EXPERIENTIAL AND GENERIC ELEMENTS
OF STATE EXAMINATION (UN) OF PAKET C
READING TEST
A THESIS
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
M.RIZKY FAZRI NASUTION Registration Number: 8106112035
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POST GRADUATE SCHOOL
A Thesis
EXPERIENTIAL AND GENERIC ELEMENTS
OF STATE EXAMINATION (UN) OF PAKET C READING TEST
Purposed By:
M.RIZKY FAZRY NASUTION REGISTRATION NUMBER: 8106112035
Approved by Adviser Commission
Adviser 1 Adviser II
Prof. Amrin Saragih,MA., Ph.D. Nip. 19550113 198203 1 002
Acknowledged by:
The Head of English Applied Linguistics
Study Program
Dr.Rahmad Husein., M.Ed. Nip.19620629 198803 1 002
A Thesis
EXPERIENTIAL AND GENERIC ELEMENTS
OF STATE EXAMINATION (UN) OF PAKET C READING TEST
By:
M.RIZKY FAZRY NASUTION REGISTRATION NUMBER: 8106112035
English Applied Linguistics Study Program Postgraduate School State University of Medan
This Thesis was examined on 02nd June 2016 by the Board of Examiners
Approved by Adviser Commission
Adviser 1 Adviser II
Prof. Amrin Saragih,MA., Ph.D. Nip. 19550113 198203 1 002
The Head of English Applied The Director of
Linguistics Study Program Postgraduate School
Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan., M.Hum. Nip. 19700522 200112 2 001
Dr.Rahmad Husein., M.Ed. Nip.19620629 198803 1 002
Approval
This Thesis was examined on 02nd June 2016 by the Board of Examiners Board of Examiners
Prof. Amrin Saragih,MA., Ph.D. Nip. 19550113 198203 1 002
Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan., M.Hum. Nip. 19700522 200112 2 001
Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni., M.S. Nip. 19630525 198803 2 016
Prof. Dr. Sumarsih., M.Pd. Nip. 19581021 198303 2 002
BIODATA ALUMNI
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MEDAN
WISUDA PERIODE OKTOBER 2016
PROGRAM PASCASARJANA
Nama lengkap (sesuai ijazah)
: Muhammad Rizky Fazri Nasution
Tempat/Tanggal Lahir
: Medan, 10 Nopember 1986
Nomor Induk Mahasiswa
: 8106112035
Program Studi
: LTBI
Fakultas
: Pascasarjana
Ijazah Terakhir Masuk Unimed
: S1- Sastra Inggris UISU
Tanggal Meja Hijau
: 02 juni 2016
Index Prestasi Kumulatif
: 3,2
Alamat Setelah Lulus
: Jl. Pahlawan Gg, Anom No 19
Telepon/HP
: 081361643737
Kode Pos
: 20233
Nama Orang Tua
Ayah
: H. Helmy Nasution
Ibu
: Dra. Dahlia Astaty Harahap,M.Pd
Alamat Orang Tua
: Jl. Pahlawan Gg Anom No 19
Telepon/HP
: 085262103044
Kode Pos
: 20233
No Mata Kuliah Yang Diambil Terakhir SKS NILAI
1 Research, Thesis writing, Seminar 6 B
Medan, 1 September 2016
Judul Tesis Tanggal Persetujuan Judul
Experiential and Generic Elements of State
Examination (UN) of Paket C Reading Test
13 Maret 2013
Tanggal Mulai Penelitian 10 Agustus 2015
Tanggal Ujian Meja Hijau 02 Juni 2016
Dosen Pembibing Tesis : 1. Prof. Amrin Saragih,MA., Ph.D. 2. Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan., M.Hum.
M. RIZKY FAZRI NST
Nim 8106112035
Format Tempat Pasphoto
Nama
: M. Rizky Fazri Nst.
Prodi
: LTBI
Hitam Putih 4x6 cm = 4 Lembar
Hitam Putih 3x4 cm = 4 Lembar
Warna 3x4 cm = 2 Lembar
3x4 3x4 3x4 3x4
TANDA BUKTI PENYERAHAN TESIS
Nama
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Program Studi
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Judul Tesis
:
Tanggal Ujian
:
DAFTAR PENERIMA TESIS
NO Nama Jabatan Jumlah Tanggal Tandatangan
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i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
“Dear Allah,
Thank you for all your wonderful gifts in my life, I am happy.
Thank you for awarding me the extraordinary parents, I am proud of them. Thank you for meeting me many awesome friends, I enjoy.
Thank you for saving all my beloved people, I really love them. Thank you for blessing me all the time, I am lucky.
Thank you for giving me this golden opportunity, finally I finish it. Just want to say,
Thank you dearest Allah.. Alhamdulillah..”
There is not a single word that can express how happy I am to finish
this thesis. This is not only a kind of my final project during my study in
getting the Magister Degree but also it is one of my life achievements, as a
wise man says: “A dream does not become reality through magic; it takes
sweat, determination and hard work.”
In doing this thesis, I am helped by many beloved people. Spirit,
motivation, innovation, advice are gotten from my beloved people. Especially,
I would like to express my special thanks to my beloved parents H. Helmy
Nasution and Dra. Dahlia Astati, MP.d They are the power of my spirit, the
soul of my life and they really mean to me. For both my younger brothers M.
Rizky Novriandri Nasution, S.Kom and Mar’ie Muhammad Arif Nasution,
and my beloved Wife Nur Rahmadhani Simatupang, SS., MS. And my
greatest bless son Muhammad Raffa Alfa Rizki NAsution as the endless
2
ii
He would also like to thank Dr. Rahmad Husein., M.Ed as the Head of
English Applied Linguistics Study Program and also his first Adviser Prof.
Amrin Saragih, MA., Ph.D for his greatest effort and suggestion to write this
thesis and Dr. Anni Holilla Pulungan, M.Hum as the second adviser for all
guidance, knowledge and also advice. Other special thanks are devoted to my
beloved Friends at Quantum Learning Training Centre, Universal Flight,
Professional In House Training, and PKBM Azizi also, thanks for the
motivation given to me. Thanks again to all of my beloved friends in Magister
program for your help so that I can finish the thesis. Last but not least, I am
really thankful to the Staff of Applied Linguistics study Program Mr. Farid
Ma’ruf for his greatest spirit and patience to guide me into this achievement
Medan, September 2016
The writer
iii ABSTRACT
M.Rizky Fazri Nst. Registration Number: 8106112035. Experiential and Generic Elements of State Examination(UN) of paket C reading test. Thesis English Applied linguistics study program, postgraduate school, State University of Medan, Medan 2016.
The aims of this study are to describe: 1) the types of processes and circumstances in the reading test of the state examination of Paket C, 2) the types of genres administered in the reading test of the state examination of Paket C, 3) in what contexts the experiential and generic elements are used in the reading test of the state examination of Paket C. the data were taken from the reading texts of the state examination of paket c. they were analyzed by using some steps. First, the researcher collected the reading texts and split them into two groups, namely reading text of UN Paket C 2011/2012 and 2012/2013. Second, the reading texts were analyzed based on Miles and Huberman theory. Having analyzed the data from the reading texts which consist of ten reading texts, the findings are presented as follows: 1). There are five types of processes in the reading texts of UN Paket C 2011/2012 and 2012/2013. They are Material, Relational, Mental, Verbal, and Behavioral. There are 9 types of circumstances. They are Location, Cause, Manner, Accompaniment, Extent, Matter, Role, Contingency and Angel. 2). There are 5 types of Genres in the reading texts of UN Paket C 2011/2012 and 2012/2013. They are Report, Procedure, Description, Narrative and Recount. 3). There are various Contextualization in the reading texts of UN Paket C 2011/2012 and 2012/2013. They are realized through Field, Tenor, and Mode.
iv ABSTRAK
M.Rizky Fazri Nst. NIM: 8106112035. Experiential and Generic Elements of State Examination(UN) of Paket C reading test. Thesis LTBI, Program Pasca Sarjana, UNIMED , Medan 2016.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan 1) jenis proses dan sirukumstansi yang terdapat dalam teks bacaan ujian nasional Paket C. 2) jenis teks yang yang terdapat dalam teks bacaan ujian nasional Paket C. 3) jenis konteks yang terdapat dalam teks bacaan ujian nasional paket C. Data dalam penelitian ini diambil dari teks bacaan ujian nasioanal Paket C. Data dalam penelitian ini di analisa dengan menggunakan beberapa langkah. Pertama, peneliti mengumpulkan teks bacaan dalam ujian nasional bahasa inggris paket C dan memisahkan mereka ke dalam dua kelompok, yaitu teks bacaan ujian nasional Paket C 2011/2012 and 2012/2013. Kedua, teks bacaan tersebut di analisa dengan menggunakan teori dari Miles and Huberman. Setelah menganalisa data dari teks bacaan ujian nasional bahasa inggris paket C yang terdiri dari 10 teks, Temuan yang di peroleh adalah sebagai berikut: 1). Ada 5 jenis proses yang terdapat dalam teks bacaan ujian nasional bahasa Inggris Paket C 2011/2012 dan 2013/2014. Mereka adalah Material, Relational, Mental, Verbal, dan Behavioral. Ada 9 jenis sirkumstansi yang terdapat dalam teks bacaan tersebut. Mereka adalah Location, Cause, Manner, Accompaniment, Extent, Matter, Role, Contingency and Angel. 2). Ada 5 jenis teks yang tedapat dalam ujian nasional bahasa Inggris Paket C 2011/2012 and 2012/2013. Mereka adalah Report, Procedure, Description, Narrative and Recount. 3).Ada berbagai macam konteks yang terdapat dalam teks bacaan uian nasional bahasa Inggris Paket C 2011/2012 dan 2012/2013. Mereka di realisasikan dalam Field, Tenor, and Mode.
v
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ………. i
ABSTRACT ... iii
ABSTRAK ... iv
TABLE OF CONTENT ... v
LIST OF TABLES ... viii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 The Background of the study ... 1
1.2 The Problems of the study ... 3
1.3 The Objectives of the Study ... 4
1.4 The Scope of the Study ... 4
1.5 The Significance of the Study ... 5
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 6
2.1 Metafunction ... 6
2.2 Ideational Function ... 9
2.2.1 Experiential Function ... 9
2.2.1.1 Process ... 11
A. Material Process ... 13
B. Mental Process ... 15
C. Relational Process ... 17
D. Behavioral Process ... 19
E. Verbal Process ... 20
F. Existential Process ... 22
vi
2.2.1.3 Circumstances ... 26
2.2.2 Logical Function ... 28
2.2.2.1 Clause Complex and sentence ... 29
2.2.2.2 Types of Relationship between clauses and Logicosemantical 32 2.3 Text and Context ... 33
2.4 Test ... 35
2.4.1 Kinds of Tests ... 37
2.4.2 The State Examination (Ujian Nasional : UN) ... 38
2.4.3 The State Examination of Paket C ... 38
2.5 Reading and Genre ... 39
2.6 Kinds of Genre in Reading Text ... 42
2.7 Relevant Studies ... 60
2.8 Conceptual Framework ... 62
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ... 64
3.1 Research Design ... 64
3.2 Data and Sources of Data ... 64
3.3 Instrument for collecting the data ... 64
3.4 Techniques of Analyzing the Data ... 65
CHAPTER IV DATA, DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 67
4.1 Data ... 67
4.2 Data Analysis ... 71
4.3 Findings ... ... 102
4.4 Discussion ... ... 103
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 105
vii
5.2 Suggestions ... 106
REFERENCE ……… x
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the study
There are 4 skills we need to communicate effectively in English. They
are: listening, speaking, reading and writing. (Harmer, Jeremy: 2001). One of the
most salient skills is reading. Reading is a complex cognitive process. A whole
complex system of skills and knowledge, knowledge and activities in visually
recognizing individual printed words are useless in and of themselves (Smith,
2004:4).
The fact that reading is one of the English skills leads the National
Department of Education (Depdiknas) to insert it as the compulsory curriculum
for English lesson for students in formal education school as well as non formal
one, also it is tested in the State Examination (Ujian Nasional:UN) both in formal
education and non formal education.
Paket C is one of the non formal programs established by National
Department of Education (Departemen Pendidikan Nasional: Depdiknas) as an
alternative for formal education. The curriculum of Paket C will be adjusted to
the formal one. The material of reading also will be part of State Examination
(Ujian Nasional:UN) of English in Paket C program. The students of Paket C
have to comprehend the entire text and also to understand the ideas and the
relationships between ideas conveyed in a text. The text given in the test of State
2
Examination (Ujian Nasional:UN) Paket C is provided under the term of Genre or
the staged, goal oriented and purposeful social activities (Martin, 1992).
As purposeful social activities, it has a structure that is called generic
elements, it is text. Besides it specifies various types of reading text, such as:
narrative, recount, description, exposition, discussion, procedure, explanation, etc.
By learning the generic elements students can become a good controller over
different text types (Knapp & Watking, 1994). It meets the standard competency
for Paket C (Depdiknas, 2007) that the students of Paket C have to be able to
comprehend short functional text, dialogue and monologue.
However, the reading test given in the State Examination of paket C have
some difficulties to the students not only formal but also non formal students.
They can decode the words, but have not developed sufficient skills to
comprehend the underlying, deeper meaning of the sentences, the paragraphs, and
the entire text. As an evidence, for example, (Nasution, 2007: 64) stated that
senior high school students can read the text without understanding the meaning.
Experiential function is one of the metafunction used under the study of
Systemic Functional Linguistics. It represents “what is going in the world” and
“who does, what to whom, and where” (Kress, et al, 2001). It constructs meaning
of a genre (reading test) in UN Paket C by focussing primarily at processes and
participants. Process constitutes the principal focal elements of the clause because
the clause is essensially about the action performed by the clause participants
3
typically less closely associated with the process and usually not inherent in it.
Commonly, the circumstantial elements relate to extent, location, manner, cause,
contingency, accompaniment, role, manner and angle. They occur freely in all
types of processes.
The study of process, participant and circumstance in genre of reading test will
benefit to aid and increase students comprehension of a text. They may more
effectively visualize and image of what is happening in the text. By visualizing
processes over other may improve and aid their text comprehension. Meanwhile,
generic or schematic elements of genre in reading test will benefit to the students
so that they become a good controller over different text types. In brief, the
students will be familiar to various text types in reading test. Based on these
reasons, so this thesis will study deeply about “Experiential and Generic Elements
of Paket C Reading Test”.
1.2 The Problems of the study
The problems of the study are formulated as the following:
1. What are the processes and circumstances used in the reading test of UN
Paket C?
2. What types of genres are administered in the reading test of UN Paket C?
3. In What context are the experiential and generic elements used in UN
4
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
With reference to the problems, the objectives of this study are:
1. To describe the processes and circumstances used in the reading test of
UN Paket C.
2. To describe the types of genres are administered in the reading test of UN
Paket C.
3. To explain in what context is the experiential and generic elements used in
the reading test of UN paket c.
1.4 The Scope of the Study
Systemic functional grammar is one of the language approaches that
concern with semantics elements. It deals with the internal elements of language
(phonology, morphology, semantics) with the external elements of language
context of situation (register) and context of culture (genre). It focuses on the
analysis of text through its metafunction. One of them is experiential function that
can be applied in analyzing the reading text particularly reading text of state
examination of Paket C. Besides the genre through its generic elements are also
5
1.5 The Significance of the Study
The findings of the present study are expected to be useful theoretically
and practically.
Theoretically:
1. To add up more horizons in theories of systemic functional linguistics.
2. To enrich the research in the field of text analysis.
Practically:
1. To help the students recognize types of genres in various contexts.
2. To make the students are able to understand texts they are reading.
3. To improve the students ability in facing the reading text of state
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
This thesis an Experiential and Generic Elements has been analyzed and
based on the analysis, the researcher presents some valuable conclusions.
1. There are 5 types of processes used in the reading test of UN Paket C
2011/2012 and the reading test of UN Paket C 2012/2013. They are:
Material, Relational, Mental, Verbal and Behavioural.
2. There are 9 types of circumstances used in the reading test of UN Paket C
2011/2012 and the reading test of UN Paket C 2012/2013. They are:
Location, Cause, manner, Accompaniment, Extent, Matter, Role,
Contigency and Angel.
3. There are 5 types of Genres found in the reading test of UN Paket C
2011/2012 and the reading test of UN Paket C 2012/2013. They are:
Report, Procedure, Description, Narrative and Recount.
4. There are various context of situation (Experiential and Generic Elements)
used in the reading test of UN Paket C 2011/2012 and the reading test of
UN Paket C 2012/2013. They are realized through three different variables
of context of situation, namely; Field, Tenor and Mode.
106
5.2 Suggestions
With reference to the conclusions, suggestions are:
1. It is suggested that the English language teaching should be oriented to the
mastery of semantic element (reading comprehension) rather than
structural one (grammar)
2. It is suggested that the english teacher should be introduced to the use of
processes and circumstances in order to help them teach better in reading
comprehension.
3. It is suggested that the types of genres should be taught more
comprehensively not only for formal but also for informal education s
tudents.
4. It is suggested to the government in order to renew the texts for UN
reading test for non formal education like Paket C every year.
5. Contextualization as the realization of generic and experiential elements
should be taught to the students in non formal education so that they are
x
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