SUPERVISOR DECLARATION
“I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in my opinion this report is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (Plant and Maintenance)”
OPTIMIZATION OF ORGANIC CANDLE GREEN PRODUCTION FROM WASTE COOKING OIL (EFFECT OF RATIO OF OIL CRYSTALLIZER
TO WASTE COOKING OIL)
NORMASLEHA BINTI YASIN
This report is submitted as partial requirement for the completion of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (Plant and Maintenance)
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
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DECLARATION
“I hereby declare that the work in this report is my own except for summaries and quotations which have been duly acknowledged.”
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DEDICATION
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ACKNOWLEDDGEMENT
First and foremost, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to my supervisor, Madam Nurul Hanim Binti Razak, who has supported me throughout my thesis with her patience, knowledge, effort and encouragement. Her invaluable help of constructive comments and suggestions throughout the experimental and thesis works have contributed to the success of this research. Not forgotten, my appreciation to my co-supervisor, MadamNoryani Binti Muhammadfor her support and advice on this project.
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ABSTRACT
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ABSTRAK
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGES
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF FIGURES xii
LIST OF TABLES xv
LIST OF EQUATIONS xvii
LIST OF APPENDICES xvii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND 1
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT 3
1.2.1 Objectives 3
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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 BACKGROUND OF CANDLE 5
2.1.1 How a Candle Works 7
2.1.2 Candle Soot 9
2.1.3 Candle Wicks 11
2.1.4 Incense 12
2.2 TYPES OF CANDLE AND COMPOSITION OF WAXES 14
2.2.1 Soy Wax Candle 14
2.2.2 Beeswax Candle 15
2.2.3 Paraffin Wax Candle 18
2.2.5 Palm Wax Candle 19
2.2.6 Gel Wax Candle 21
2.2.3 Summary 21
2.3 PRODUCTION OF ORGANIC CANDLE 25
2.3.1 Handmade 25
2.3.2 Manufacturing 26
2.4 COMBUSTION PRODUCT 27
2.4.1 Carbon Monoxide 27
2.4.2 Lead 28
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2.5 OIL CRYSTALLIZER 30
2.5.1 12-Hydroxystearic acid 30
2.6 ORGANIC CANDLE FROM WASTE COOKING OIL 31
2.7 SAFETY AND HEALTH ISSUE 32
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 33
3.1 INTRODUCTION 33
3.2 FLOW CHART 34
3.3 EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 35
3.3.1 Pilot study/ Experiment (reaction) 36
3.3.1.1 Apparatus 36
3.3.1.2 Raw Material 39
3.3.1.3 Experimental Procedure 40
3.3.2 Production Process 41
3.3.2.1 Chemical formula 41
3.3.2.1 Mixture of Oil Solidifier and Waste Cooking Oil 41 3.3.2.3 Material 42
3.3.2.4 Experiment Set Up 44
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CHAPTER 4 DATA AND RESULT 46
4.1 INTRODUCTION 46
4.2 RESULT 46
4.2.1 Water Content Test 46
4.2.1.1 Percentage of Water Content Removal 48
4.2.2 Free Fatty Acid Test (FFA) 50
4.2.2.1 Increment in Free Fatty Acid (FFA) 51
4.3 COMBUSTION AND EMISSION TEST 53
4.3.1 Soot and Black Carbon Test 54
4.3.2 Burning Time Test 55
4.3.3 Smell Test 56
CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS 61
5.1 INTRODUCTION 61
5.1.1 Effect of Mixture Ratio Analysis 61
5.1.2 Combustion and Emission Analysis 66
5.1.2.1 Soot and Black Carbon Analysis 66
5.1.2.2 Burning Time Analysis 67
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CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 76
6.1 CONCLUSION 76
6.2 RECOMMENDATION 77
REFERENCES 78
APPENDIX A Error! Bookmark not defined.
GANTT CHART OF PSM I 82
APPENDIX B 84
GANTT CHART OF PSM II 85
APPENDIX C 87
PRODUCTION OF AN ORGANIC CANDLE 89
APPENDIX D 89
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LIST OF FIGURES
NO TITLE PAGE
Figure 2.1: Flame Zones 8
Figure 2.2: Burning of candle produce soot 10
Figure 2.3: Soy wax candle 15
Figure 2.4: Beeswax candle 16
Figure 2.5: Beeswax Chemical Structure Formula 16
Figure 2.6: Raw material for bees wax candle manufacturing 17 Figure 2.7: Paraffin Wax Chemical Structure Formula 18 Figure 2.8: Raw materials for paraffin wax candle manufacturing 19
Figure 2.9: Palm wax candle 20
Figure 2.10: Gel wax candle 21
Figure 2.11: Handmade Candles 25
Figure 2.12: Manufacturing of candle by industry 26
Figure 2.13: 12-Hyroxystearic acid (12HSA) 30
Figure 3.1: Flow chart of overall project flow 34
Figure 3.2: Chart of experimental method process 35
Figure 3.3: Experiment set up 44
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Figure 4.1: FluidScan of water content 47
Figure 4.2: FluidScan of free fatty acid 50
Figure 4.3: Organic candles 53
Figure 4.4: Soot and Black Carbon Test Before Test 54
Figure 4.5: Soot and Black Carbon Test After Test 54
Figure 4.6: Organic candle 55
Figure 4.7: Paraffin candle 55
Figure 4.8: Burning process 56
Figure 4.9: Organic candle 56
Figure 4.10: Paraffin candle 56
Figure 5.1: Percentage of water content removal 62
Figure 5.2: Increment of free fatty acid 64
Figure 5.3: Soot and Black Carbon Analysis Before Test 66
Figure 5.4: Soot and Black Carbon Analysis After Test 66
Figure 5.5: Organic candle 67
Figure 5.6: Paraffin candle 68
Figure 5.7: Percentage of general knowledge about an organic candle 69
Figure 5.8: Percentage of general knowledge on candle from cooking oil 70
Figure 5.9: Percentage level for quality of paraffin and organic candle 71
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Figure 5.11: Percentage of smells produce from organic candle 73 Figure 5.12: Percentage of possibilities to market the organic candle 74 Figure 5.13: Percentage of potential finish product 75
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LIST OF TABLES
NO TITLE PAGE
Table 2.1: Beeswax mixture 17
Table 2.2: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Candle 22
Table 3.1: Apparatus for an experiment 36
Table 3.2: Raw material for an experiment 39
Table 3.3: Material in production of organic candle 42
Table 4.1: Water content of waste cooking oil samples 48
Table 4.2: Percentage of water content removal 49
Table 4.3: Free fatty acid (FFA) of waste cooking oil samples 51
Table 4.4: Increment of Free fatty acid (FFA) of waste cooking oil samples 52
Table 4.5: Percentage of general knowledge about an organic candle 57
Table 4.6: Percentage of general knowledge candle made of waste cooking oil 57
Table 4.7: Comparison of the quality for paraffin and organic candle 58
Table 4.8: Percentage of smells produce from paraffin wax candle 58
Table 4.9: Percentage of smells produce from organic candle 59
Table 4.10: Percentage of possibilities to market the organic candle 59
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LIST OF EQUATIONS
NO TITLE PAGE
Equation 2.1: Complete combustion of hydrocarbon 29
Equation 2.2: Incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon 29
Equation 3.1: Chemical formula 41
Equation 4.1: Percentage of Water Content Removal 48 Equation 4.2: Example Calculation of Water Content Removal 49
Equation 4.3: Increment in Free Fatty Acid (FFA) 51
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LIST OF APPENDICES
NO TITLE PAGE
Appendix A: Gantt chart of PSM I 81
Appendix B: Gantt chart of PSM II 84
Appendix C: Production of an Organic Candle 87
Appendix D: Survey Form 89
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides the background of the research study, problem statement, objectives, scope and research outline.
1.1 BACKGROUND
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The uses of cooking oil at home, restaurant or other related industry need proper management because fat and grease contains in waste cooking oil can cause a great problems when it is disposed of down the kitchen sinks and drain. In addition, when these elements enter rainwater pipes or gullies, it sticks to the inner lining of drainage pipes and restricts the wastewater flow causing the pipes to block. In more severe cases, the waste cooking oil flow into the river and streams and causing pollution and harm to aquatic life.
According to Kabir et al. (2014), discharge of waste cooking oil into waters change the oxygenation process and destroy the aquatic lives in the marine environment. This problem occurs when a layer of discharge oil covered the water surface and prevents oxygen dissolution. Therefore, when the by-products of oil degradation mixed with water, it increases the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and contaminates the water to be toxic. As a result, the aquatic lives absorbed poisonous compounds from the polluted water and later returned to human through food chain.
In addition, several operation and maintenance problems also occur when the waste cooking oil emptied into drainage system. The effect starts when the waste cooking oil gathers and solidifies inside the drainage system to deny the sewage from flowing freely to the wastewater treatment plant. When the sewage is blocked, extra costs are requires for the clean-up process of sewer overflows which could result in potential environmental health hazards (Kabir et al., 2014).
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1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
The habits of dumping waste cooking oil down the sink or drains can cause waste to congeal and block public sewers. In addition, the polluted sewage then spill into rivers and streams. Untreated sewage effluent and waste oil in the water causes dissolved oxygen level to drop drastically, thus the sewage fungus starts to cover the water like a blanket and in more severe case, the river can no longer support living organism around the water. The idea of using waste cooking oil to make an organic candle not only help to a safer environment but it also gives great benefits to human. Nowadays people tend to use organic candles compared to paraffin wax candles. Truly, the paraffin wax candle releases carcinogenic chemicals when burned and the soot or fume produced are similar to that released from a diesel engine and it can be as dangerous as a cigarette smoke. Finally, this situation can contribute to cancer and serious respiratory issues like asthma.
1.2.1 Objectives
a) To study the production process of making an organic candle from waste cooking oil and oil crystallizer.
b) To determine the optimal production capacity of organic candles from waste cooking oil by analyzing the mixture ratio of waste cooking oil and the oil crystallizer.
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1.2.2 Scope
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter described the existing case study and related information. The history of candles making production as well as candle properties such as wicks, incense, combustion product, safety and health will be discussed clearly in this section.
2.1 BACKGROUND OF CANDLE
According to Faraday (1861), in early history of candles development, besides their liturgical relevance, candles were predominantly used as a source of light for over 5,000 years. One of the first inventions in human history was candle and the first “wicks” candles were created in Ancient Rome. Candle making became a popular occupation in the Middle Ages as evidenced by the creation of many candle makers guilds throughout Europe. Basically, candle making depends on the natural resources available to that region. The art of candle making has remained amazingly similar to the original production even though the materials that encompass a candle have changed through the years.
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In the early of Roman and Egyptian times, candles originally were made up from tallow which was extracted from cattle and sheep which burned poorly and unfortunately producing quite an unpleasant smell. Upon this happen, the introduction of candles made from beeswax were greatly accepted due to structure of beeswax which burned cleanly and did not omit any odours and produce less smoke. However, because beeswax was a much scarcer resource than tallow, it became more of a candle for the opulent, and tallow was the common household candle.
Willhoft and Horn (2000) stated that in early Chinese candles were made up from an indigenous insect that was combined with seeds. The candles have been molded in paper tubes and the wick was made from rolled rice paper. In Japan, candles were made of wax extracted from tree nuts while in India fruit of the cinnamon tree was boiled to make candle wax. Nevertheless, candles starts to gained fragrance and strength in the middle of 1600s when bayberry wax was discovered by the settlers around Cape Cod Bay.
The bayberry bush grows wild in bogs and costal swamplands from New England to Louisiana. Usually, women and children gathered and dumped the grayish white berries into a boiling pot and they skimmed the aromatic greenish gray wax and added it to the tallow. Bayberry wax has a higher melting point than tallow and it makes the candles less prone to bending. However the process of making the bayberry wax was very tedious and tiresome
