INCREASING STUDENTS’ VOCABULARY ACHIEVEMENT THROUGH DERIVATIONAL APPROACH AT THE SECOND YEAR STUDENTS OF SMAN 3 BANDAR LAMPUNG

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INCREASING STUDENTS’ VOCABULARY ACHIEVEMENT THROUGH

DERIVATIONAL APPROACH AT THE SECOND YEAR

STUDENTS OF SMAN 3 BANDAR LAMPUNG

Nopita Hayani

Vocabulary is complex element of language to be mastered by students because

there are some elements of vocabulary should be mastered by students that are

function word, content word and idioms. Therefore students find difficulty to

master each element of vocabulary in their language teaching program.

The objectives of this research were to find out whether there was significant

increase of students’ vocabulary achievement after being taug

ht through

derivational approach especially content word in terms of verb relating to the

subject of the sentence and express actions, events, or states of being. Noun is a

word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea. Adjective

relating to modify a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying

words. Adverb can modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a phrase, or a

clause.

This research was conducted based on the experimental method. This study

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by Hatch and Farhady (1982). This experimental method deals with two groups:

an experimental class and a control class. The samples of the research were the

second year students of SMAN 3 Bandar Lampung in the year 2011/2012. In

determining the experimental class and the control class, the researcher used

lottery. Since the data was

in the form of students’ vocabulary achievement, t

he

data was collected by using two vocabulary tests: pre-test and post-test.

The result of this research showed that learning English through derivational

approach can increase students

’

ability in mastering vocabulary during teaching

learning process. It can be seen from

the increase of the students’

mean score. The

students mean score of the pretest was 59.11 while the mean score of the posttest

was 73.83. After comparing the result of the pretest and the posttest score, it was

found that there was significant difference; the mean score of the students who

were taught using derivational approach increased 14.72 after the treatments.

Based on the data analysis at the significant level of 0.05, it was noted that

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1. Examination Committee

Chairperson :

Dra. Hartati Hasan, M.Hum.

………

Examiner

:

Drs. Sudirman, M.Pd.

………

Secretary

:

Budi Kadaryanto, S.Pd., M.A.

………

2. The Dean of Teacher Training and Education Faculty

Dr. Bujang Rahman, M.Si.

NIP 19600315 198503 1 003

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Research Title :

INCREASING STUDENTS` VOCABULARY

ACHIEVEMENT THROUGH

DERIVATIONAL APPROACH AT THE

SECOND YEAR STUDENTS OF SMAN 3

BANDAR LAMPUNG

Student`s Name

:

NOPITA HAYANI

Student`s Number

: 0643042030

Department

: Language and Arts Education

Study Program

: English Education

Faculty

: Teacher Training and Education

APPROVED BY

Advisor Committee

Advisor I

Co-Advisor

Dra. Hartati Hasan, M.Hum.

Budi Kadaryanto, S.Pd., M.A.

NIP 19490928 197603 2 001

NIP 19810326 200501 1 002

The Head of Language and Arts Education Department

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INCREASING STUDENTS’ VOCABULARY ACHIEVEMENT THROUGH

DERIVATIONAL APPROACH AT THE SECOND YEAR STUDENTS OF

SMAN 3 BANDAR LAMPUNG

By:

NOPITA HAYANI

A Script

Submitted in a Partial Fulfillment of

The Requirements for S-I Degree

in

The Language and Arts Department of

Teacher Training and Education Faculty

LAMPUNG UNIVERSITY

BANDAR LAMPUNG

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INCREASING STUDENTS’ VOCABULARY ACHIEVEMENT THROUGH

DERIVATIONAL APPROACH AT THE SECOND YEAR STUDENTS OF

SMAN 3 BANDAR LAMPUNG

(A Script)

By

NOPITA HAYANI

LAMPUNG UNIVERSITY

BANDAR LAMPUNG

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CURICULUM VITAE

The name of writer is Nopita Hayani. She was born in Metro, on November 18

th

1987. She is the fourth child of Hasan Sri (Father) and Mu’aida (Mother). She has

two brothers and two sisters named Sobran Hasani, Soni Limarza, Nirmala Juwita

and Yenny Anggraini.

She graduated from MIN 1 Watas Liwa in 1999. In 2002 she graduated from

SMPN 1 Liwa Lampung Barat. Then, she continued her study to SMAN 1

Lampung Barat and graduated in 2005. After that, she joined the Faculty of

Teacher Training and Education of Lampung University at English Education

Study Program.

From July until September 2011, she conducted her teaching practice program

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Abstract ...

i

Approval ... iii

Admitted………. ... iv

Curriculum Vitae ...

v

Dedication ...

vi

Motto ... vii

Acknowledgement... viii

Table of Contents ...

xi

List of Tables... xiii

List of Appendices ... xiv

I. INTRODUCTION1

1.1 Background of the Problem ...

1

1.2 Formulation of the Problems ...

3

1.3 Objectives of the Research ...

3

1.4 Uses of the Research ...

4

1.5 Scope of the Research ...

4

1.6 Definition of Terms ...

5

II. FRAME OF THEORIES ...

6

2.1 Concept of Vocabulary ...

6

2.2 Concept of Teaching Vocabulary... 13

2.3 Concept of Derivation ... 16

2.4 The Procedure of Teaching Vocabulary through

Derivational Analysis ... 33

2.5 Advantages and Disadvantages ... 35

2.6 Theoretical Assumption ... 36

2.7 Hypothesis ... 37

III. RESEARCH METHODS ... 38

3.1 Research Design ... 38

3.2 Subject of The Research ... 39

3.3 Variables ... 39

3.4 Data Collecting Technique ... 40

1.

Pretest ... 40

2.

Posttest ... 40

3.5 Steps in Collecting Data ... 41

3.6 Instruments of the Research ... 44

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5.

Scoring System ... 48

3.7 Data Analysis ... 49

3.8 Hypothesis Testing ... 50

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 51

4.1 Result of the Research ... 51

1.

Results of Try Out Test ... 51

2.

Results of Pretest ... 52

3.

Results of Posttest ... 53

4.

The Increase of Students’ Vocabulary Achievement ... 54

4.2 Result of Data Treatment ... 57

4.3 Discussions ... 59

V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 65

5.1 Conclusions ... 65

5.2 Suggestions ... 66

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Page

1.

Research Schedule ... 70

2.

Try Out Test ... 71

3.

Pretest / Posttest……… ... 75

4.

Lesson Plan I ... 78

5.

Lesson Plan II ... 86

6.

Lesson Plan III ... 90

7.

Table of Difficulty Level of Try Out Test... 107

8.

Discrimination Power of Try Out Test ... 108

9.

Reliability Analysis of Upper Group Tryout Test ... 109

10.

Reliability Analysis of Lower Group Tryout Test ... 110

11.

Reliability Analysis of Try Out Test ... 111

12.

The Coefficient of the Reliability ... 112

13.

The Result of Pretest and Posttest in Experimental Class… ... 113

14.

The Result of Pretest and Posttest in Control Class ... 114

15.

Distribution Frequency of Pretest Score in Experimental Class… ... 115

16.

Distribution Frequency of Posttest Score in Experimental Class… .... 116

17.

Distribution Frequency of Pretest Score in Control Class… ... 117

18.

Distribution Frequency of Posttest Score in Control Class... ... 118

19.

Normality of Pretest and Posttest in Experimental Class….. ... 119

20.

Normality of Pretest and Posttest in Control Class….. ... 120

21.

The Increase of Students’ Vocabulary in Experimental And

22.

Control Class ... 121

23.

Homogeneity of Pretest in Experimental and Control Class. ... 124

24.

The Analysis of the Hypothesis ... 125

25.

The Increase Students Noun, Verb, Adjective and Adverb in

26.

Pretest Experimental Class ... 126

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LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1.

Table of Specification of Try Out Test ... 45

2.

Distribution Frequency of Pretest Score in Experimental Class ... 52

3.

Distribution Frequency of Pretest Score in Control Class ... 53

4.

Distribution Frequency of Posttest Score in Experimental Class ... 54

5.

Distribution Frequency of Posttest Score in Control Class ... 54

6.

The Mean Score of Pretest and Posttest in Students’ Vocabulary

Achievement in Experimental Class ... 55

7.

The Increase of the Students’ Vocabulary Achievement in

Experimental Class... 55

8.

The Mean Score of Pretest and Posttest in Students’ Vocabulary

Achievement in Control Class ... 56

9.

Increase of the students’ vocabulary achievement in control class... 56

10. Homogeneity of Pretest in Experimental and Control Class ... 58

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MOTTO

“Opportunities are usually disguised as hard work, so most people do not

recognize them”.

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DEDICATION

Bismillahirrahmannirrahiim, with love and appreciation,

This piece of work is sincerely dedicated to:

My beloved parents who always love and pray for me in every my life’s journey,

always give what I want although I still often hurt them, they have sacrificed

so many things for me.

My beloved brothers, sisters: Sobran Hasani, Soni Limarza, Soim, Nirmala

Juwita and Yenny Anggraini: Thank you for your love and let’s make our

parents proud of us

My little nephews: Sholahudin Yusuf Alkahfi and Fariz Alfaridzi whom I

always miss when I am far from you all

My beloved comrades Eng ’06 of Lampung University

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Praise is merely to ALLAH SWT for letting the writer finish her script, and then

sholawat is for our Prophet Muhammad SAW, with his family, followers, and all

Moslems. This script, entitled “Increasing Students’ Vocabulary through

Derivational Approach at the Second Year of SMA Negeri 3 Bandar Lampung”.

This script is written as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for S-1 degree of

English Program of Language and Arts Department, The Faculty of Teacher

Training and Education of Lampung University.

Among many individuals who gave generous suggestion for improving this script,

first of all the writer would like to express her sincere gratitude and respect to her

first advisor, Dra. Hartati Hasan, M.Hum. And also to her second advisor; Budi

Kadaryanto, S.Pd., M.A. who had contributed and given their invaluable

evaluations, comments, suggestions during the completion of this script. The

writer also would like to express her deepest gratitude and respect to Drs.

Sudirman, M.Pd. for his enthuastic encouragement and contribution during the

examination until this script is finished. Thanks also addressed to Dra. Edhita

Gloria Simanjuntak as the writer’s academic advisor for his advices, guidance and

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The grateful appreciation is also extended to Drs. Imam Rejana, M.Si., as the head

of Language and Arts Education Departments of Lampung University, Prof. Cucu

Sutarsyah, M.A. and the staffs (Pak Paliman, Bu Surez, Bu Ratna thanks for being

helpful during finishing this script). Many thanks are also due to Dra. Hj.

Rospardewi, MM.Pd. as the Headmaster of SMAN 3 Bandar Lampung, and Drs.

Edward, M.Pd. as the English teacher of the school in which the writer did her

research, and all beloved students of class XI IPA 2 and XI IPA 4 for their

participation in this research.

My grateful love for my parents, thanks for your pray, support, patience, motivate

and willingness to wait for the writer’s graduation. Her Sincere thanks are also

dedicated to her brothers and sisters; Soim, Sobran Hasani, Soni Limarza, Nirmala

Juwita and Yenny Anggraini “, and all my family without any exception.

The writer’s thanks go to her best friends; Sulastry, Naya, Cory, Rika, Mutia,

Putri, Kiky, Selvia, Annisa, Riska, Eka Hartati, Lia, Iis, Diah, Naylur, Tari, Nisa,

Dian, Imah, Esti, Eka Eprianti, Linda, Iyut, Desna, K’ Jati, Nando, who always

motivate and give me suggestion. Thanks for your patience and guide me to

finishing this script. Many thanks for are also addressed to the writer’s 2006

fraternity in English Department; Friska, Nadia, Asna, Agung, Septia, Any, Mela,

Emi, Ketut, Harits, Julpri, Adi, Jaka, Siti, Cinthia, Emil, Elin, Fara, thank you so

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The writer would appreciate any critics and suggestions for the improvement

because this script is not perfect yet. Moreover the writer hopes that this script

will be useful for teaching English especially in teaching vocabulary.

Bandar Lampung, November 2011

Writer

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I. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Problem

Vocabulary is one of factors that support students for mastering language skills.

They are listening, speaking, reading, and writing. In listening, students may not

understand the conversation well. In speaking they cannot communicate well

without vocabulary, in reading students may not understand the text, and in

writing students may not write our idea, that problems is caused students do not

master the vocabulary. We can conclude that vocabulary is very important in a

language because vocabulary is one of the language components in English. It is

supported by Wallace (1988:9), “vocabulary is the vital aspect of the language”.

Furthermore, Rivers (1970:462) says that “it would be impossible to learn a

language without vocabulary”.

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2

Even though, we know the vocabulary is an important language component that should be mastered by students but there are still many students who still lack of vocabulary. There were still many students who could not answer the teacher question, they kept asking the teacher to translate the question into their mother

tongue (Indonesian). And when reading some textbooks the students did not know

the content of the text even could not answer the reading comprehension because

they did not know the meaning of the text that written in English, the same as

their writing ability, when the teacher asked them to make a paragraph. The

student was really depended on the dictionary to make it in English words and the

last, their listening and speaking ability. When the teacher asked them some

questions in English, some of the students could understand the meaning of what

the teacher said but they could not answer it by using English.

As Allan and Vallate (1997) state that teaching vocabulary can be meaningful if

the teacher conducts the teaching process by combining the available techniques

of teaching. Moreover effendi (cited in Restina, 1997: 1) says that one of students’

weaknesses in using English is they lack of vocabulary. It can be concluded that

teacher should choose the appropriate technique to decrease the students’ lack of

vocabulary because if the teacher did not use exact technique the students cannot

follow the material from the teacher.

Recently, many researchers have found new technique to solve that problem, one

of them is derivation. Derivation is used to form new lexemes, either by adding

derivational prefixes or suffixes. Learning the derivation will serve as a useful tool

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understanding of English because almost 60 percent of all English words are

formed from derivation that is the root and affixes (Simanjuntak, 1998: 64).

Regarding to the backgrounds of the problem, the researcher used derivation approach especially in the process of teaching the vocabulary. Derivational approach gives emphasis the process of developing new words from the roots. In using derivation students can develop one word becomes more than one word by learning affixes. Affixes are one of morphemes that is joined before (prefix) or after (suffix) basic word (root). The aimed of this research is to show how the derivational approach can increase students’ vocabulary achievement.

1.2 Formulation of the Problem

Referring to the background above, the problem of the research as follows:

Can Derivational Approach significantly increase students’ vocabulary

achievement especially content words in terms of verb, noun, adjective,

and adverb?

1.3 Objective of the Research

The objective of this research is to find out whether there is significant

increase of students’ vocabulary achievement after being taught through

derivational approach especially content word in term of verb, noun,

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4

1.4 Uses of the Research

The uses of the research are:

1. Theoretically, this result of this research is expected to support the

previous theories that derivational approach can be used to increase

students’ vocabulary achievement especially content word in term of verb,

noun, adjective, and adverb.

2. Practically, the result of this research can give information to English

teacher that derivational approach can be used to increase students’

vocabulary achievement especially content word in term of verb, noun,

adjective, and adverb.

1.5 Scope of the Research

This research was about teaching English vocabulary through Derivational

approach. This research was conducted at the second year of SMAN 3 BANDAR

LAMPUNG. The researcher focused on the implementation of Derivational

approach in teaching vocabulary especially content word in term of verb, noun,

adjective, and adverb, because derivational approach gives emphasis the process of developing new words from the basic word. So that, in using derivation students can develop one word become more than one words, for example from the noun it can be develop become adjective and verb. Students were given four time treatments in this research. One meeting was conducted 90 minutes. The

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students’ vocabulary background knowledge and Posttest was given to know the

students’ vocabulary after they have been taught using derivational approach.

1.6 Definition of Terms

There are some terms that will be used in this research and to make it clear, some

definitions of term are presented as follow:

1. Vocabulary is one of the factors that support the master four language

skills. They are listening, speaking, reading, and writing. It is a language component to be learned by students because in vocabulary there are content words which consist of noun, verb, adjective and adverb, that can be used to build up new word so we can get communication well.

2. Derivational is change or develop a word after adding affix. Affixes are

one morpheme that is joined before or after basic word. The kind of affix

that goes before the basic word is called a prefix, and the kind that goes

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6

II. FRAME OF THEORIES

2.1Concept of Vocabulary

Vocabulary is an important component of the language. We cannot develop four

language skills, namely listening, speaking, reading, and writing without having

enough mastery of vocabulary. As Fries (1973:32) states that vocabulary is the

essential of language learning. It meant without vocabulary we cannot understand

what someone is said that we heard. We cannot speak well because the lack of

vocabulary and because of the lack vocabulary we cannot understand the text and

cannot develop the sentence that we will write.

A vocabulary is a set of words known to a person or other entity, or that are part

of a specific language stated by Aitcheson (2001). And Harmer (1993:153) states

that if language structures make up the skeleton of language, than it is the

vocabulary that provides the vital organs. It suggest vocabulary is one of the

important component in develop and construct the language. Without the

vocabulary a sentence cannot arrange well.

Furthermore, Rivers (1970:462) says that “it would be impossible to learn a

language without vocabulary”. This suggests that without vocabulary the students

cannot reach their purpose in learning language that is aimed to communicate.

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know and master vocabulary, automatically it will help them in communication.

This statement is supported by Wilkins (1972:3) who says that “without grammar

little things can be conveyed but without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed”.

From statement above, the researcher conclude that vocabulary is language

component which plays important role in a language. It means that we cannot

share our ideas to other if we do not know and mastery vocabulary for making the

sentence.

2.2Concept of Teaching Vocabulary

“The essential area of language is the lexicon or vocabulary of the language”(

Finnochiaro, 1964:68). From the statement, the researcher concludes that

vocabulary must be taught when one learns language, if it is not; he learns no

language at all. The purpose of teaching vocabulary is to make the students

understand the meaning of the words and able to analysis the text.

The process of teaching vocabulary needs some possible techniques. Kustarjo

(1988:24) proposes five possible ways of teaching vocabulary as follows:

a. Teaching vocabulary through creativity

The teacher should allow many choices to the students as they want to

learn. The teacher can make this technique which enables the students to

be creative in producing vocabulary, such as: game, picture, drama, and so

on. For example teacher gives a game by dividing the room into two

teams. Each team sends one representative to the board. Choose a word

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8

action so that his team can guess what it is. When a member of his team

knows the answer, she can raise her hand to name the word and give its

definition. If she cannot define the word, the other team has the

opportunity to steal the point, for example the word which will be given is

run, run is a verb it can changes became runner. This game encourages

students to learn the practical application of their vocabulary words, not

just to memorize them. The aim of this game encourages creativity and

teamwork from your students.

b. Teaching vocabulary through context clues

The teacher can use context clues in word recognize by figuring out the

meaning of the word based on the clue of surrounding the context. For

example teacher gives a word for students then students are asked to find

synonym or antonym from example the word see the synonym are look,

observe and discern, because from one word (see) we can also learn

another word (look, observe, and discern) which has similar meaning.

c. Teaching vocabulary through guessing

The teacher can encourage the students to guess first and to consult the

word learned. To guess correctly, a student should have a good rational.

The teacher can give example by pronouncing a sentence, and then the

students guess the words that the teacher meant e.g: teacher pronouns the

word, the word is play, then the students are asked to spell the later of

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d. Teaching vocabulary through definition

The teacher guides the students to define the meaning of the words and to

arrange the words into correct sentence, for example teacher teaches a

word. The word is a dancer, then teacher explain the meaning of a dancer.

A dancer is a person who dances.

e. Teaching vocabulary through derivational

The teacher includes the four classes of words in the position of

occurrence in English sentence patterns. Then the teacher asks the students

to derive the words, for example: employ (verb), employer (noun),

employable (adjective), etc.

This research was focused on teaching vocabulary through derivational.

Derivation in vocabulary can increase the students’ vocabularies because student

can develop one word become more than one.

2.3 Concept of Derivation

According to Boey (1975:39) “derivational affixes are bound morphemes which

generally combine with the base to change its part of speech”. A morpheme is

defined as the minimal meaningful unit of a language. In a word like

independently, we say that the morphemes are in-, depend, -ent, and ly; depend is

the root and the other morphemes are derivational affixes. The researcher assumes

that derivation is a word which gets addition of an affix. So that changes after

getting the affix. The derived word is often of a different word class from the

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10

Lamb (1963:20) says that “most words in English are derivate, that is, they are

derived from other words”. A derivative always consists of a steam, or main

syllable, and one or more prefixes and/or suffixes. Sometimes a word will have

more than one prefix and/or than one suffix.

Examples:

1. Communicate is verb which is given suffix “ive” then it become adjective that

is communicative.

The example in natural communication:

 The language course is based on a highly communicative method in small

groups.

2. Attain is verb which is given suffix “able” then it become adjective, that is

attainable.

 The dolls are not very different to Barbie who, while not presenting children

with a normal attainable body image and lifestyle.

3. Bestow is verb which is given suffix “al” then it become noun, that is

bestowal.

 There was something about the interaction that suggested bestowal.

4. Rage is noun which is given prefix “en” then it becomes verb that is enraged.

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5. Rich is noun which is given prefix “en” then it became verb that is enriched.

 Enriched soil will give you the best chances of growing the biggest fruit

possible.

6. Slave is noun which is given prefix “en” then it becomes verb that is

enslaved.

 The people who are so enslaved do not know what they are doing for they

have never tasted another life.

From the example above the particle –ive, -able, -al are called suffix because they

are added after the base. In contrast from example number 4 until 6 there is

particle –en before the base. And it is called prefix. Suffix and Prefix is kind of

Affix in English.

So we can conclude Affixes is one morpheme that is joined before after or within

a root or base.

 Prefixes

A prefix is a word-part that is added at the beginning of a word-part, called the

base, to make a new word. Unlike suffixes, which often change the base from one

word class to another, prefixes usually change the meaning of the base but not its

word class.(Brockman,1971:78).

 The kinds of Negative Prefixes

One of the most frequent meanings of prefixes is “negative”. We shall see that

there is a rather long list of negative prefixes that are used with nouns, adjectives,

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12

A. un- This is an extremely common negative prefix for adjectives in English. It

is often used on new words as the need arises. For example:

a. Attractive is adjective which is given prefixing “un”, then it

become negative adjective that is unattractive.

 The girl was unattractive in the catwalk.

b. Lucky is adjective which is given prefix “un”, then it become

negative adjective that is unlucky.

 Unlucky not to earn All-Australian honors this year.

B.dis- The prefix dis- is used most often with nouns and verbs.

1. Example of prefix dis in term noun that have meaning “converse”

a. Advantage which is given prefix “dis” then it become

disadvantage.

 Schools in areas of socio-economic disadvantage were

also given priority.

b. Like which is given prefix “dis” then it become dislike.

 John Ellis had a very strong dislike of hanging women.

2. Example of prefix dis in term verb that have meaning “reverses the

meaning of the verb”.

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 Spend time at the park's museum, depicting the story of

these people who mysteriously disappeared almost 700

years ago.

b. Embark which is given prefix “dis” then it become disembark.

 The sea was heavy but we arrived at little tobago and we

all disembarked one by one.

C. in- (im-, ir-, il-) This negative prefix of Latin origin is used in a great many

English words that are themselves from Latin or French. It has the form im-

before m, b, or p: ir- before r: and il- before l. It is used most frequently in

adjectives.

1. In-, The example of prefix in:

Active is adjective which is given prefix “in”, then it became

negative adjective that is inactive.

 All of the successful candidates have confirmed that they

are politically inactive.

2. Im-, the example of prefix im :

Mature is adjective which is given prefix “im”, then it become

negative adjective that is immature.

 I am a young student, so please forgive me if my questions

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14

3. Ir-, the example of prefix ir :

Rational is adjective which is given prefix “ir”, then it become

negative adjective that is irrational.

 Rational debate seems to be your reason, but on some topics

you start from fundamentally irrational positions.

4. Il-, the example of prefix il :

Legal is adjective which is given prefix “il”, then it become

negative adjective that is illegal.

 It remains illegal for the product to be sold, supplied or

advertised.

D. non- This prefix is used on relatively few words, though it is readily used on

new formations. Example of prefix non:

a. Alcoholic is adjective which is given prefix “non”, then it

become negative adjective that is nonalcoholic.

 When my friends offered me some alcohol at a party, I

declined it and told them that I was a nonalcoholic.

b. Political is adjective which is given prefix “non”, then it become

negative adjective that is nonpolitical.

 According to the Economist, this clampdown has been

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E. mis- This prefix, of rather restricted occurrence despite its use in some very

common words, usually expresses the idea of “wrongly” or “incorrectly”. Here are

some examples:

1. Example of prefix mis in term verb:

a. judge which is given prefix “mis” then it became misjudge

 Misjudged by the examiner, explain your reasons while you

drive.

b. direct which is given prefix “mis” then it become misdirect

 The legacy of his work across the world proves that his faith

and his efforts were not misdirected.

2. Example of prefix mis in term noun :

a. fit which is given prefix “mis” then it became misfit.

 Paul calls out to the other misfits that it's time to go foraging.

b. fortune which is given prefix “mis” then it become misfortune.

 Unfortunately, the football, badminton and netball teams had

similar misfortunes.

 Other Prefixes, With Various Meanings

Most of the other prefixes commonly used in English are derived from Latin or

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16

A. prefix anti, for example:

 Government is noun which is given prefix “anti”, and then it

becomes antigovernment which has meaning “against”.

 A young Iranian woman killed during protest in 2009

became a symbol of antigovernment movement.

B.Prefix contra, for example:

Indicate verb which is given prefix “contra” then it become

contraindicating which has meaning “against”.

 Contraindicated for patients who are just initiating therapy

with nevirapine.

C.Prefix co, for example:

 Education is noun which is given prefix “co” then it becomes

coeducation which has meaning “together or joint”.

 We had always been about coeducation at the ranch.

D.Prefix inter, for example:

 National is noun which is given prefix “inter” then it become

adjectivethat isinternational which has meaning “between”.

 International students prefer to use their own mobile

(33)

E.Prefix intra, for example:

 State is noun which is given prefix “intra” then it become

“intrastate” which has meaning” within”.

 The Commonwealth may not be able to pass laws for

intrastate trade.

F.Prefix mal, for example:

Function is noun which is given prefix “mal” then it become

“malfunction” which has meaning” bad or wrong”.

 The worst cases are errors caused by hardware

malfunction.

G. Prefix multi, for example:

 Form is noun which is given prefix “multi” then it become

“multiform” which has meaning” many”.

 His variety and multiform genius cannot otherwise be

accounted for.

H.Prefix post, for example:

 Graduate is noun which is given prefix “post” then it become

“postgraduate” which has meaning” after or later”.

 Postgraduate research students together with support staff

(34)

18

I. Prefix pre, for example:

 History is noun which is given prefix “pre” then it become

“prehistory” which has meaning” before or earlier”.

 He suggests that people may not have been aware of the

bigger changes that we identify when studying prehistory.

J. Prefix sub, for example:

Normal is adjective which is given prefix “sub” then it become

“subnormal” which has meaning” under or below”.

 Subnormal body temperature found in hypothermia is the

deterioration in the ability to think clearly.

K.Prefix super, for example:

 Natural is noun which is given prefix “super” then it become

“supernatural” which has meaning” above or even”.

 I can fully believe there is something strange, even

supernatural out there.

L.Prefix Trans, for example:

 Atlantic is noun which is given prefix “trans” then it become

adjective that is transatlantic which has meaning” through or

(35)

 Lawrence Hill knows a lot about slavery and the

transatlantic slave trade.

M. Prefix re, for example:

 Write is verb which isgiven prefix “re” then it becomenoun that

is rewrite which has meaning” again”.

 Rewrite of design codes to better predict the performance

of reinforced concrete.

N. Prefix over, for example:

 Load is noun which is given prefix “over” then it becomes

overload which has meaning “too much”.

 To avoid information overload we have included a getting

started sheet.

 Suffixes

Suffix is a letter or a group of letters attached to the end of a word to form a new

word or to alter the grammatical function of the original word. For example, the

verb read can be made into the noun reader by adding the suffix -er; read can be

made into the adjective readable by adding the suffix -able.

Understanding the meanings of the common suffixes can help us deduce the

(36)

20

 The kinds of suffix noun:

1. Suffix tion, for example:

Translate is verb which is given suffix “tion” then it became a

noun that is translation which has meaning “action”.

 Projects include annotated translation, text preparation and

summary writing.

2. Suffix er, for example:

 Write is verb which is given suffix “er” then it becomes noun

that is writer which has meaning “one who”.

 He was the most prolific writer of mathematics of all time.

3. Suffix ment, for example:

 Argue is verb which is given suffix “ment” then it became a noun

that is argument which has meaning “condition of”.

 It also requires them to construct arguments in writing.

4. Suffix ant, for example:

 Consult is verb which is given suffix “ant” then it becomes a

noun that is consultant which has meaning “one who”.

 Some others employed consultants or consulted their ' head

(37)

5. Suffix age, for example:

 Pack is verb which is given suffix “age” then it became noun that

is package which has meaning “action”.

 Students will become familiar with the database software

package Microsoft access.

6. Suffix ence, for example:

Resident is noun which is given suffix “ence” then it becomes

residence which has meaning “action/ result of verb”.

 We consult residents for their views before the introduction of

any new traffic measures.

7. Suffix ance, for example:

 Endure is verb which is given suffix “ance” then it became noun

that is endurance which has meaning “action/ result of verb”.

 However, aerobic endurance is not just acquired by steady

running.

8. Suffix ry, for example:

 Refine is verb which is given suffix “ry” then it becomes noun

that is refinery which has meaning “action/ place of”.

 Refinery industry has to respond to five sets of new

(38)

22

9. Suffix ship, for example:

 Citizen is noun which is given suffix “ship” then it become

citizenship which has meaning “state of being noun”.

 Composition citizenship status encouraged many states

consumers who face.

10. Suffix ity, for example:

Curious is noun which is given suffix “ity” then it become

curiosity which has meaning “state of being noun”.

 I wanted a name that would pique the curiosity of my

perspective audience.

 The kinds of suffix verb:

1. Suffix ize, for example:

Visual is adjective which is given suffix “ize” then it become

verb that is visualize which has meaning “cause to be”

 The software would then visualize these clusters in some

fashion creating a map.

2. Suffix ate, for example:

 Different is adjective which is given suffix “ate” then it become

verb that is differentiate which has meaning “become”.

(39)

 However, none of these patients had a poorly differentiated

tumor.

3. Suffix ify, for example:

 Simple is adjective which is given suffix “ify” then it become

verb that is simplify which has meaning “make or become”.

 To grossly simplify matters, one could even define online

theater as hypertext plus live interaction.

4. Suffix en, for example:

Moist is adjective which is given suffix “en” then it became verb

that is moistened which has meaning “become”.

 Lightly moisten the interior of your oven with water.

 The kinds of Adjective suffix:

1. Suffix able, for example:

 Present is noun which is given suffix “able” then it became

adjective that is presentable which has meaning “capable of

being”.

 In this competitive age it is very important for a person to

appear presentable.

2. Suffix al, for example:

 Region is noun which is given suffix “al” then it become

(40)

24

 He was previously regional managing partner of the Leeds

and Manchester offices.

3. Suffix less, for example:

 End is noun which is given suffixes “less” then it became

adjective that is endless which has meaning “without”.

 The freedoms of our present society allow an almost endless

variety of lifestyles.

4. Suffix ful, for example:

 Fancy is noun which is given suffix “ful” then it became

adjective that is fanciful which has meaning “notable for”

 These responses are not merely fanciful; music here is a useful

metaphor.

5. Suffix ous, for example:

 Portent noun which is given suffix “ous” then it become

adjective that is portentous which has meaning “notable for”

 Looking back, the designation appears and sounds absurdly

(41)

6. Suffix ive, for example:

 Create is verb which is given suffix “ive” then it became

adjective that is creative which has meaning “having the nature

of”

 You are extremely creative in more than one area and enjoy

speculating.

7. Suffix ical, for example:

 Music is noun which is given suffix “ical” then it become an

adjective that is musical which has meaning “having the nature

of”

 Find tickets blood brothers wily Russell’s classic,

award-winning musical telling the story of twin brothers separated at

birth.

8. Suffix ish, for example:

 Fiend is noun which is given suffix “ish” then it become

adjective that is fiendish which has meaning “having the quality

of”

 The little boy was fiendish when he put a tack in his teacher's

chair.

(42)

26

 Picture is noun which is given suffix “esque” then it become

adjective that is picturesque which has meaning “reminiscent of”

 Built in local materials in earthy colors, the development will

look picturesque.

 The kinds of adverb suffix.

1. Suffix ly, for example:

Quick is verb which given suffix “ly” then it become adverb that

is quickly is which has meaning “ Manner”

 He answered the question quickly and accurately.

2. Suffix wise, for example:

 Length is noun which is given suffix “wise” then it became

adverb that is lengthwise which has meaning “ place”

 The man missed a stroke in his astonishment, and the boat

swung lengthwise in the swift current.

The researcher focused in increasing students’ vocabulary achievement through

derivational approach. The researcher focused on derivational approach used

(43)

2.4 The Procedures of Teaching Vocabulary through Derivation Approach

Here are the steps of teaching vocabulary through derivational approach:

a. Pre activities

1. The teacher greets the students.

e.g. T: Good morning students!

S: Good morning Miss!

2. The teacher checks the attendance list.

e.g. T: I will check your attendance.

3. The teacher gives brainstorming.

e.g. T: Have you ever heard about derivation?

S: No miss…

T: Right, today we will learn about derivation.

b. While Activities

1. The teacher explains the material about derivation.

a. Lesson plan one, the teacher give one treatment. In this treatment teacher

explain about the kinds verbs suffix and prefix.

b. Lesson plan two, the teacher give two treatments. First treatment teacher

explain the kind of noun prefix. Second treatment teacher explain about the

kind of noun suffix.

c. Lesson plan three, the teacher give one treatment. In this treatment teacher

explain about the kind of adjective prefix and suffix and the last about adverb

suffix.

2. The teacher divides students into some groups, each group consist four

(44)

28

e.g.: T: Please, make a group. Each of groups consists of four students.

S: Yes, Miss.

3. The teacher gives the word for the students and asks the students to make

derivation from the list of word.

4. The teacher asks a student as representation from each group to write the

derivation that they have been discuss in group in white board.

e.g.: T: Have you finished your task? If you have finished it, for

representation of each group please come in front of class to

write your task.

5. The teacher and the other student check the derivation.

c. Post Activities

1. The teacher reflects the subject or topics that have been discussed.

e.g.: T: Well students, enough for today, and so from the activities

today, what do you have learned today?

S: We have learned about derivational analysis and learned

about verbs used suffix prefix.

2. The teacher delivers the summary of the lesson.

e.g.: T: Well, that’s all about derivational analysis Today we have

discussed about how to develop the word by added prefix

(45)

2.5 Advantages and Disadvantages

Derivational Approach can give any advantages and disadvantages in teaching

vocabulary.

1. The Strengths of Derivational Approach

- By using derivation approach students able to know the differences between

verb, noun, adjective and adverb.

- By using derivation approach students able to know the kind of Affixes

(Prefix and Suffix).

- By using derivation approach students able to know the kind of prefixes and

suffixes in using content word in term of verb, noun, adjective and adverb.

- By using derivation approach students can develop one word become more

than words.

- By using derivation approach students can use the word in the sentence.

2. The Weaknesses of Derivational Approach

- There are so many kinds of prefix and suffix which is needed to be learned,

so it makes students difficult to remember it.

- There are different prefix and suffix for each word, so it makes students

become confuse to identify word which included in verb and adverb.

2.6 The theoretical Assumption

Vocabulary is important element of language skill, there are many ways to

develop vocabulary achievement, and one of them is derivational approach.

Derivation is changed in meaning or in function by the addition of suffixes and

(46)

30

example: they turn nouns into adjectives, adjectives into verbs, nouns into

adjectives, adjectives into verb, nouns of one type into nouns of another type and

so on. That is way it will make students easier to develop new words. Whereas

most of students at senior high school level still lack of vocabulary that’s why

they difficult to build new word and of course it will influence them to mastery

English word. Here the researcher comes to the assumption that derivation

approach can be used to overcome the difficulty that why come across by the

students to build new word. Derivational approach give emphasis the process of

developing new words from the root, so the students can develop one word

become more than words. Moreover, by using derivation the vocabulary will be

repeated frequently in many contexts, so that the students will remember those

vocabularies. If we difficult to get the new word we cannot get communication

well. Based on the term above the researcher assumes that the derivation

approach can be used to help the students get more new word and increase their

vocabulary achievement.

2.7 The Hypothesis

Based on the frame of theory and theoretical assumption mention above, the

researcher formulates the hypothesis as follow:

There is significant increase of students’ vocabulary achievement after

being taught through derivational approach especially content word in

term of verb, noun, adjective, and adverb.

(47)

III. RESEARCH METHODS

3.1Research Design

This research was a quantitative study which has one group as the experimental

group and one group as the control group. This research design was commonly

called as a true experimental design. The researcher selected one class as the

experimental group using lottery technique and one class as to control group. The

class aim of this research was to find out whether there was a significant increase

of the student’s vocabulary achievement at the second year of SMA Negeri 3

BANDAR LAMPUNG after being taught through Derivational Approach. The

researcher determined class G1 as the experimental class and class G2 as the

control class. The experimental class was a class which was given teaching

vocabulary by using derivational approach. The control class was a class which

was given teaching vocabulary in commonly technique. The design was:

G1 T1 X T2

G2 T1 T2

G1 = Experiment class (taught by derivational approach)

G2 = Control class (taught by commonly technique)

T1 = Pretest

(48)

32

T2 = Posttest-test after treatment

(Hatch and Farhady, 1982:22)

In the end of research the researcher find the differences of two classes by seeing

the quality of the students’ vocabulary achievement. She used Independent Group

T-Test to compare the average scores from two classes.

3.2Subject of the Research

The subjects of this research were the students at the second year of SMAN 3

Bandar Lampung. There were seven classes of the second year of SMAN 3

Bandar Lampung. They are: XI.IPA 1, XI.IPA 2, XI.IPA 3, XI.IPA 4, XI.IPS 1,

XI.IPS 2, and XI.IPS 3. Each class consists of 36. In relation to the design, the

researcher took two classes as the research XI.IPA 2 as the experimental class of

the research and XI.IPA 4 as control class. The researcher used lottery technique

to choose the treatment class. So that those all second year class got the same

chance to be the sample.

3.3Variables

The research consists of the following variables:

1. Derivational analysis as independent variable (X). It means that derivational

approach doesn’t depend on anything.

2. Vocabulary as dependent variable (Y). It means that the student’s vocabulary

achievement depends on their ability in memorizing and using a number of

(49)

3.4 Data Collecting Technique

The data of the research were the student` vocabulary achievement before and

after the treatments. The instrument of the research was multiple choice tests,

where the researcher gave pretest and posttest to experiment class and control

class in order to evaluate, to measure the vocabulary achievement.

In collecting Data, this research used the following procedures:

1. Pretest

The pretest was conducted before treatments. It was used to know how far the

students had mastered the vocabulary before the treatments was given. The pretest

used by researcher is multiple choices. The number of item in the test is 30 items

and each item has four options of answers. One is the correct answer and the rests

is the distracter.

2. Posttest

The posttest was conducted after the researcher conducts the treatments. It was

used to know how far the students had mastered the English vocabulary after

being taught through Derivational approach. Similar to the pretest, in the posttest

the researcher used of multiple choices. The questions are the same as thepretest.

But, the researcher changed the order of the questions and the distracters from

those in the pretest in order that the students not only memorize or remember the

order of the answer for each question but they can really understand the questions.

The posttests consist of 30 items with four options. One is the correct answer and

(50)

34

3.5 Steps in Collecting Data

1. Determining the subjects of the research

The subject of the research was the second grade of SMAN 3 Bandar

Lampung. The researcher took two classes, one class as experimental class

and the other class as control class.

2. Selecting instrument materials.

In this research, there was one pretest that was proper to the second grade of

SMA. The materials took from students’ handbook that was based on the

educational unit level curriculum.

3. Conducting try out.

The try out was conducted in the different class of the experiment class in

second class of SMA N 3 Bandar Lampung. Try out was conducted to

measure the reliability of pretest and posttest. It was administered for 40

items in 90 minutes. The aim of try out was to know the quality of the test

which was used as the instrument of the research, and determine which item

should be revised for the pretest and posttest. This research used the result of

the try out test to measure the level of difficulty and discrimination power,

so validity and reliability can be found.

4. Conducting the pre test.

Pretest was conducted for 30 items in 45 minutes to measure student’s basic

ability. Pretest was given for experiment class and control class. The pre test

was about vocabulary in content word (noun, verb, adjective, and adverb) by

(51)

5. Conducting the treatment.

After giving pre test, the students were given four treatments by using

Derivational Approach based on the lesson plan which was prepared. First

treatment explained about kinds suffix and prefix in verb word, second

treatment there were two activities: first activity explain about kinds of

prefix in noun word. Second activity explained about kinds of suffix in noun

word. And the last treatment explained about kinds suffix, prefix in adjective

word and suffix in adverb word. Each treatment was held for 90 minutes.

There is schedule table of the researcher:

Date Activity

3. Thursday, August

11th₂₀₁₁ First Treatment:

 The researcher gives explanation about derivation

 The researcher gives explanation about affixes

 The researcher gives kinds of affixes (prefix and

suffix)

 The researcher gives the explanation of verb prefixes

 The researcher gives the explanation of verb suffixes

 The researcher gives the example of verb prefixes

 The researcher gives the example of verb suffixes

2. Monday, August

15th₂₀₁₁  The researcher gives explanation about derivation

 The researcher give explanation about affixes

suffix)

 The researcher gives the explanation of noun

prefixes

 The researcher gives the example of noun prefixes

3. Thursday, August

18th₂₀₁₁  The researcher gives explanation about derivation

(52)

36

suffix)

 The researcher gives the explanation of noun

suffixes

 The researcher gives the example of noun suffixes

4. Monday, August

22th 2011 _ The researcher gives explanation about derivation _{The researcher gives explanation about affixes}

suffix)

 The researcher gives the explanation of adjective

prefixes

 The researcher gives the explanation of adjective

suffixes

 The researcher gives explanation of adverb suffixes

 The researcher gives the example of adjective

prefixes

 The researcher gives the example of adjective

suffixes

 The researcher gives the example of adverb suffixes

6. Administering post test.

The post test was administered after the application of Derivational

approach. It was conducted for 30 items in 45 minutes and the aim was to

find out the students` vocabulary achievement after the implementation of

derivational approach. The post test was about vocabulary in content word

(noun, verb, adjective, and adverb) by using suffix and prefix.

(53)

After doing all procedures, the researcher was calculated the percentage

between the pretest and posttest, In order to know whether Derivational

approach can be used to increase the students` vocabulary achievement.

3.6 Instrument of the Research

The instrument was used pretest and posttest. Pretest was given before the

treatment in order to know how far the students` competence in vocabulary and

posttest was given after presenting the treatment in order to know the increasing

of students` vocabulary. The form of the test was multiple choices test. The total

number of item of pretest was 30 items and then the total number of posttest was

30 items.

1. Validity

The test can be said valid if the test measures the object to be measured and it is

suitable with the criteria (Hatch and Farhady, 1982:250). To measure whether the

test has a good validity or not, this research used content, construct, face validity.

a. Content validity,

It can be determined from table of specification. The table represented the

material that the tester wanted to test. Then it is a valid test from point of view

(Sohamy, 1985:74).content validity is concerned with the test is sufficiently

representative and comprehensive for test. In the content validity, the materials

given are stable with the curriculum. In this case, the researcher used the

vocabulary of job description to be comprehended by grade XI students. The

researcher used the table of specification to check content validity of the test

(54)

38

to our particular situation and it was also necessary to check whether test items

have a good content validity.

 Table 1. Table of Specification of Try Out Test

No Aspect Items Total Percent

1 Noun 2., 2., 14., 16., 18., 19., 20., 22., 23.,

24., 25., 26., 27., 29., 30., 35. 16 40 %

2 Verb 3., 5., 9., 11., 34., 38., 40., 37. 8 20%

3 Adjective 1., 7., 13., 15., 17., 28., 31., 32. 8 20 %

4 Adverb 4., 6., 8., 10., 33., 36., 39., 21. 8 20 %

Total 40 100 %

b.Construct Validity

Construct validity was concerned to know the certain language knowledge skill.

To know the test was true reflection of language which was being measured, the

researcher examined whether the questions of the test actually reflect what was

meant to know a language.

To get the construct validity, the test was adopted from student’s hand book.

Then, the test was determined according to the material that was taught to the

students. In other words, the researcher wrote and made the test based on the

material in the Curriculum Based School for SMA.

c. Face Validity

According to Heaton (1991:159), face validity concerns with what teachers and

students thinks of the test. If a test looks right to other testers, teachers, and

students, it can be describe as having at least face validity. In this research, the

(55)

advisors and colleagues, until the test which will in form of instruction look right

and understandable to other.

2. Reliability

Hatch and Farhady (1982: 243) state that reliability of a test can be defined as the

extent to which a test produces consistent result when administered under similar

conditions. In order to estimate the reliability of the test, this research used

split-half technique and to measure the coefficient of the reliability between odd and

even group, this research used “The Pearson Product Moment Formula” as

follows:

rl =

Where:

rl : coefficient of reliability between odd and even numbers items

x : odd number

y : even number

∑X2 _{: total score of odd number items}

∑y2_{: total score of even number items}

∑XY : total number of odd and even number

(Lado : 1961 in Hughes, 1991: 32)

Then this research used “Spearmen Brown Formula” to know the coefficient

correlation of the whole items.

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40

rk =

Where:

rk : reliability of a full test

rl : reliability of half test

The criteria of the reliability are:

0.90 – 1.00 = high

0.50 – 0.89 = moderate

0.00 – 0.49 = low

(Hatch & Farhady, 1985: 247)

3. Level of Difficulty

A good test is the one which is not too easy or too difficult. In order to find out the

level difficulty, this research used the following formula:

LD =

Where:

LD : level of difficulty

R : number of students who answer correctly

N : the total number of the students following the test

The criteria are:

< 0.30 : difficult

0.30 – 0.70 : average

> 0.70 : easy

(57)

Discrimination power was used to indicate the discrimination of the fail and the

success of the students. To find out the discrimination power, this research used

the following formula:

DP=

Where:

DP : discrimination power

U : the proportion of upper group students

L