Integration of Cattle-coconut Farming in South Minahasa Regency
Artise H.S. Salendu1,*, Maryunani2, Soemarno3, & B. Polii4
1Animal Husbandry Faculty, The University of Sam Ratulangi Manado, Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia
*e-mail: artisesalendu@yahoo.com
2Economic Faculty, The University of Brawijaya Malang, Jawa Timur, Indonesia 3Agricultural Faculty, The University of Brawijaya Malang, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
4Agricultural Faculty, The University of Sam Ratulangi Manado, Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia
Abstract
Coconut plantation is a source of income of South Minahasa community. Land under coconut plantation is utilized for the development of cattle farming in an integrated cattle-coconut plantation system. System integration is maintained in cattle under coconut trees, the land planted with forage and cattle waste used as fertilizer. While non-integration system is the land under a coconut tree is used for forage and cattle waste is used as fertilizer. The problem is how the benefits of system integrated cattle-coconut. The objective of this study was to analyze the benefits of system integrated cattle-coconut. District and Subdistrict purposively determined by consideration of having the largest cattle population. Number of respondents consisted of 86 of farmers are determined based on the ownership of at least 2 cattle and had to sell cattle. Data analysis was using descriptive analysis. Coconut lands are managed either by owners or tenants amounted to 10 935 trees (an average of 165.68 trees per respondent). Coconut land for grazing cattle borrowed amount to 2250 trees (an average of 112.50 trees per respondent). The results showed that the average farmer earned income non integrated system of Rp 16,583,767.54 per year. The average income earned on the system integration of Rp 21,658,525.52 per year. In conclusion, cattle-coconut plantation integration system provides benefits such as availability of feed resources under coconut, improve soil fertility and as an alternative source of income.
Keywords: cattle, coconut, integrated
Introducton
sold n the form of copra. Accordng to Supad and Nurmanaf (2006), coconut as a strategc commodty has a socal role, cultural and economc lfe of socety. Land under coconut farmers utlzed for the development of beef cattle. Waste of food crops s a source of feed, whereas cattle manure used for sol fertlty mprovement under a coconut tree. Ths farmng system s known as crop-lvestock ntegraton.
System of crop-lvestock ntegraton has many advantages such as avalablty of food resources, reduce the cost of weed control, mproved sol fertlty, ncrease
crop yelds and prncpal dvdes the rsk of loss (Mansyur et al., 2009). These
ben-efts can ncrease the productvty of land s hgher, thus provdng greater benben-efts for the farmer. Integrated of farmng s effort related, mutually supportve, mutually renforcng and mutually benefcal (synergstc). Ramrao (2006) concluded that the ntegrated farmng system s the most proftable.
Accordng Channabasavanna et al. (2009) that the Integrated Farmng System
are very productve and proftable. Snce 1977, the ntegrated farmng system has been clamed to reduce land degradaton and productvty compared wth conven-tonal rce-based system. Integrated lvestock farmng s the development of the lvestock resource use that can reduce the rsk of havng the prncples of sustan-ablty efforts (Soedjana, 2007). In ths case, Rajasekaran et al. (1991) ntroduced a system of natural resource management for sustanable agrcultural development.
The problem of cattle farmng n South Mnahasa s that the cattle s trad-tonally mantaned by grazng system that ted under the coconut trees and move around. Based on these problems, ths study amed to analyze proftablty of the cattle–coconut ntegraton farmng n South Mnahasa.
Materals and Methods
The research was conducted n South Mnahasa Regency usng the survey method. The Mnahasa Regency was purposvely selected for the study as the Regency was a centre for coconut producton and cattle farmng n North Sulawes. The dstrcts n South Mnahasa was determned by purposve samplng; Snonsayang and Tenga dstrcs were the dstrcts wth the largest cattle populaton (BPS South Mnahasa, 2011). Peasant farmers n every vllage of the sample was restrcted to coconut farmers who owned at least 2 (two) heads of cattle and had to sell cattle. There were as many as 86 respondents. The type of data used were cross secton and tme seres data. The data collecton technques were by ntervews wth cattle farmers and drect observaton n the feld. The collected data were analysed usng descrptve analyss method.
Results and Dscusson
by farmer ranged between 30 - 1000 trees for a total of 13.185 trees. Coconut lands were managed ether by owners or tenants that amounted to 10.935 trees, or an average of 165.68 trees per farmer. Meanwhle the borrowed land for cattle grazng was managed by the tenants and coconut trees numbered 2250 or an average of 112.50 trees per farmer. Coconuts was processed nto copra. Coconut producton per tree was about 20-40 peces. To produce 100 kg of copra, 400-450 coconuts were requred dependng on the sze of the coconuts. The copra prces prevalng n the study area ranged from Rp 570.000 to Rp 980.000 per 100 kg copra. The prce would be dfferent when the farmers sold the copra to the coconut ol factory whch greatly affected the ncome of the farmer.
Cattle sales made n the “blantk” market n the vllage Ongkaw; the trader who arrved at the ste was a farmer and sold the cattle to other farmer. The prce of cattle depends upon the prce of beef whch s about Rp 50.000-Rp 70.000 per kg. Income from lvestock enterprses that consume waste and grass that are not qualfed. If the land under coconut trees used to grow qualty grass then the ncome would be hgher. Land use under the coconut to serve as a cover crop forage. Accordng to Rahm (2006), cover crops s an act of conservaton at the tme nstead of the growng season.
The average land area for maze cultvaton was 0.9 ha and the plantng of corn was n a 1-3 year perod. Most of the farmers’ cattle (66 respondents or 76,74%) planted corn under coconut trees wth an area of 0,71 ha on average. The number of respondents who grew corn nstead of under the coconut trees as much as 20 respondents (23,26%) wth an area of dry land on average 0.87 ha. The ncome of the farmer from the three farms whch were not ntegrated can be seen n Table 1.
In Table 1, t turns out that the average ncome earned per respondent of Rp 15.899.081,29 per year. Ths ncome s obtaned by the system of dversfcaton ofper year. Ths ncome s obtaned by the system of dversfcaton of farmng systems. Accordng to Rota and Sperandn (2010) that the system conssts of components of plant dversfcaton and free-lvng anmals at the same tme. In ths case, the ntegraton of crops and lvestock s prmarly to mnmze rsk and resource recyclng.
Table 1. Average relatve export, relatve mport and relatve trade advantage for selected meat and meat preparaton sectors n Malays
Sources of Income Amount (Rp/Year)
Average
(Rp/Year/Respondent) %
Coconut Farmng 871,987,077.30 10,137,896.25 63.77
Cattle Farmng 64,174,413.10 746,214.11 4.69
Corn Farmng 206,180,500.00 2,397,447.67 15.08
Labor of Cattle 225,107,000.00 2,617,523.26 16.46
The ntegrated producton process showed that land under coconut trees could be used for fodder crops (forage or legume). Dolev and Kmh (2010), land area s a determnant factor of the vablty of agrculture. One Ha of land under coconut trees coverng an area of 0,8 ha planted wth forage grass seed needs of 16,000 cut-tngs. The average land area owned, managed and borrowed by farmers accordng to the results of ths study was 0.71 ha of grass cuttngs Brachara mutca requrng as many as 11,360 cuttngs. Technologcal nnovaton n the anmal feed crop-lvestock Integraton Systems Waste-Free (SITT-BL) accordng to Haryanto (2009) provdes an exctng opportunty to clean green and agrcultural development. Grasses that can be generated as much as 85.2 tons / year s equvalent to 6.67 AU/year, wth cut and carry system.
If the land under coconut trees planted forage then the respondent may obtan ncome from these forages. If the grass produced can be sold to other farmers then the respondent wll earn ncome of Rp 35.328.093.00 per year per respondent.
Cattle manure n the study area was only allowed on agrcultural lands and not used as compost. In an ntegrated producton process then all the exstng waste utlzed by the prncple of zero waste. In ths case, no waste s wasted and the manure can be processed to generate ncome for farmers and ther famles. Ineffcent use of nputs accordng to Asche et al (2008) may worsen the envronmental mpact. Flecknger and Glachant (2011) suggested that each manufacturer must collect and process-related waste products.
Some research ndcates that a cattle can produce as much as 10 kg of faeces per cattle per day. Impurtes can be processed nto compost by 3 kg. If the prce of compost s assumed to be Rp 3.000 per kg n a day then the revenue that the amount of Rp 9.000. The average of ownershp of 3.4 cattle wll produce 10.2 kg of compost for the revenue obtaned s Rp 11.169.000/year. Compost can be expressed as an alternatve ncome for farmers who had only left the plantaton lands or n the yard. Another advantage s the compost can be used by farmers to substtute artfcal fertlzer prces hgher. The benefts of compost s to mprove
Tabel 2. Farmer Income on Integraton Cattle-Coconut Farmng n South Mnahasa Regency
Sources of Income Amount (Rp/Year)
Average
(Rp/Year/Respondent) %
Coconut Farmng 871,987,077.30 10,137,896.25 16.90
Cattle Farmng 64,174,413.10 746,214.11 1.25
Forage Farmng 3,038,215,998.00 35,328,093.00 58.88 Compost Busness 960,534,000.00 11,169,000.00 18.61
Labor of Cattle 225,107,000.00 2,617,523.26 4.36
sol fertlty owned by farmers n the study area. Organc fertlzer / compost derved from mxed Chromalaena and manure can replace about 50% of chemcal fertlzers (Urea and SP-36) (Abdullah and Pusptasar, 2007). Provson of organc materals from manure and crop resdues can mprove sol physcal propertes (Prasetyo and Suradkarta, 2006). The ncome of farmers as a respondent n an ntegrated cattle-coconut farmng can be seen n Table 2.
As shown n Table 2, the average ncome of the farmer obtaned an ntegrated farmng system was Rp 59.998.725,62 per year. Ths ncome was greater than the59.998.725,62 per year. Ths ncome was greater than theper year. Ths ncome was greater than the farmng of cattle-coconut that s not ntegrated. Accordng Salendu and Elly (2011) that sustanable lvestock development n North Sulawes could be mplemented by developng models of coconut-cattle ntegraton. Rota and Sperandn (2010) suggested that the hgh ntegraton of crops and lvestock are often consdered as a step forward. Ahmed et al (2011) states that the pattern of ntegrated farmng s the best farmng system n terms of resources, effcency, productvty, producton and food supply.
Concluson
Based on the research results t could be concluded that the ncome receved by farmers wth cattle-coconut ntegraton system was greater than that wth the non-ntegraton system. Cattle-coconut ntegraton system provdes benefts such as avalablty of feed resources under coconut, mprove sol fertlty and as an alternatve source of ncome.
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