An introduction to linguistics

(1)

(2)

AN TNTRODUCtrON

TO

LTNzuTSTTCS

(3)

AN

TNTPODUCTTON TO

IJIGUTSTTCS

.

Cetakan

1,

]akarta,

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atas kerjasama

Lembaga

Penelitian

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jakarta

Press-Dta.Jl.Ir.

'

H.

|uanda No'

95

Ciputatlakarta

Selatan'

tetp./fax.

O2'l'-7499558

Email:

wwwuinjkt'ac'id

Desember

2006

Hak

CiPta

_{ada Pada}

Pengarang -2006

HakPenerbitan

ada

_Pada

Penerbit

ISBN:

979-3869-31-3

PenulG:

Muhammad

Fatlfian

Crew fazamedia

DesainSamPul:

Tim Kreatif Gaung

Persada

(4)

PREEACE

This book is

intended

to seroe as a general

introduction

to the

field

of

):nguistics

for

students

with

no

preaious background

in

the subiect.

This

:"-'ok is

divided

into

tuto

parts.

The

first

part

which

consists of chapter one

:s

chapter

fiae

is _focusedon

pure linguistic

study;

while

the second

part

;hich

coaers

chapter six to

seaen

deals

with

branches

of

linguistics.

3;npter

one begins

with

the discussion of

linguistics

as science, the

nature

:,; ianguage, its components, properties, and

functions.

Abrief

discussion

:

r

phonology the

dffirence

between phonology and phonetics, the organs

-,'

speech,

the classification

of

phonemes

into

segmental and

;'-trasegmental

phonemes is presented

on

chapter

fioo. Chapter

three is

:;<ing

about morpheme and other related

topia. Otho mioolinguitic

topics,

;;:.4

as

syntax

and semantics

arefound

in

chapterfour

andfiae.

Chapter

i:'^.

ancentrates

on fino specific topics:

traditional

andmodtnperspectioe

:-: :yntax;

while

chapterfae

discusses

semanticproperties,

the difference

?E.

tyefl

sense, reference, and

denotation,unrd

meaning, sentence meaning,

;:i

sense

relation.

Psycholinguistics and other related topics, such as theories oflanguage

;":;'.isition,

stages of

child's

language deoelopment, the

structure

of the

:';:t,

lateralization,

and disorders of language mechanism are discussed

:--:;'.;,t

in chapter

six.

If

the readers

want

to

know

sociolinguistic

topic,

j*--r

as language aariety, standard and dialect;

bilingualism

and

*

^.:;.iingualism;

and language

changes,

they

can

find

them

in

chapter

,r.*:1.

The last chapter,

appliedlinguistics,

talk

about

the

application

of

:""-.i :,,eories

of

linguistics,

the methods, and

finding

to

solae

linguistic

:'::.ems

in

other

feld

or

knowledge.

It

focuses

on

some methods

of

.;':*ige

teaching,

contrastiae analysis,

and

error

analysis.

li,tturally,

a book

like this

does not come about

without

a

lot

of help

-:-

.-:ends

and

colleagues,

I

would

especially

like

to

acknowledge

my

;r : :.'-' r s u g ge s tions and ado ice, t o the r e c t or of Sy ar if H iday at

ullah

S t ate

:

:--1::

lJniaersity

lakarta,

the chief of Center

for

Research

UIN

lakarta,

r.*

'

:i..

dean of

Human

Science

Faculty.

(5)

TABLE

OF CONTENTS

PREFACE

TABLE

OF

CONTENT

1.

LINGUISilCS,

-1

A.

Linguistics

as Science,

-4

B.

The Nature

of Language,

-8

C.

Innguage ProPerties,

-74

D.

Language

Functions,

--79

E.

Knds

of

Languago

24

2.

PHONOLOGY,

27

A.

PhanologY

andPhonetics,

27

B.

The

Organs of

SPeech,

28

C.

Phoneme

anil

AlloPhone,

29

D.

SegmentalPhonemes,

37

E.

Supra-segmental

Phonemes,

34

F.

Other

PhoneticProcesses,

47

3.

MORPHOLOGY,

-51.

A.

Defnition,

51'

B.

ClassificationofMorPhemes,

54

C.

Woril

and lts

Formation

Rules,

-59

4.

SYNTAX,

-71

A.

Definition,

-77

B.

Traditional

PersPectkte,

-72

C.

ModernPersPectioe,

-79

5.

SEMANTICS,

97

A. Definition,

97

B.

Semantic ProPerties,

--98

C.

Sense, Reference, and

Denotation,

-'1"00

D.

WordMeaning,

(6)

5.

E.

SentenceMeaning,

-104

F.

SenseRelation,

-'107

PS

vcHoLlN Glll

sTlc

s,

-11

5

A.

Definition,

-1L5

B.

TheTheories

ofLanguage

Acquisition,

--715

C.

The

Stages

ofCt

ittt

Language

Darclopment,

-11'8

D.

MindandBrain,

-1.20

E.

TheStructureof theBrain,

-L21'

E.

Interalization,

'124

G.

Language Areas

andTheir Functions,

-725

n.

O*irairs

of the

language Mechanism,

-L27

socIoLING

lJlsTICS,

-1'31'

A.

Definition,

--731

B.

IanguageVarietY,,l32

C.

Sta;da;d

and

Dialect,

-1.34

D.

Bilingualism and

Multilingualism,

--738

E.

Langu,age

Changes,

140

APPLIED

LINGUISfl

CS,

_143

A.

Definition,

-!43

B.

Tie

Grammar-Translation

Method,

--743

C. TheDirectMethod,

144

D.

The

Audiolingual

Method,

-145

E.

Communicatioe

l,anguageTeaching,

-L46

F.

Contrastiae AnalYsis,

-1'47

G.

Error

AnalYsis,

748

BLBLIOGRAPHY,

-151'

tr

AnhtrcductiontoUnguntics

7.

(7)

[*

This book

is

intended

to

serve

as

a

general

introduction

to

the field of linguistics

for

students

witir no

previous background in

the

subiect. This

book is

divided

into

two

Parts.

The first

part

which consists

of

chapter one

to

chapter

live

is

focused on pure linguistic study;while the second part which covers chapter six

to

seven deals

with

branches

of

linguistics.

Chapter one

begins

with

the discussion

of

linguistics as science, the nature

of

language,

its

components,

ProPerties, and functions.

A

brief

discussion

on

phonology the

difference,between phonology and phonetics, the

organs

of

speech,

the

classification

of

phonemes

into

segmental and suprasegmental Phonemes is

presented

on

chapter

two. Chapter three

is

talking about morpheme and

other

traditional

and

modern

persPective

on

syntax;

while

chapter five discusses semantic ProPerties,

the

difference between

sense,

reference'

and denotation,

word

meaning, sentence meaning' and sense relation.

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