynamic since the verb can be modified
by adverb.
(4) Charles was saying. Sheldon, (1986:9) S P
The data 4 has the structure: noun phrase (subject) and verb phrase (predicate). The
sentence does not necessarily need an additional adverb or adjunct since the
sentence, in the novel, has the introductory function to the conversation; Charles was
saying. “ I hope you’re free for dinner tomorrow…” Sheldon, (1986:9). Data 4
above has the meaning inherent activity. It can be seen from the verb phrase ‘was
saying’ which shows a progressing activity. Therefore, the situation is activities. The
(5) Budge was beaming. Sheldon, (1986:208) S P
The data 5 has the structure: noun (subject) and verb phrase (predicate). The word
‘was’ which is attached to the predicator has the function as auxiliary verb to show
the tense. The sentence also does not definitely need any additional modifier or
complement since the verb is an intransitive verb. ). Data above has the meaning
inherent activity. It can be seen from the verb ‘beaming’ which belongs to the
category activities. The situation is also activities. The data 5 also has the
characteristic dynamic.
(6) Mr. Stanhope murmured. Sheldon, (1986:14) S P
The data 6 has the structure: noun phrase (subject) and verb (predicator). The
sentence does not necessarily need any complement or modifier since the verb is
intransitive verb. The readers understand the sentence clearly without any additional
modifier or complement. Data 6 has the meaning inherent activity since the verb
shows an activity. The verb ‘murmured’ can be categorized into dynamic verb. The
situation in the sentence is activities.
(7) Otto Schmidt blinked. Sheldon, (1986:23) S P
The data 7 has the structure: noun (subject) and verb (predicator). The verb does not
necessarily need any complement or modifier since the readers can understand the
sentence clearly without any addition. The verb is basically an intransitive verb. Data
7 happens in a very short time. It can be seen from the verb ‘blinked’ which belongs
data7 can be classified into punctual, since the verb shows an activity which occurs
in a sudden or does not need any temporal duration.
(8) He smiled lazily. Sheldon, (1986:306) S P
The data 8 has the structure: pronoun (subject) and verb phrase (predicate). There is
also word ‘lazily’ after the verb ‘smiled’. The word ‘lazily’ has the function as an
adverb to clarify the verb. The writer classifies the data 8 into this pattern
(subject-predicator) although there is an adverb in the sentence, since the verb ‘smiled’ is one
of the verbs of behavior. In addition, the using of the adverb in the sentence is also
optional. The sentence can also be understood clearly without the existence of the
adverb as ‘He smiled’. The data 8 contains a situation which happens in a very
sudden or punctual. The verb ‘smiled’ belongs to a dynamic verb. The type of
situation is semelfactive. The data 8 can be categorized into dynamic since there is an
adverb ‘lazily’ which has the function to modify the verb.
4.2.1.2 Subject – Predicate (Verbs of Weather)
(9) It’s raining. Sheldon, (1986:4) S P
The data 9 has the structure: pronoun (subject) and verb phrase (predicate).
The auxiliary verb ‘was’ which is attached to the predicator has the function to show
the tense of the sentence. The verb in the sentence does not necessarily need any
additional modifier or complement since the sentence can be understood clearly. The
data 9 explains a situation in a certain time. The verb ‘rain’ shows the unbounded
process situation since the activity can end in a certain time. The data 9 can be
4.2.1.3 Subject – Predicate (Verbs of Occurrence)
(10) The matron was gone. Sheldon, (1986:55)
S P
The data 10 has the structure: noun phrase (subject) and verb (predicate).
The word ‘was’ is an auxiliary which shows the tense of the sentence. The addition
of the modifier or adverb is optional since the type of verb in the sentence is
intransitive verb. The sentence can be understood clearly without any addition. The
data 10 shows an event since the activity is progressing, but the verb does not contain
any process. The type of the situation is activities, and it can be classified into
dynamic. The verb in the sentence can also modified by adverb as: “the matron was
gone immediately”.
(11) The banking day had begun. Sheldon, (1986:12) S P
The structure of the data 11 is noun phrase (subject) and verb phrase
(predicate). The subject is noun phrase by using gerund and predicator consists of
auxiliary verb and verb. The predicator in the sentence does not necessarily need
additional modifier or complement since the verb ‘begun’ is one of the intransitive
verb. The sentence can be understood clearly without any modifier or complement.
The data11 explains an activity which happens in immediate time. The verb ‘begun’
is categorized to achievements, and the situation is also achievements. The verb
‘begun’ has terminal points in the sentence, the banking day. Therefore, the verb
‘begun’ belongs to telic.
The structure of the data 12 is noun phrase (subject) and verb (predicate).
The sentence does not necessarily need complement or modifier since the sentence
can be understood clearly. The predicator in the sentence consists of to be which
function as auxiliary verb to show the sentence. The meaning of data 12 is process. it
means that the sentence explains about the situation which needs a process to achieve
the target. The type of verb in the sentence is dynamic verb.
(13) Louse Hollander’s mouth tightened. Sheldon, (1986:197) S P
The structure of the data 13 is noun phrase (subject) and verb (predicate). Although
the verb can be modified by modifier or complement, but it is not really necessary
since the sentence can be understood clearly. The verb ‘tightened’ can also be
modified by an adverb although in the novel the sentence is not completed by
modifier or complement. Therefore, the data 13 can be classified into dynamic.
(14) The connection was broken. Sheldon, (1986:127) S P
The structure of the data 14 is a noun phrase which consists of definite article and
noun, and the predicate consists of to be and verb. The verb ‘broken’ can be
understood clearly without adding any modifier or complement. The data 14 is
activity. It can be seen from the verb ‘broken’ which belong to states situation. The
type of the state situation of this sentences is static since the verb does not show an
activity which is happening or changing.
4.2.2 Subject – Predicate – Locative Complement
In this pattern, the writer divides the intransitive sentences based on the type
of complement. There are two types of complement, namely: place or direction and
4.2.2.1 Subject - Predicate – Locative Complement (Direction)
(15) Their discussionhad continuedthrough dinner at the old Bookbinder’s
S P Lc
restaurant. Sheldon, (1986:9)
The structure of the data 15 is noun phrase (subject) and verb phrase
(predicate) and prepositional phrase (locative complement). The data 15 definitely
needs any complement since the verb ‘had continued’ belongs to intransitive
locational verb. Intransitive locational verb needs prepositional phrase as the
complement. There are two locative complement in the data 15,namely: the phrase
‘through dinner’ and phrase ‘at the old Bookbinder’s restaurant’. Both of the
locative complements are applied to clarify the situation. The data 15 belongs to the
achievements situation. It can be seen through the verb ‘had contained’ which shows
an inherent terminal point, when the activity will end and we can also see the process
of ending the activity. Therefore, the data 15 can be classified into the telic and
punctual.
(16) Ernestine Little chapstoodthere. Sheldon, (1986:86) S P Lc
The structure of the data 16 is noun phrase (subject), verb (predicate) and adverb
(locative complement). The adverb ‘there’ in the novel indicates to the prepositional
phrase ‘in the exercise yard’. Here is the complete sentence of the data 16: “it was in
the exercise yard…Ernestine Little chap stood there.”(85-86). The sentence needs
complement or adverb since the ‘stood’ is an intransitive locational verb. In a
sentence, this verb will not so clear without the additional of the locative
complement. The data 16 is events. The verb is categorized into dynamic verb which
(17) He learned across his desk. Sheldon, (1986:12) S P Lc
The structure of the data 17 is: pronoun (subject), verb (predicator) and
prepositional phrase (locative complement). The verb needs any complement,
modifier or prepositional phrase, since the verb ‘leaned’ is one of the intransitive
locational verb. The existence of the modifier or prepositional phrase will complete
the verb. The meaning of data 17 is event, because there is no process which done by
the subject to reach the goal. The type of the verb is dynamic verb.
(18) She sat in the tiny kitchen of her apartment. Sheldon, (1986:18) S P Lc
The structure of the data 18 is: pronoun (subject), verb (predicate) and prepositional
phrase (locative complement). The verb ‘sat’ requires prepositional phrase which
refers to a place to modify the verb. The meaning of data 18 is durative, since the
verb ‘sat’ is a dynamic verb. The data 18 can be classified into characteristic
dynamic, since the verb can be modified by adverb.
(19) Tracy lay on her bunk. Sheldon, (1986:56) S P Lc
The structure of the data 19 is: noun (subject), verb (predicate) and prepositional
phrase (locative complement). The verb ‘lay’ necessarily needs prepositional phrase
as the reference to place in order to complete the meaning. The meaning of data 19 is
event. It can be seen from the verb ‘lay’ which belongs to activity. The type of the
verb is dynamic verb.
(20) The huge artificial lake wasnearby. Sheldon, (1986:98)
S P Lc
The data 20 consists of subject (noun phrase), predicator (to be) and locative
complement (adverb). Due to the kinds of the predicator, the data 20 definitely needs
additional adverb. In this case, the predicator to be (was) needs an adverb (nearly).
This sentence also needs a locational adverb. The data 20 means static, the verb
indicates an activity which progress in a long time. The kind of the situation in the
sentence is states since the verb belongs to the stative verbs. The stative verb in the
sentence indicates permanent situation or static. The predicator was can be classified
into characteristic static, since the sentence indicates a non –happening situation.
4.2.2.2Subject – Predicator – Locative Complement (destination)
(21) Tracy Whitney stepped out of the lobby of her apartment. Sheldon, (1986:6)
S P Lc
The structure of the data is: noun (subject), verb phrase (predicate) and prepositional
phrase (locative complement). The particle ‘out’ in the predicator ‘stepped out’
functions as an adverb. In this case, the meaning of the sentence is not obviously
clear without the existence of the particle ‘out’. Without the existence of the particle
‘out’, the verb ‘stepped’ can produce a lot of meanings as if it is attached by other
particles as ‘up’, ‘in’, and ‘out’. Therefore, we can conclude that the type of the verb
is intransitive locational verb which definitely needs an adverb which indicates a
place or destination. The type of situation in the data 21 is a process dynamic since
there is a process done by the subject to achieve the goal. In addition, the verb
‘stepped out’ is one of dynamic verbs; therefore the type of situation is activities
(unbounded process).
(22) Tracy moved against the wall. Sheldon, (1986:103) S P Lc
The data 22 consists of subject (noun), predicate (verb) and locative complement
(preposition). The verb ‘moved’ is an intransitive locational verb, therefore the verb
needs a locative complement. In this case, the particle ‘against’ clarifies the meaning
verb ‘moved’ as dynamic verb. The verb ‘moved’ can be modified by an adverb
‘slowly’ which becomes: “Tracy moved slowly against the wall. Therefore, the data
22 can be classified into dynamic.
(23) Tracy walked into the large pleasant kitchen. Sheldon, (1986:94)
S P Lc
The data 23 consists of noun (subject), verb (predicate) and prepositional phrase
(locative complement). The verb ‘walked’ in the sentence is one of the intransitive
locational verbs which certainly need a locative complement. In this data, there are
two kinds of preposition namely: locative complement and into pleasant kitchen. The
meaning of data 23 is process, since the verb ‘walked’ is one of activities (unbounded
process) situation. The verb in the sentence indicates an activity which is progressing
for a long time and it will end in the certain time.
(24) She jogged along the Westriverdrive. Sheldon, (1986:10) S P Lc
The data 24 consists of pronoun (subject), verb (predicate) and prepositional phrase
(locative complement). The verb ‘jogged’ belongs to intransitive locational verb
which definitely needs locative complement in the form of prepositional phrase. The
function of the prepositional phrase (locative complement) in the sentence is to
clarify the meaning of the sentence. The meaning of data 24 is process. In this case,
the subject is still on the process to achieve the target or goal. The verb ‘jogged’ is
also one of dynamic verbs, therefore the type of the situation in the sentence is
activities (unbounded process).
(25) They moved into the library. Sheldon, (1986:17)
S P Lc
The data 25 consists of pronoun (subject), verb (predicate), and prepositional phrase
particularly needs a locative complement. If the sentence, in this case, only consists
of subject – predicator as ‘they moved’, the meaning of the sentence is not clear
enough although it is grammatically correct. The meaning of data 25 is process. It
can be seen through the type of the verb ‘moved’ as dynamic verb. This sentence
4.2.3. Subject – Predicate – Adjunct
In the novel, there are also some intransitive sentences which consist of the
pattern S – P – A as follows:
(26) Tracy paused in front of the statue of the thinker. Sheldon, (1986:10)
S P A
The data 26 consists of noun (subject), verb (predicate) and preposition phrase
(adjunct). The verb ‘paused’ in the sentence is an intransitive locational verb which
needs an additional modifier or adverb in order to complete the meaning. The
existence of the adjunct above is to give some more information to the reader. The
meaning of data 26 is event since the subject has achieved the purpose or target. The
verb ‘pause’ is a dynamic verb and the type of situation in the sentence is activities
(unbounded process).
(27) They shoppedat Head House Square. Sheldon, (1986:10)
S P A
The data 27 consists of pronoun (subject), verb (predicate) and prepositional phrase
(adjunct). The verb ‘shopped’ as one of intransitive locational verbs, needs an adverb
to complete the meaning the sentence. If the sentence only consists of the simplest
pattern S – P “They shopped”, the reader will not get clear information from the
sentence. Therefore, the existence of the adverb, as one type of adjunct, is pretty
important in order to complete the meaning of the sentence. The data 27 contains an
inherent activity. The kind of situation in the sentence is activities (unbounded
process) situation.
(28) Otto Schmidt stood in the doorway. Sheldon, (1986:22)
S P A
The data 28 consists of noun (subject), verb (predicate) and prepositional phrase
modifier or adverb in order to complete the meaning of the sentence. In this case, the
verb needs an adverb or adjunct. The meaning of data 28 is event, since the subject
has achieved the goal or target. The type of situation is activities (unbounded
process), since the verb ‘stood’ belongs to a verb which indicates an activity.
(29) Work began at 6:00 A.M. Sheldon, (1986:77)
S P A
The data 29 consists of noun (subject), verb (predicate) and prepositional phrase
(adjunct). Since the adjunct which appears in this sentence is an indicator to the time
information, the adjunct cannot be omitted due to avoid meaningless of the sentence.
The kind of adjunct in this sentence is adverb of time. The data 29 indicates an
activity which is done immediately and fast. The type of the situation is achievement.
There is also an inherent terminal point found in the verb ‘began’. Therefore, the
type of the verb is telic.
(30) Warden Branningan looked up from his newspaper. Sheldon. (1986:101)
S P A
The data 30 consists of noun (subject), verb phrase (predicate), and prepositional
phrase (adjunct). Attached to the predicator, there is a particle ‘up’ which has a
function to clarify the verb. Without the particle ‘up’, the meaning of the sentence is
not obvious enough, since the verb ‘looked’ has lots a difference meaning especially
if it is attached to other particles, such as ‘on’, ‘at’ and ‘through’. The type of the
verb in the sentence is dynamic verb, while the kind of situation is activities
(unbounded process). This data can also be classified into the dynamic.
The data 31 consists of pronoun (subject), verb phrase (predicate) and adverb
(adjunct). The adjunct ‘here’ has the function as to clarify that the activity is
progressing in the certain place. In this case, the activity happens in New Orleans.
The kind of the adjunct in this sentence is adverb of location. In data 31 the verb
‘snow’ is one of verbs of weather. After the verb ‘snow’, there is also an adverb
‘hard’ which has a function to modify the verb ‘snowing’. So, the data 30 can be
classified into dynamic.
(32) The guardglanced up at the clock on the wall. Sheldon, (1986:11)
S P A
The data 32 consists of noun phrase (subject), verb phrase (predicate) and
prepositional phrase (adjunct). In the sentence, there is a particle ‘up’ which
attached to the verb ‘glance’. The verb needs the particle in order to clarify the
meaning and to complete the sentence. The kind of adjunct in this sentence is
adverbs of location (at the clock on the wall). The data 32 means an inherent activity
which indicates an activity which is done immediately (punctual). Therefore, the
verb ‘glance’ is also called as semelfactive situation. The sentence can be classified
into punctual.
(33) Tracylooked aroundat the lovely old oak-paneled room. Sheldon, (1986:17)
S P A
The data 33 consists of noun (subject), verb phrase (predicate) and prepositional
phrase (adjunct). There is also particle ‘around’ attached to the predicate ‘looked’
which has a function as an adverb to clarify the verb. Without the particle ‘around’,
the activity in the sentence will not be obvious enough. It happens due to the
for certain duration (atelic). The verb ‘looked’ contains activities (unbounded
process) situation. In addition the type of verb ‘looked’ is a dynamic verb.
(34) Tracyhad grown upin that house. Sheldon, (1986:22)
S P A
The structure of data 34 is noun (subject), verb phrase (predicate) and prepositional
phrase (adjunct). There is also an auxiliary verb attached to the verb ‘grown up’
which has a function to indicate the tense. The types of the adjunct in this sentence is
adverb of location. The existence of the adjunct gives much more information due to
the happening of the activity. The data 34 indicates a process which had ended or
indicates a permanent process. Therefore, the situation of the sentence is states and
accomplishment (bounded process).
(35) She came out a few moments later. Sheldon, (1986:156)
S P A
The structure of the data 35 is pronoun (subject), verb phrase (predicate) and adverb
(adjunct). The verb ‘came’ and the particle ‘out’ have become a unity which creates
a single meaning. If the particle ‘out’ is omitted, the clear meaning of the verb will
be missing. The kind of the adjunct is adverb of time. Although the addition of
adjunct is sometimes optimal, the existence of adjunct in the novel is necessary to
give some more information. The data 35 indicates an activity or process which will
end in the certain time. The verb ‘came out’ is dynamic verb but it can still be
classified into durative verb.
(36) Heworkedin a carnival. Sheldon, (1986:198) S P A
The structure of the data 36 is pronoun (subject), verb (predicate) and prepositional
phrase (adjunct). The kind of the adjunct in the sentence is adverb of location. The
information about the place where the subject works. Then, data 36 indicates an
event. The verb ‘worked’ is dynamic verb. In the novel, the data 36 is used to give
information about a certain character. The following is the complete sentence in the
novel “for Christ’s Sake, Louise, he’s a nothing. He worked in a carnival. My god,
you might as well be marrying a stable hand…Sheldon, (1986:198). The data 36
belongs to states situation, since the sentence is atelic (no progress).
4.2.4. Subject – Predicate – Complement of the subject.
This pattern consists of subject, predicator and complement. The writer
divides this pattern into two kinds according to the type of the verb.
4.2.4.1 Subject – Predicate – Complement of the subject (verb of being)
(37) Desmondwasthe image of an important executive. Sheldon, (1986:12)
S P Cs
The structure of the data 37 is noun (subject), auxiliary verb (predicate), and
noun phrase (complement of the subject). The predicator ‘was’ can be classified into
stative verb and verbs of being, since the predicator does not contain an activity. The
phrase ‘the image of an important executive’ has the function to modify the subject.
Without the existence of the phrase (complement of the subject), the sentence will
not be meaningful and acceptable.
(38) Shewasin her mid-twenties. Sheldon, (1986:6) S P Cs
The structure of data 38 is pronoun (subject), auxiliary verb (predicate) and
prepositional phrase (complement of the subject). The predicator is in the form of to
be ‘was’ which belongs to verbs of being. In order to be clearer, here is the parts of
the sentence in the novel ‘…She was in her mid-twenties, with a lively, intelligent
face, a full, sensuous mouth, sparking eyes…’ Sheldon, (1986:6). From the whole
