Technique Development For Protecting Sengon From Ganoderma Infection

(1)

rukF=%

wP.7.02.07

Proceeding

of

lnternational

Gonference on

The

lmpacts

of

Glimate Ghange

to

Forest

Pests and

Diseases in The

Tropics

Editors

:

Caroline

Mohammed

Ghris Beadle

Jolanda

Roux

Sri

Rahayu

october

dn-

t

dn,2o12

(2)

Proceeding

of

International

Conference

on

The

Impacts of Climate

Change

to Forest

Pests

and

Diseases

in

The

Tropics

Editors:

Caroline Mohammed

Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, ALrstralia

Chris

Beadle

The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization. Australia

Jolanda Roux

Forestry and Agriculture Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, South Africa

Sri Rahayu

Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia

Faculty of Forestry

Universitas Gadjah Mada

(3)

Proceeding of

International

Conference

on

The

Impacts

of

Climate

Change to Forest

Pests

and

Diseases

in

The Tropics

October

8th

-

lo'h,

2ol2

Yogyakarta,

Indonesia

2012

By

Faculty

of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada

-;)'

Citation

:

Mohammed, C., Beadle,C., Roux,

J.,

Rahayu,

S.

(eds.)

2012.

Proceeding

of

International Conference on The Impacts

of Climate

Change

to

Forest Pests and

Diseases

in

The

Tropics,

October

8th

-

l0th,

2012,

Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Faculty

of

Forestry,

Universitas

Gadjah Mada

Published

by Faculty of

Forestry,

Universitas

Gadjah Mada

Jln.

Agro

No.

l,

Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta

55281

ISBN

:

9'tt

979 3896 17

5

Cover Design : Faozan

Indresputra

(4)

CONTENTS

PREFACE

CONTENTS ABBREVIATION

Page

vii

xi

THE CHALLENGES OFVIODELLING F'OREST PESTS INA CHANGING

CLIMATE

Caroline Mohammed. (Keynote Speaker)

EMERGING PESTSAND DTSEASES IN

NEWAREAS

_,:

S.S. Lee. (Keynote Speaker)

A

REVIEW

DISEASES

IN

NURSERIES

AND

PLANTATIONS IN

THAILAND

Uthaiwan Sangwanit.

APPRAISAL

OF

PEST

AND

DISEASES

FOR

FUTURE

FOREST

PRODUCTIVITY IN BANGLADESH

M. Al-amin and S. Atiin.

Ceratocystis sp. CAUSES CROWN

WILT

OF Acaciu spp. PLANTED IN

SOME ECOLOGICAL ZONES OF

VIETNAM

Pham Quang Thu, Dang Nhu Quynh and Bernard Dell.

HEART ROT IN PLANTATION ACACIA HYBRID IN

VIETNAM

T.T Trang, C. Beadle and C. Mohammed.

GALLRUST DISEASE AND GENETIC VARIATION OF

Fulcuturia moluccurtu IN INDONESIA

Sri Rahayu.

WHY DOES THE JAPANESE OAK

WILT

OCCUR ONLY IN JAPAN?

Naoto Kamata, Hideaki Goto, KeikoHamaguchi, Hayato Masuya, Dai

Kusumoto,

29-31

Toshihide Flirao, Wen-l Chou, Wiwat Suasa-Ard, Sawai Buranapanichpan, Sopon Uraichuen, Oraphan Kern-Asa, Sunisa Sanguansub, Thu Pham Quang, Sih Kahono, and Heddy Julistiono.

1-9

t0-r 3

I4-20

21-28

38-44

45-49

i I

50-54

OCCURRENCE

OF

INSECTS ASSOCIATED

WITH

Khayu ivorensis

(AFRICAN MAHOGANY) IN SABAH, MALAYSIA

Arthur Y. C. Chung, Richard Majapun, Ahmad Harun, Robert Ong and

Chak

55-60

Chee Ving.

(5)

l0

THE

LACEBIJG Tittgis beesoni DRAKE., A NEW Gmelina urboreu PEST

TN INDONIESIA

Puio Sumantoro" F'rida E. Astanti. and Deden Sylva

D.

61-67

11

DEFOLIATORANDSTEMBORERATTACKONJABONOFDIFFEREI'IT

AGES AND PLANTED AT DIFFERENT ALTITUDES

Selvi Chelya Susanty and Noor Irarikhah

Haneda.

68-73

12

WHITEFLTES (HEMIPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE)

BREEDTNC

ON

Dulhergiu lutifbliu

Roxb.IN

SOUTH

INDIA

R. Sundararaj,'f. G. Revathi, and K-P'

Divya'

14-18

13

EMERGING DISEASE PROBLEMS

IN

EUCALYPT PLANTATIONS IN

I,AO PDR

Paul A. Barber, Pham _Q.Thu, Giles E. Hardy, and Bernard

Dell'

79-84

14

EMERGING INSECT PEST PROBLEMS ON

INDIAN

SAI''IDALWOOD

(surttulum

album

L.)

UNDER

ITS

CULTIVATION,

A

CAUSE

OF CONCERN

R. Sundararaj, Rajamttthukrishnan and O. K.

Remadevi-

85-92

15

Streblote

lipora

(LEPIDOPTERA:

LASIOCAMPIDAE)

OUTBREAK IN

SEVER.AL MANGROVE

REHABILITATION

SITES

IN

PENINSULAR

MALAYSIA

Ong, S.P., Che Salmah M.R., Khairurr

d

and Kirton

L'G.

93-98

16

AN

OUTBREAK

OF BAGWORMS ON FUICUTUTiA MOIITICCTIITU:

A

CASE

STUDY

IN

CENTRAL JAVA

99- 1 03

Neo Endra Lelan:r and IllaAnggraeni.

17

SURVIVAL MECHANISM OF THE TEAK DEFOLIATOR, Hyblaeo puera

DURING THE DRY SEASON IN EAST JAVA, INDONESIA

Enggar

Apriyanto.

I 04- I 07

18

AN

INSECT

AND

A

FUNGUS-IMPENDING INVASION

THREAT

TO

INDIA

K.V. Sankaran atrcl T.A.

Suresh'

I 08- l I 3

19

INVASIVE

ALIEN

PLANT

PESTS

IN

INDIA,

THETR INII'ACTS AND

OPTION S FOR

MITIT}ATIOI{

Kavit:r Gupta ani'l P.C.

Agzrrrval.

1 l'+-

il3

2(\

ABUNDANCE OF PITED,A,TORY ANTS

IN

WANAG,'\N'{A EI}UCATION

FOREST, GUNUNG

K{Dl-lL,

YOGYr\KARTA

MusYala. t'1. Strltriy'o anci W.H.

l'at-nlttlgkas.

l2'1-l

]6

(6)

2I

RETROSPECTIVE

ON

FOREST INSECT PESTS

OF

NEPAL

WITH

REFERENCE TO

CLIMATE

CHANGE

Sanjaya Bista and Hasta B.

Thapa.

l2l-135

22

INTEGR{TET'

FOREST

HEALTH

MANAGEMENT

WILL

ASSIST IN

ADAPTING TO A CHANGING CLIMATE

Simon Taka Nuham:rra and Haryono

Semangurr.

136-139

23

FOREST PEST DETECTION SYSTEMS IN FI.'I

Binesh Dayal and Sanjar-ra

Lal.

140-146

24

OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERIZATION AND SPECIFIC DETECTION

OFBROWN ROOTDISEASE PATHOGEN IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

FOREST PLANTATIONS USING INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACER

(ITS) SPECIFIC PRIMERS

Mohd

FaridA.,

Maziah Z.,Lee S.S.. and Mohd Rosli

H.

141-156

25

TDENTIFICATION OF SEVERAL GANODERMA SPECIES CAUSING

ROOT ROT IN Acactu mungium PLANTATION IN INDONESIA

D. Puspitasari, V. Yuskianti, A. Rimbawanto. M. Glen. and C.

Mohamrned.

157-161

26

RESPONDS OFYOUNG Fulcataria molucctma TO GALL RUST

L. Baskorowati, A. Rohandi, and

Gunawan.

162-168

27

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF URBAN TREES Polyulthia longiJitlia AND

Pterocurpns irtdictts TO ROOT ROT FUNGUS Ganoderma sp.

Widyastuti S.M, I. Riastiwi. and

Harjono.

169-171

28

BIOLOGY, SPREAD

AND

MANAGEMENT OF ROOT ROT IN Acttcitt

M urt giunt PLANTATIONS IN INDONESIA

Chris

Beadle (Keynote Speaker).

Molag

Glen, Luciasih Agustini,

Vivi

175-181

Yuskianti, Anthony Francis, Anto Rimbavvanto and Caroline Mohamtned.

29

PREVENTIVE SPRAYS

FOR

Cerutocl:stis

octtciivorn

INFECTION

CONTROL FOLLOWING SINGLING PRACTICES OF Acucia mungiwn

Marthin Tarigan, BLrdi "ijah-iono and Abdr,rl

Gafirr

182-185

30

DEVELOPMENT OFBIOLOGICAL COhITROLAGENTS TO PROTECT

PLANTATION FORESTS IN SUMATRA, INDONESIA

Abdul Gafur, Asi.,'ardi Nasution Mafthin 'l-arigan, and BLrdi

Tjahjono.

i86-193

3l

BIOFERTILIZER APPLICATIOF\f F'OR

}{AIN'IAINING

HEALTH r\NI)

PRODUCTIVITY IN OIL PALM PLANT'ATIOI\S

UNDERACHANGINI;

CLIMATE

Mucharromah. 1-eguh

Adi

Prasetvo. 11icla1'at. Sigit Nugroho. and

Merakati

194-198

I-landaj aningsih.

(7)

32

FORMULATION

OF

A METARHIZIUM

tsASED IVIYCOINSECTICIDE

AND FIELD TRIALS AGAINST

DEFOLIATOR

PBSTS

OF

Tectortu

grundis AND Ailuttthus excelsu

T.O. Sasidharan, O.K. Remadevi, N. Sapna Bai and M.

Balachander.

199-207

33

TECHNIQUE

DEVELOPMENT FOR PROTECTING SENGON FROM GANODERMA INFECTION

Elis N. Herliyana, Darmono Tanir,vilyono. Ratna Jamilah, Benyamirr

Dendang,

2AB-215

IIal'ati Nlinarsih, Muharnmad Alarn Finnansyah, Pet'mana Jenat, and

Ai

Rosah

Aisyah.

POSTERS

1

SOME NOTES ON INSECTS ASSOCIATED

\VITH

Jutropha curcus lN

SABAH

Arthur

Y. C. Chung, Chia Fui Ree, and Richald

Ma.iapLrn.

219-221

2

INFESTATION

OF

Achueu

janata

Linnaeus

(LEPIDOPTERA:

NOCTUIDAE: CATOCALINAE) IN THE MANGROVES OF SANDAKAN'

SABAH

Arthur

Y. C. Chung, Joseph Tangah, and Fadzil

Yahya.

222-225

3

INSECTS

IN

TEAK

(Tectonu grundis

L.F.)

IN

THE

FOREST AREA

OF

PASSO

VILLAGE,

CITY

OF AMBON MALUKU

PROVINCE

INDONESIA

Fransina, Latumahina, and Illa

Anggraini

226-229

4

EFFECT OF ROOT EXUDATES OF SENGON (PuruseriunthesfulcutariuL.

Nielsen) INOCULATED

WITH

THE FUNGAL ENDOPHYTE Nigrosporu

sp.

ON

CONTROL OF

THE

ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE Meloidogyne

spp.

Nur

Amin.

230-234

5

OCCURRENCE

OF LAC

SCALES,

Tachartlinu

uuruntiuctt,

IN

PENINSULAR

MALAYSIA

Orc,

S.P., NEUr,t,tNN, G., Cue Sr\LivtAFt, M.R., Ku,ttnuN, Y. & KInrorv"

L.G.

235-236

LIST OF PARTICIPANT

(8)

TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT

FOR

PROTECTING

SENGON

FROM GANODERMA INFECTION

Elis Nina Herliyana') Dar,l-,..,,,u Tanirviryono'),Ratnu Jamilahr). Benl'arnin Denclangl). Hay'ati

Minarsih 2). Muhammad Alarn Firmansyah'). Permana Jenal.

Ai

Rosah Aisyahl)

" Dn1rr,rronrn,, Silvikulturcr, l:ukttllu.t Kehulunttn. ltt.ytittLt ['ertutiatt Bttgor. Bttgt'tt', lnJnrtt.ri,t,

:'Brrl,ri _I'eneliticut I) i o t e k n o ! o _1.liP e r kc hu'r u n I ncl o n e.s i cr. B o g o r'. I nd o ne,s i u

(lorres:pr.tntlirt,q _artllrl'._{tlisher/icutu'[i1,alno.cont or elishetti'iph.uc.id}

Abstract

Sengon (Para.serionthe,s.fhlcatctria (L,) Nielsen) is a major lorcst tree species that is r,videll'

planted by smallholders

in

Inc'lonesia. (ionotlenno inlection as red root-rot or basal stem rot is

becoming a lnore prevalent disease causing significant tree cleath. 'l'his research inve stigates the

potential

of

biological control agents to protect Sengon seecllings lrorn Ganoclerrttct attacks. In

vilro

tests

fbr

antagonism betrveen

two

Trichoclerma spp (DT38 and DT39) and

five

f,ungal

iscrlates

ol

Ganodertna on

PDA

rvere undertaken. Four treatments were appIied

to

sengon

seedlings:

1)

without

Trichoclernta

+

lvithout

organic

tnaterials

(A080);

2)

u'ithout Trichodernta

*

organic materials

(A0Bl);

3)

ivith

Trichoclernrcz + r,vithout organic materials

(AlB0);

4) r,vith Trichodernrcz

*

organic materials

(AlBl).

Seedling height and the number

of

leaves was recorded.

'fhe

in

yilro

_{tests showed}_that

the

_Trichoderntd_{spp. inhibited}

the

five

fungi

_isolates

ol

Ganodermo betw'een 11,1

-

4B"B%. The average height

of

sengon seedlings six r,veeks after

planting (WAP) were 12.3 cm

(A0Bi),

8.9 cm

(AlBl),

8.0 cm (,4080) and 6.0 cm (.,\lB0).

Fourteen

WAP,

seedling height

was

greatest

in

AlBl

and

least

in

A180. The

height

dilference r,vas caused by the availability of plant nutrients in the media.

Key r.vords: Sengon, Ganodernru, Trichoclerlra, organic ntaterials

Introduction

Conversion

of

fbrest

to

agricr:lture

or

plantations

can

pose environmental problems.

Agroforestry

is

a

land management system that can address

this

issue.

In

the upper Warv

Besai, the rernaining forest cover accolrnts

lor

only L2o/o of the total land area. Houcver, in

the past

i5

years, plantation monocriltures have been graclualll, tLrrned into rnixed plantations

lvith

shade trees (Verbist et

ul.2004).

A

popr-rlar choice

ol

sh;rde tree

by

cocoa lalmers is

sengon. These trees

also provide

long-term incorne

es rvell as

conservitrg

u'ater

and

preventing erosion.

Central and West Java account

for

60%o

of

the

total nutlber

ol

sengon trees planted in

Indonesia (Krisnarvati et al.2A10). The total area olsengon in Java is ncarlv -100.000 acres

and is capable

of

sLrppl-v' ing alrprorirlately'895.000

m'olnood

per _1'ear.ecptivalent

to

l0%o

of

.lava's lvoc,ci supply.

'fhe

average prodr-rctivity

ol

fbrests on .lava is 2.29 ,-,',t _{I-,o-' 1'ear-l}

(ArLrpa 2008).

Sengon

is a

pionee

r

species _'.i

ith a

niitural ciisti"ibutioii

in

lVlalukLr. PapLra

Neu'

Guinea-Solonton Islands anci Bisnrark (IIidal,at 2002).

lt

grorvs

in

lowland rain ibrest or sccotrd:ir1 florest betrvecn altitLrdes

ol

0-1600 nr asl and is adapted

to

hurlicl monsoonal cliuratcs nitlr

rainhll

betu'ecn 2000-2700 rnurilr. cli'_r'seasous up to fbur uronil'is lncl

iou

tertility'. Sengoir is

(9)

first-gror.r,ing bLrt intolerant

of

u,ater-logging.

As

sengon

is

symbiotic

with

arbttscltlar

rny,corrhiza^

it

is exce llent fbr improving soil fertility' (NLrsantara 2002).

A

rna.ior obstacle

to

the

cLrltivation

of

lbrest

trees

is

red root-rot

disease catrsed b1"

GctnptlernrtL spp. (Solornon s/

u/.

1993. L,ee 2000: Old cr

u|..2000

Basset and Peters. 2003:

Sarrkaran et tt|.,2005. Wingfield ct rt|.,2.010; Wicl1,astuti200l. Widl'astLrti 2Al0,Gatur el ul.

20 I

l.

Herliy,ana et ut.2012). The rlost serious disease in Acrtcitr mangittnt and Euculylllr1r sp.

plantations in Surnatra is red root disease cattsed by Gctnotlerntt

philippii

(Cafirr et

al.20ll).

In seccrnd rotation plantations of A. mctngittn agerl

i-to-,i

1'ears in Sltmatra and Kalitrantarn.

the incidelc e of Gcrnotlerna attack was betiveen 3-28% (lrianto er a\.2006'1. Sirnilar levcls

ol

Ggzotlerytct attack can occLlr in sengon dLrring the second rotation in Java (Widyastuti 2008' personal cornnrunication). Roots ner'r'lf inf'ectcd b,v Gutodertlttt spp. are covcred

lt)'

,".1

rhizortrorph ancl r,i'hite nrycelium. Above-groLrnd s1'mptorns include a rapid decline in vigoLtr'.

leaf iliscoloration, withering and clefbliation, ancl tree cleath. Fungal fiLriting boclies sometirncs

fbrur :ii the base

olthe

deacl stem. but rnay'be absent (Bassett and Peters 2003). Conversell"

fiuiting

bodies

of

Gcmotlermu spp can be found at the base

of

the trunk

ol

healthl' trees. Cafirr. et crl.20l 1 showecl that Ganotlernru attack on Eut:dvTttrts tree has sirnilar symptot.ns.

(langtlerrnct i1 West ancl E,ast Java can appear as a f-acLrltative saprophyte on both the sttttl-tps

of

serrgol that has diecl ancl as

a

pathogen

olt

trees that are

still

alive. The close genctic

similarity

betrveen G. lucic{um originating on both sL-l-}gotl and cocoa rnight be expected to

enhance disease transmission as they might act as alternate hosts (Herliyana

el

ul.2012).

Biological control

is

one way

to

control Gttnodernrct One option, Trichotlermo spp. have been

ihorolghly

investigate<1

by

Widiyastuti

(201l)

bLrt this is limitecl

to

laboratorl testirrg.

Thus its ef-fectiveness to control the Ganotlermain the field needs to be tested. In this stLrdy'

the use

of

Trichoclermct spp. to protect sengon in the nttrsery and improve seedling growth is

ilvestigatecl. The experiments tested (i) the virulettce of in

lllro

biological control agents and

(ii)

the ability

of

biological agents to protect seedlings from Gunoderma altack atrd improve

seeclling grolvth. The objectives were to determine the potential of biological contol agents as

antagoriisis ancl

to

develop biologicat control technology to protect sengon frorn (jrtnotlerntu Iucicltnt.

Materials And N{ethods

In

vitro antagonism test

for

Trichoderml/ spp.

Isolates

cl

Gcrnoclertlt(t spp. (l.ampung

Ll2,

L6, L3,

and Kalimantan

K2

and

Kl)

and Triclt1tlernt / spp. (7. horzicmtLrr isolates (DT3S), and

L

pserttlctcttningii isolates (DT39) from

Dr

Dalnono

Taniwiryono's collection) were propagated

in

9-cm diameter

Petri

dishes.

Colony

cliameter groi,r,th

was

observeci

claill' urrtil

it

covered

the

entire

surlacc' 'fhe experiment

included

control

treatments

and

for-rr re

plications

per

treatmetlt.

Isolates

Gan6cler.trrl spp. Were flrst incLrbated

for

3

to

5 da1's

to

isolate Gonodertna spp. Anc! rvhe n

large enor-rgh.the isolatesof Tt'ic'hotfcrtnusirp.wereplacecl 5crridistanccaway(FigLire

l).

(10)

Description:

P

:

the pathogen inoculurn (red)

A

-

antagonist inoculum (green)

t:

miclpoint'of a petri dish

rl

:

radius 1 Growth of isolates P 12

:

radius 2 Growth of isolates

r\

FigLrre

L

Configuration of Ganoderna sp. and Trichoclerntc sp. Isolates on plates

The raclius of the colony of both isolates was measurecl every24 hours untilthe

fitth

clay after

the trvo isolates came together. The zone and per cent

of

inhibition was then assessed. Zone

of

inhibition is the

length

of

the

region

in

the confi'ontation zone r,vhere

the

isolates are

mutually antagonistic. Measurements \\'ere rnade by measuring the length of the empty zone.

The percentage of inhibition was measLlred as:

r- lLjfl%

Where

P

:

percentage

of

inhibition,

rl

-

radius one of the P isolate,

and12:

radius 2

of

the P isolate

Ability

Test of Biological agents

A

mixture

of

T hctrzictnwn isolales (DT38) and T pseucloconingiiisolates (DT39) r,vas testcd.

Seedlings sengon were grown in polybags containing organic matter.

Seed Treatment

Before sowing, seed was immersed

in

boiling water

lbr

1.5 hoLrrs and then drained. Cold

r,vater immersion included treatments

with

and lvithout benomil fungicide

lor

l5

minLttes. Seeds were sown in a polytray simultaneously with the application

of

10 g of solids per hole

of Trichodenna.The seed rvas covered with a 1O-cm layer of sterilised soil. Maintenance included appropriate watering, humidity control and pest control until the seedlings rvere trvo

r.veeks of age.

Transplanting

This inclLrded soil attached to the roots to ensure Trichotlernui' presence and itroculation.

l'lie

rnedium used consisted of soil rnixed r'vith commercial compost (2:1). For

Bl

treametrts- hall

the compost rvas substituted rvith an organic t-ertilizer.l'he media r.vas inserted into a

poll

bag

rreasuring

i5

x 20 cm. One ur"rit oltreatnrent consistecl

of

30 plants

uith

three replications.

and

atolal

of 360 seedlings (Table l)- The treatrnents are listecJ in T'able

l.

*i rJ

-s

ri

(11)

With""t

trichoderma

Added trichoderrna

Treatnrents

Without organic mattcr 30 30 30 30 30 30 Added matter

organlc ₃₀ 30 30 30

i0

30

Randomization :

,.\0LlO 2

AOB I -l

Aru0

I

AOB I

5 AIBO 6

AIIto

7 AII}I 8

i\llll

() i\0Bo l0

r\0Fl I

ll

AOBO t2,

Alu l

Description:

A0ll0

:

1vithout Trichotlernt4

+

lvithout oruanic matter

A0B

I

= rvithor-rt Trichotlerntc

*

organic matter

A

IB0

:

Trichoderrra

*

lvithottt organic tnatter

AlBl

:'frichodernra

*

organic matter

aii/ta,.1dirrar i-L : aa:,)atl !titt!:. i

372 , ":S 42.3 l;.9

Seeclling height and the number

ol

leaves were measllred. The uumbers

of

plants showing

s;-,'rpto[s

oilir.ur"

were recorcled. The biomass of the plant above ancl belor'v the strrlace

ol

tlte plant rvas also measured. Total plant height was meastlfed at the time of transplanting" and then every t\.vo weeks until age six months. Plant lveight r,vas divided into root and stem

rveights, both fresh and dry r,veight after 48 hours in an oven at 60oC' Root length rvas also measured.

Results and Discussion

In

vitro tests

for

antagonism between Trichoderntd spp. and Gunoderraa isolates

The

two

Trichoclerntd- spp. Inhibited the grorvth

of

the

five

fLrngi isolates

of

Gunodernrct between

ll,J

-

4g,Bo/o. Tiichoclernta T38 inhibited the growth

of

Gctnoclerma

Ll2,

L6,

L3.

K2

and

Kl

by

an

average

of

27.3. 37.2,34.9, 28.7

and 13.2% respectively (Figure 2)'

'[richoderntaT3g _{inhibitecl the grorvth}of GcmoclennaLl2. L6. L3, K2 and K1 by an average

of,48.8, 42.3,34.8.22.4 and

11j%

respectively (Figure 3). No inhibition zones \\'ere formed on PDA rnedia.

: 60.c _'

5O,O i

40.0

I

10.4: ,-*a:

rtc

:

0.c s c c

ffi

ffil

W) ww&

w;a

1

Gi fi.ar {i at t}} {r

j.i-?

1.,/. ):.i i'i:'i:

l'.€

I ril, ,l

,1

W: I

W J

ffit

ffir

.J-.titdalcrdt0

!j2

i.i

i

&l',1 { l) o{J ::!tt } a: | }S [image:11.510.23.447.66.284.2]

t': 1 i ; I t,,. rtul r,rlt t i : t]

FigLrre

2.

Inhibition

ol

rn

1'1lro gro\\'th

of

tlve

isolates

of

Gunoderntu b.t'

l-richtttlernta

TiB

and T39 on PDA'

Colony

_-erorvthrates

of

the

Trithotlenrtn

isolates

were nlore rapid than

those

ol

thc

(ittrtrrlertrt* on

pDA

ureclia (l.igLrre 3).-I-he

gro*th

ctl GunodEt"llrr isolatcs

i'onr

the tl-l0si rapicl to the slorvest rvas I(2- 1.12. K1- L3 arrd I-6 (Figure 3)'

(12)

*4-* TriallL:i1ar'r1)* Ti!

*ff*-iric ir i;r-{r rnr e ll I

-" i:::r'-" Gan oal rrnl a L 1 2

ryGanudtrn-ra LF'

"*+*- G:rn r;iilrn;; I l

."r.G:rrrodtrntaliZ

. {llnorirnt.ra K1

Lama lnkub.lsi {Hari}

Figure 3. Growth in diameter olcolonies of Trichoderma and Gunoclerntu isolates on PDA. Wells ( 1988 in Achmad et ul. 2009) suggested tl'tat Tricltotlernra is a potential antagonist. The

reslrlts supportthe view thatT'richorlernsT3B arld T39 can inhibit firngal pathogens orl PDA arrd are potential biological control agents against Gonoderma

root

disease.

Of

the

tr.vo

Trichotlernra T39 was more effbctive against Gctnoclerma isolates

Ll2.

L6

and L3 \,vhereas

T38 r.vas more effective against Gctnotlernrct isolates K2 and

Kl.

There are three

mechanisms

of

antagonism betr,veen organisnrs.

namely

antibiosis.

competition. and mikoparasitisrn (Baker and Cook, 1974 in Achmad et ct|.2009). Inhibition zone lormation on solid rnedia is an indication of antibiosis and the suppression of the growth

of

pathogenic fr"urgi. This study found no inhibition zone. possibly because the media used r.vas PDA.

A

neutralisation of the influence of n-retabolites inhibiting the gror,vth of pathogens

on PDA was reported by Achmad ( 199

I

and Ahmacl et ul. 2009).

According to Wells (1988 in Achmad et

al.2009),

antibiosis may involve toxic rnetabolites

(toxins)

or

extracellular enzymes produced

by

lirngal

antagonists.

It

is

argued that

TrichortJernta sp. produce

the

toxin

trikhor

dermin

which is

a

sesqr,riterpene compound.

single-service derrnadin acid

lvhich is

active against

a

broad range

of

fungi

and bacteria

including grarn-positive and grarr-negative. and trvo peptide compounds that are antitilngal

and anti-bacterial.

The

degree

of

suppression

of

the

gror,vth

of

pathogenic

fungi

shows

the

mechanism

of

competition

in

antagonism, the more competitive antagonist Lrtilizing rnore gror.ving space

and nutrients.

This

leads

to

its

more rapid growth than the fi"urgal pathogen on the same

rneditrn-r. Trichoclernta

is

abundant

in

agricLrltural

soils

rvorldlvide and

this is the

best

evidence that these fungi are very goocl competitors for nutrients (Wells, 1988 in Achrnad et

ol. 2001)).

Mikoprarasitisrn is shorvn b1, rnicroscopic observation

olthe

nrvcelia

t:f

T. hurziununr ancl R.

soluni irt the

tneeting betu'een

the

colonies vi'hich shorvs penetration

ol

R. so/ani b1.' T.

Itor:irrnttrtt (Achmad

et

d.2A09).

Berrharnou and Chet (1993

in

Achmad

et a\.2009)

proposecl a process ikomiparasitisnre betr,veut T. hrtrziunuttt and R. .tolurti r'vhere

thet

come

into contact.

In

this the hyphae

af

f.

hurzirl//r1ri sllrrourrcl the R. soloni lvhich leacls

to

its

destnrction.

L,lacl er

al.

(1983 irt Achmacl et

ol.2A09)

studicd rnikoparasitisrne

ol

l-. horzictnunt ttntl T.

huntrrlc a-gainst R. soluni and Sclerotittnt rolf,sii, They argued that the hy'pliae

of

T. hLtt':iLuttutl

ir1 E '= !l

o oi ob

9.

a

i5

.rl.

;-^

5r

3o

[image:12.531.90.501.47.263.2]

(13)

penetrate R. solsni thror"rgh a hole made by the host hyphae. The antagonist

L

har:iununt

secretes _B-1,3-glucanase.

Ability

test of biological agenfs

The growth

of

seedlings tr,vo weeks after planting

(WAP)

was not signif rcantly diffbrent

because nutrients in the medium used were still available. For-rr WAP. the best grolvth r'r,as in

AlB1.

This was probably due to the influence of ferrilizers (organic material) applied to this treatment"

The

smallest values

in

AlB0

and

A0B0

rvere probabll,caused

by the

lack

of

available nutrients. Numbers olleaves were distribttted tnore evenly.

Six WAP grorvth

in

height r,vas

A0Bl

>

AlBl

>

A0B0

>

AiB0,

respectively.

At.l4

WAP,

the greatest height was

in

treatment

AlBl

and smallest

in

AlB0

(Figure

4).

Plant height differences are mainl.v caused by nutrient availability. Treatment A1B0 showed symptoms

of

nutrient deficiency, especially of N, visible by green leaves changing color from

yelloivish-green to yellolv. The leaf tissr"re dies causing the leaves to become dry and brorvnish red.

60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00

Ei

ol ci E I

6 weeks after : 10 weeks after I 14 weeks after

planting

Figure 4. Growth in height and leaf number of seedlings

Exploration

of

the use

of

biological agents, especially Trichodernrl/ spp., lor the control

of

Ganoe{erma

on

forestry crops

is

still

limited

to

laboratory testing.

Its

effectiveness fbr

controlling

Ganodernta has

norv

been shorvn

for

protecting plants

in

the

nursery and

improving plant gror,vth to up

to l4

rveeks of age. Hor,vever, the results obtained also showed

that organic materials can also support the grorvth

of

sengon seedlings to a similar age that

have been treated with Trichoclernrct spp.

The height

of

sengon seedlings at six WAP were A0B1 (averaee 12.3

crr),

AlBl

(average

8.9 crn).

A0B0

(average 8.0 crn) and

AlB0

treatment (average 6.0 cm) respectivelr'. The

gror,vth

of

sengon seedlir-rgs at eight lveeks WAP rvas highest in the

A0Bl

treattrent and

smallest in the

AlB0

treatrnent. The height diff-erence n'as probabl.v" caused b"v the availabilitl,

of plant nutrients in the media.

iql :AJ: i>: :o)

)-:9: :o

; c.l

:-o c t: :c C il

-.so c

*\

FWS CJ o ci o qJ ! C l C .-s.. I 1a 1C) i> l6 l0 l* io_It l0 la le t= .J iC W AOBO

$s A0B1

z 41,80

ffi 41B1

j

2 weeks after

i

planting

4 weeks after pla nting

#ffi&

sffis ffi.N

**

ffi$

6i q

tr,oJ:trqitr

g:AigR:g

-tulcaj:c h!i+;.!fiu '=iosoiE i--i iojt;o.l: !-l '-ol

.El

E:

if: l l-c

i0.00

i

I

0.00 j

l

[image:13.493.21.451.135.521.2]

(14)

Conclusion

Trichotlernra T38 and T39 inhibited the grorvth

of

Gctnorlernra. Grorvth

of

sengon seedlings

at

14

WAP

sengor.r was highest

in

A0Bl

and least

in AlB0.

Treatment

AlB0

shou'ed

symptoms of nutrient deficiency, especially N.

in

order

to

rnanage GanorJerma attack. infbrmation about its genetic diversity' as a cause ol

root rot

disease

on

plantation crops

is

essential.

'fhe

erploration

oI

the use

of

biological agents"

especially

Trichoc{erntu

spp.,

remains lin-rited

to

laboratory

testing

but

their

eff-ectiveness in protecting plants in the nursery and improving plant grorvth is indicated. Acknoryledgements

The authors rvor.rld

like to

thank the program leader KKPST Research Agency Ministry

of

Agricultr"rre. The research rvas rnacle possible

with

the support

of

funding

fiom

the

State Br,rdget Agency Secretariat

ol

Research and Development, Ministry of-Agriculture in 2010. We rvould thank the students in the research team that helped carry olrl this stLrdy.

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