THE ROLE OF INTERTEXTUALITY IN THE REPRESENTATION OF IRAN IN CNN’S KERRY: U.S. ISN’T ‘BLIND’ OR ‘STUPID’ ON IRAN PUBLISHED ON NOVEMBER 10, 2013

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A Thesis

Submitted to Faculty of Adab and Humanities

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For acquiring Bachelor Degree of English Letters

Novita Puspa 1110026000129

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LETTERS FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES

SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY JAKARTA

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A Thesis

Submitted to Faculty of Adab and Humanities

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For acquiring Bachelor Degree of English Letters

Novita Puspa 1110026000129

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LETTERS FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES

SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY JAKARTA

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Kerry: U.S. isn’t ‘blind’ or ‘stupid’ on Iran published on November 10, 2013. A Thesis: Department of English Language and Letters, Faculty of Adab and

Humanities, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta, January 2015.

The research focuses on Iran representation which is built by the CNN’s

journalist on the article of CNN Kerry: U.S. isn’t ‘blind’ or ‘stupid’ on Iran

published on November 10, 2013. The methodology used in the research is

descriptive qualitative, with content analysis in the research design. To analyze

Iran representation, the researcher uses Norman Fairclough’s theory of the critical

discourse analysis, especially the representation analysis which is including the

representation in clause, in clause combination, and inter-clause combination, and

Intertextuality analysis that relates the internal and external text.

Based on the data analysis, the researcher finds that the journalist

represents Iran in the negative perspective which is seen by the categorization to

represent Iran as the object of discussion who has the problem of the nuclear

program. Moreover, by relating the external texts, the sentences are also shown by

the journalist to highlight Iran is that a dangerous country as the only Islamic

Republic with nuclear program. In short, this research concludes that the CNN’s

journalist is not proportional when he represents the news.

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my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written

by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for

award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institutions of

higher learning, except where due to acknowledgement has been made in the text.

Jakarta, March 2015

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First of all, I thank to Allah SWT for all of the blessing me, so I can finish

my thesis totally. Then, I expect to show my great appreciation and big thanks to

my family to love and support me unconditionally. Specifically, I would like to

thank to my dearest and greatest parents, Mr. Hanafi (my hero father) and Mrs.

Ulwiyah (my beauty mother), who always pray for me, teach, and support me in

every situation during achieving my study. In addition, my special gratitude goes

to my beauty sisters, Fitri and Nissa, and my dearest brothers, Tirta, Ahmad, Adi,

Ammar and Rasyid. I am so grateful having you all as my big and happiness

family.

I also give a lot of thanks to the intellectual support to all of the following

academicians of UIN Syarif Hidayatullah:

1. My primary advisors, Mr. Abdurrosyid, S.S., M.EIL and Miss Rima

Muryantina, M.Hum., M.Ling., I would like to give a big thank for their

guidance and support. They show their appreciation and willingness in

read my thesis, discuss and give me feedback on both suggestions and

useful critiques of my thesis. I am very lucky to be under of their

supervisions for their every responsibility to guide my research.

2. Assistance in any ways provided by Prof. Dr. Syukron Kamil, M.A., the

Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty, also Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd.,

the Head of English Letters Department, and Mrs. Elve Oktafiyani, M.

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Humanities and State Islamic University staff.

4. As well as, I give my great thank for all of the members of HMI KOFAH,

for their guidance and support me and for all the academic and

organization experience. For my best partners in BEMFAH, Candra,

Johan, and Agus, thank you for all the busy and crazy time. For my lovely

gangs, Nurlaila, Intan Eka, Sagita, Mega, and especially, my Rizqinandia,

thanks for all of the happy and sad time. For my oldest friends, Ayu, Anna,

Anis, and Aysa, thank you for their times. For Jipers Adventure group,

Kibar, Zulfikar, Febri, Rifky, Luky, Azom, Aufa, Riko, Awan, thanks for

all of the experiences. For my great senior, Tri Atmeria, thank you for

your suggestion on my thesis. Moreover, my thanks also go to Lentera

Hijau KKN group, Linguistics B Class 2010, and My D class of English

Letters, my last thank you is for anyone who cannot be mentioned one by

one for their prayer, assistance, and advice. I deeply thank you all!

Jakarta, March 2015

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Text Analysis of Norman Fairclough’s CDA Theory

... 12

2. Table.2.2.Cohesion Theory by Halliday & Hassan ... 18

3. Table.2.3.The Example of Representation in the inter-clause combination ... 20

4. Table.3.1.the Data Selection ... 24

5. Table.3.2. The representation analysis of Datum 1 ... 29

10.Table.3.7. The representation analysis of Datum 6 ... 46

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APPROVEMENT ... ii

LEGALIZATION ... iii

DECLARATION ... iv

ACKOWLEDGEMENT ... v

THE LIST OF TABLE ... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... viii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of The Study ... 1

B. Focus of The Study ... 3

C. Research Questions ... 4

D. Significance of the Study ... 5

E. Research Methodology 1. The Objectives of the Research... 5

2. The Method of Research ... 6

3. The Technique of Data Analysis ... 6

4. The Instrument of the Research ... 7

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION A. Previous Research ... 8

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A. Text ... 12

B. Intertextuality ... 20

CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS A. Data Description... 24

B. Data Analysis ... 28

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS A. Conclusions ... 69

B. Suggestions ... 70

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 71

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A. Background of The Study

In Linguistics, Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is how the language

represents a social group, which fights and submits the ideology.1 The concept

assumes discourse in bias practice2 that will show an effect of ideology. In CDA,

text can be shaped by a perspective of a man and woman, majorities and

minorities which are shown by the different representation of social practices. The

perspective of the text can be implied by its journalist’s ideologies to influence the

reader through media language. In other word, the media language as the tools of

the information can be produced by its journalist to influence the readers.

The mass media is medium communication delivery of information,

thoughts, ideas, and communication by intermediaries to the general public.3 By

the mass media, we can find out the information about the tragedy at now.

Moreover, the mass media has power to influence the reader, because the mass

media can produced, supplied, distributed, and consumed by the public on the

large scale, particularly international mass media that has the reader in the large

scale.

1_{Bledowski, Caroline. Dividing the nation into classes and ideologies: An analysis of} discourse in U.S. newspapers covering the extension of the Bush tax cuts in 2010.United State:UMI Dissertation Publishing. 2011. (journal).

2_{Ibid. P. 8} 3

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As the international mass media, Cable News Network (CNN), is an

American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by Turner

Broadcasting System division of Time Warner. The 24-hours cable news channel

founds in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner. CNN is the first

television channel to provide 24-hours news coverage, and the first all-news

television channel in the United States, which can be seen by viewers in over 212

countries and territories.4

CNN has own perspective on political discourse that is shown by its

journalist. The perspective of CNN can influence the reader’s ideology that is

built by the journalist. The example of the news is CNN article on November 10th,

2013 edition, “Kerry: U.S. isn‟t „blind‟ or „stupid‟ on Iran”, which contains about

a nuclear negotiation between Iran and U.N. Security Council.

The nuclear negotiation in the article talks about Iran’s nuclear program

which is controverted in recent years. Some western countries critic that Iran does

not need nuclear remember oil and gas reserves are outstanding. As the second

largest oil reserves in the world after Saudi Arabia and the world second largest

gas reserves after Russia, Iran is a country rich in energy. Iran's geostrategic

position and the existing pipeline are making it as actor key in the energy world.

Considering the agreed, Iran started developing a nuclear program for energy

saving. Iran's nuclear program began in 1974 with plans to build a nuclear power

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plant in Bushehr with German assistance, under the approval of the United

States.5

Even though the Iran’s nuclear program is controlled by U.S., but now,

there is conflict of it, because Iran enriches his uranium, and it hesitated by the

Western countries. By the suspicion of the Western countries on the Iran’s nuclear

program, the UN Security Council is decided to make several meetings to

negotiate with Iran. However, after several meetings with no result, the UN tries

to extend this meeting in Geneva, Switzerland.

As the international mass media, CNN has an influential role to shape the

ideology of people in the whole world when they consume the news of the Iran’s

nuclear program. It adopts several topics about the nuclear negotiation between

U.N. Security Council and Iran. One of the topics is CNN “Kerry: U.S. isn‟t

„blind‟ or „stupid‟ on Iran” 10 November 2013 edition. To see how the CNN’s

journalist represents his ideology within representation Iran on the news, is

needed more analysis. As a consequence, Representation and Intertextuality on

Critical Discourse analysis is submitted.

B. Focus of The Study

The problem in the study limits to analyze the representation and

intertextuality on CNN Kerry: U.S. isn‟t „blind‟ or „stupid‟ on Iran 10 November 2013 edition. The reseacher only takes indirect speech in the text to make easier

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the analysis, because there are changes from direct speech into the indirect speech

from participants. In spite of this analysis uses the indirect speech, but it is

possible to use direct speech to support the analysis. By the analysis, we can see

the CNN perspective that is shown by journalist, which uses the negative

perspectives on Iran.

This analysis uses Norman Fairclough theory of Critical Discourse Analysis

(CDA). By the theory, there are three dimensional frameworks; Text, Discourse

Practice, and Sociocultural Practice. In the text dimension, there are three

elements; Representation, Relation and Identities.6 In addition, the reseacher uses

the Representation elements on the text dimension only. Talking about the text

dimension, Intertextuality can not be separated by the analysis. It shows the

relation between the internal text and the external text.

C. Research Questions

By the background and the focus of research, research question are:

1. What does CNN represent Iran through indirect speech in the article

Kerry: U.S. isn‟t „blind‟ or „stupid‟ on Iran 10 November 2013 edition?

2. Does intertextuality play role in representing Iran through indirect speech

in the article Kerry: U.S. isn‟t „blind‟ or „stupid‟ on Iran 10 November 2013 edition?

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D. Significance of the Study

The reseacher will analyze the representation and intertextual of CNN

Kerry: U.S. isn t blind or stupid on Iran 10 November 2013 edition. Then, the reseacher expects, this research will be useful for giving information or being

reference for the students of Linguistics, who are interested in Critical Discourse

Analysis for making a research study the other people from text the research and

about the social problem.

E. Research Methodology

In the research methodology creates to arrange well-organized data;

objectives of research, method of research, technique of data analysis, instrument

of research, collecting and analysis data, until the analysis and conclusion. That is

all to make an organized technique of analysis, the reseacher arranges the steps of

general logic and the theoretic perspectives for the research.

1. The Objectives of Research

With answering the research questions, it will know several information

from the analysis:

1. To know Iran representation through indirect speech in the article of

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2. To know the role of intertextuality that represents Iran through

indirect speech of the CNN article Kerry: U.S. isn‟t „blind‟ or „stupid‟ on Iran 10 November 2013 edition.

2. The Method of Research

The research is included into the qualitative research. The researcher

collects the data by the other resources that is related to the research and analyze

and describe the data with qualitative method to answer the research question

above. The qualitative method uses content analysis to arrange concept in

analyzing data. The content of the text within the text in the news and the use of

the text in a social context.

3. The Technique of Data Analysis

In the research, the reseacher uses the descriptive analysis technique in the

relationship between context and construction.7 The Technique of Data Analysis

while doing analysis is as follows:

1. Choosing Indirect speech on this article

2. Identifying vocabulary research finding

3. Analysing the grammatical of sentences of the news

4. Analysing the sentences arrange in clause combination

5. Identifying the participant representation in the inter-clause combination

6. Reading related sources to know the points of each sentence and note the words which are inferred relating to text and another text.

7_{Endraswara, Suwardi.}

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7. Grouping the results of each indicator, such as the result of analysis.

8. After grouping the results, the perspective news in CNN will also be found.

4. The Instrument of the Research

The instrument of the research is the researcher herself. She reads,

identifies, underlines, italics, classifies, analyzes, and compares the data of the

article in CNN Kerry: U.S. isn‟t „blind‟ or „stupid‟ on Iran 10 November 2013 edition between the internal text and the external text from the other media before

drawing the conclusion. In addition, books, journal, and other related sources

(linguistics, language and power, mass media, critical discourse analysis) also

play the role as the instrument to strengthen data and the reseacher’s opinion as

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL DESCIRPTION

A. Previous Research

The analysis is not the first time. First of all, there are researches on Critical

Discourse Analysis which focus on discourse in mass media.

Alfi Syahriyani in 2011, uses Teun Van Dijk theory of her analysis on

Indonesian national media online, KOMPAS, with title, “Rhetoric of the Relationship between United States and Indonesia in Obama's Speech at UI: A

Critical Discourse Analysis Approach”. Kompas.com on 11 September 2010

noted the Obama's speech at UI is a great one, whose influence is equivalent to his

speech delivered in Cairo, Egypt. This study analyzes the rhetorical strategy of

Obama's speech transcription released by the White House, using Critical

Discourse Analysis (CDA) as the main theory, and Gramsci's hegemony as the

supporting theory.

Another research with using mass media in Indonesia is Mohammad Rinaldi

in 2011 with title, “The US Liberal-Democracy Ideology Hegemony And The Global War On Terror Discourse In Mass Media (A Critical Discourse Analysis On The Killing Of Usamah Bin Ladin By US Troops Coverage in Kompas

Daily)”. This research observed mass media as a contested terrain. In such

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as representing the dominant power. This research was analyzed how US

liberal-democracy ideology hegemony was taken part into the war on terror discourse

propagation throughout Indonesian national mass media.

Then, Devfanny Aprilia Artha in 2012 examined the discourse in the media

liputan6 about, “Representation of FPI at Online Media: Critical Discourse Analysis of News Portal www.liputan6.com”. This study critics the role of the media in shaping public thinking about a real it after the New Order era and the

era of liberalization of the press took place.

In short, the analysis in the research is same as three researches above, that

analyze how the text represents the perspective in mass media, by the CDA

theory. However, the researcher includes Intertextuality in the analysis to see the

relation of the internal text and external text. All of the analysis, the researcher

uses Norman Fairclough CDA theories, and International mass media online,

CNN (Cable News Network) published on 10 November 2013.

B. Concept

1. Discourse and Discourse Analysis

The word 'discourse' is usually defined as 'language beyond the sentence'

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text and conversation8 or discourse is a unity of meaning (semantics) turf in the

wake of a unified language for each part in the discourse that relate coherent.9

Then, discourse analysis is a systematically text which contains an ideology.

In some perspectives, ideology and manner which are legitimized and achieve

dominance a central issue in textual analysis.10

2. Critical Discourse Analysis

Toward the end of cold war critical scholar begin to emerge in Eastern

Europe, and in socially turbulent environment that followed the collapse of the

Soviet Union many scholars are comforting the new emergent discourses of

capitalism and its attendant social and political problems.11

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is crucially interested in the social

conditions of discourse, and specifically in questions of power and power abuse,

but has also failed to develop more explicit theories of context as a foundation for

its own critical enterprise. Obviously, power is not shown just in some of the

aspects of “powerful speech,” and we need insight into the whole, complex

context in order to know how power is related to text and talk, and more generally

how discourse reproduces social structure.12 With such dissident research, critical

8

Yule, George. The study of language; third edition. (London: cambridge university press 2006). P. 124

9

Kushartanti. Pesona Bahasa, (Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama 2005). P. 93 10

Fairclough, Norman. Critical discourse analysis: the critical study of language (Longman Publisher: 1995). P. 73

11

Wodak, Ruth and Paul Chilton. A New Agenda In Critical Discourse Analysis (John Benjamins Publishing Company: 2005). Preface

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discourse analysis, takes explicit position, and thus want to understand, expose,

and ultimately resist social inequality. The aim of Critical Discourse Analysis is

that the researcher analyzes the discourse at the level on the text, history, and the

context, all of it.13

3. Norman Fairclough’s CDA Theory

Norman Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis is not just a reflective

studies of those issues canvassed above. CDA is consolidated here as a

'three-dimensional' framework where the aim is to map three separate forms of analysis

onto one another: analysis of (spoken or written) language texts, analysis of

discourse practice (processes of text production, distribution and consumption)

and analysis of discursive events as instances of socio-cultural practice.14

Fairclough describes Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) that is to

systematically explore often opaque relationships of causality and determination

between (a) discursive practice, events and texts, and (b) wider social and cultural

structures, relations and processes to investigate how much practices, events, and

texts arise out of and are ideologically shaped by relation of power and struggles

over power.15

He shows how media illustrate the mediating and constructing roles with a

variety of example. By the explanations above, those are three dimensions of

13

Van Dijk, Teun A. Ibid. 14

Fairclough, Norman. Op Cit.

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Fairclough’s CDA theory, to proof how the media contains a power into the news.

The dimensions are as follows:

A. Text

Text transforms in systematic ways across these boundaries, and even media

orders of discourse the text production process may involve complex chains of

discursive practices and transformations.16 The text consists of any

structures/level that supported each other. Although it consists of different

element, but the element is a unity, relate and support each other.17

According to Fairclough, Texts are social spaces in which two fundamental

social processes simultaneously occur: cognition and representation of the world,

and social interaction.18He sees the text on the level. Text, not only show how an

object is described, but also how the relation of object is defined. There are three

[image:23.595.111.516.239.661.2]

elements of text by Fairclough is as follows:

Table.2.1.Text Analysis of Norman Fairclough’s CDA Theory

The Elements To See

Representation How the event, people, public, situation or anything are shown and described in the text.

Relation

How the relation between journalist, public, and news participants are shown and described in the

text.

Identity

How journalist’s, public’s and news participant’s identity are shown and described in

the text.

16

Fairclough, Norman. Op Cit. P. 13 17_{Van Dijk, Teun A. Op Cit.}

18

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In addition, the writer limits the analysis by using Representation only to

proof the ideology of journalist which is arranged in the texts arrangement.

1. Representation

Representation in Fairclough’s concept is seen by two things; how people,

group, and ideas are shown in clause and the combination of clause.19

Representation shows the tragedy, people, situation, and condition in the

text. In social media, the text represents the journalist’s ideology in the news, with

some processes since the journalist sought, wrote, and chose and placement news

which is done by the reduction staff, automatically, reformation of the reality

through media discursive practice on the news will be distributed.

1.1. Representation in clause

The analysis focuses on how the journalist choose the vocabulary and

grammatical to make the unity of paragraph. According to Fairclough, if those are

shown, the language user will be faced in two choices. First, vocabulary level and

second is grammatical level.

a. Vocabulary Level

Vocabulary level is very important, because it relates on how the reality is

acted in language and showed certain derivative reality. This level is used to show

and describe something, how the vocabulary relates on how somebody, group,

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events and activity are shown in text. In the case is not only how the vocabulary

selection which is chosen cause different reality, but also how the same reality is

expressed differently.20

The level of analysis uses metaphor. The metaphor analysis shows the

reality describes by negative or positive things. Ex21, Soldier can be shown in the text with metaphor The Misery of Citizenry or The Citizenry Children. The metaphor The Citizenry Children has good dedication as a citizenry side. Difference with The Misery of Citizenry, it is defined as a negative side. To proof the metaphor meaning, the writer uses Cambrigde advanced learner’s dictionary;

third edition.

b. Grammatical Level

The most important contribution of discourse analysis to linguistics is the

observation that spoken discourse, mainly conversation, can be subject to

structural analysis.22

Fairclough’s analysis focuses on whether the grammatical shows in process

or participant shaped. The kind of process shaped is like a process of action,

tragedy, condition, or mental process.

Grammatical analysis, the writer uses Systemic Functional Linguistics

(SFL) from Michael Halliday in Geoffrey Finch’s book. SFL is profoundly

20

Eriyanto. Op Cit. P. 290 21

Ibid

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concerned with the relationship between language and other elements and aspects

of social life, and its approach to the linguistics analysis of texts is always

oriented to the social character of text.23 The analysis is used to see representation

of the text. The most basic involve using terms such as subject, predicator, object,

complement, adjunct/adverbial, sometimes reffered SPOCA, for short.24

In developing a functional grammar, is divided into four functions,

Ideational Function, The Textual Function, Interpersonal Function, and The Poetic

Function. In addition, the writer only uses Ideational Function only for the

analysis.

1. Ideational Function

The ideational function is concerned with the way which we represent our

experiantial world in language, in other words, with how we use language to make

the world intelligible to ourselves and others. The first way in which we can think

about the clause, or simple sentence, then, is as representation of experience.

In the Ideational Function, there are six processes; Material Process, Mental

Process, Relational process, Behavioral Process, Verbal Process, and Existential

Process. In the indirect speech on CNN “Kerry: U.S. isn‟t „blind‟ or „stupid‟ on Iran” 10 November 2013 edition, the writer only finds five processes, Material Process, Mental Process, Relational process, Behavioral Process, and Verbal

23_{Fairclough, Norman. Analysing Discourse – Textual Analysis For Social Research} (Routledge: 2003). P. 6

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Process. The explanation uses the example of Halliday’s theory which is taken by

Geoffrey book.25

a. Material Process

The material process is characteristically „doing’ verbs. The structure shapes

a material process that is signed with an actor which is acting toward the other

participant (target). The example is as follows;

The boy kicked the post

Actor Material Process Target

b. Mental Process

In the mental process, predicator is characteristic of a range of processes to

do with feeling and thinking. They are not material – no concrete action is

performed. Verb such as hate, love, know, think, understand, fall into the group, example;

The man liked the new house

Sensor Phenomenon

c. Relational Process

The relational in that its main purpose is to relate the two participants

together. With relational verbs, like be, become, appear, there are a greater

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number of possible participant roles because of a boarder range of possible

relationships, example;

The child is Homeless

The person who is in that condition

Relational verbs Attribute

d. Behavioral Process

The predicator in behavioral process falls into a category of verbs such as

cough, yawn, smile, which Halliday classes as behavioral. The behavioral process has some similarity to material verbs in that it describes physical actions of some

kind but it is different in that the action is not performed on anything, example;

The girl laughed

The behaver Behavioral verbs

e. Verbal Process

The process of the verbal process includes verbs such as say, report, claim,

question, and explain. The structure shapes a verbal process that is signed with speakers (the sayer), there is verb which signs verb action (statement), and there is

result of verbal process like word, phrase, or clause. The example is as follows;

The visitor said „hello’

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1.2. Representation in clause combination

In the analysis, speakers and writers have to do more than connect clauses

within sentences. They must also connect sentences across whole texts. The

grammatical devices is used to create such connections that are called cohesion

devices. They signal to the hearer of the connections between the sentences of the

text are part of making a text sound like it hangs together.26

The first section deals with the connections evident in the discourse, with

cohesion. Michael Halliday and Ruquaiya Hassan (1976) are the first to analyze

[image:29.595.114.514.357.705.2]

this kind of discourse connection. They are divided five types of cohesion.27

Table.2.2.Cohesion Theory by Halliday & Hassan

The types of Cohesion The example

Substitution

(replacement word) These biscuits are state. Get some fresh ones. Ellipsis (omission word) These biscuits are state. Get some fresh.

Reference:

Pronoun I see John is here. Hehasn’t changed a bit

Determiner

A man crossed the street. Nobody saw what happened. Suddenly, the man was lying there

and calling for help

Conjunction:

Addition He no longer goes to school and is planning to look for a job.

Temporality After the car had been repaired, we were able to continue our journey.

Causality He is not going to school today because he is sick

Lexical Cohesion: Reiteration

Repetition A conference will be held on national

environmental policy. At this conference the

26

Paul Gee, James. An Introduction to Discourse Analysistheory and method: second edition (routledge:2005) . P. 191-192

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issue of salination will play an important role.

Synonymy

A conference will be held on national

environmental policy. This environmental symposium will be primarily a conference

dealing with water.

Hyponymy We were in town today shopping for furniture. We saw a lovely table

Meronymy

At its six-month checkup, the brakes had to be repaired. In general, however, the car was in

good condition.

Antonymy The oldmovies just don’t do it any more. The

new ones are more appealing. Collocation The hedgehog scurried across the road. Its

speed surprised me.

In indirect speech on the article of CNN “Kerry: U.S. isn‟t „blind‟ or

„stupid‟ on Iran” 10 November 2013 edition, the writer only finds the reference,

conjunction, and lexical cohesion as cohesion devices on the representation in

clause combination analysis.

1.3. Representation in the inter-clause combination

The analysis focuses on how the sentences arrange and how the participant

representation which is shown by the journalist in the representation inter-clause

combination. This representation relates to which part in the sentence which more

prominent and compared with another part. One of the important aspects is

whether participant is considered stand alone or is shown by giving reaction in a

text. The important is how a statement is shown by the text. For example28, in this

way, the sentence shows a pro and con by journalist redaction, as follows:

28

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[image:31.595.111.514.113.578.2]

Table.2.3.The Example of Representation in the inter-clause combination

Pros

The head of MPR, Amien Rais, said for his disagreement

with Gus Dur’s suggested to remove Tap MPRS/XXV/1966. According to Amien Rais, if the Tap MPRS/XXV/1966 was removed, the probability, communist will comeback. While, there are demonstrations from Islamic Younger which is refused

this removing Tap MPRS, in Solo, and also in Jakarta too.

Cons

The head of MPR, Amien Rais, said for his disagreement

with Gus Dur’s suggested to remove Tap MPRS/XXV/1966. But, some observers support Gus Dur’s suggested. Politic

observer, Arbi Sanit, certain that the society was aged. The same thing is proposed by Hendardi, who says the communism has

died in another part of the world. Hendardi also said that the society had to be educated for respecting law and democration.

As we see, in two sentences which contains about the debate of Tap

MPRS/XXV/1966 between Amien Rais and Gusdur is built by two different

journalists. In the first sentence, one journalist shows Amien Rais as legitimate

whose opinion as though is advocated by many people. It shows the journalist is

pro with Amien Rais. In other hands, the other journalist in the second sentence

uses some observers who support Gus Dur’s suggested. It shows the journalist in

the second sentence is pros with Gus Dur and cons with Amien Rais.

B. Intertextuality

Intertextuality concept relates to ways in which texts are refered to other

texts by virtue of stories (or discourse) embedded in them. Moreover, texts can

refer forward or backward.29 Intertextuality is the presence of actual elements of

29

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other texts within a text - quotation.30 Fairclough’s theory is developed the

Intertextuality ideas by Julia Kristeva and Michael Bakhtin.

As follow Fairclough theory, there is a set of other texts and a set of voices

which is are potentially relevant, and pottentially incorporated into the text. Where

other texts are intertextuality incorporated in a text, they may or may not be

attributed. For instance, Example, an extract from Tony Blair’s speech following

the attack on the World Trade Center in September 2001, includes quite a lot of

non-attributed intertextuality, and this is true of the speech as a whole. One

example is31:

In the world of the Internet, information technology and TV, there will

be globalization. And in trade, the problem is not that there’s too much of it; on the contrary there’s too little of it. The issue is not how to stop globalization. The issue is how we use the power of the community to combine it with justice.

There is a repeated pattern here of denial followed by assertion – negative

clause followed by positive clause. Denials imply the assertion „elsewhere’ of

what is being denied – in this case, that someone has asserted that there is too

much globalization in trade, and that the issue is how to stop globalization. In the

context which this extract comes, Blair has been reffering to people who „protest

againts globalization’. What he is implying is that these people do assert or have

asserted these things, but he is not actually attributing the assertions to them. In

fact, many who „protest againts globalization’ are not claiming that there is „too

30

Fairclough, Norman. Analysing Discourse – Textual Analysis Fo Social Research. Op Cit. P. 40

31

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much’ of it in trade or that it should be „stopped’, but rather that there is a need to

redress imbalance of power in the way in which international trade in increasing.32

The analysis is a simulated dialogue in which Blair does not so much

represent a critical voice as dramatically enact a dialouge with such a voice, which

appears as a series of injunctions. Yet he does attribute the words of his

imaginary, interlocutir, though vaguely, to „some’.33

One important contrast in

reporting is between reports which are relatively „faithful’ to what is reported,

quoting it, claiming to reproduce what was actually said or written, and those

which are not. This is the difference between „direct’ and „indirect’ reporting:34

Direct reporting : Quotation, purportedly the actual words used, in

quotation marks, with a reporting clause (She said: „He’ll be there by now’)

Indirect reporting : Summary, the content of what was said or written, not the actual words used, no quotation marks, with a reporting clause (She said he’d be there by then). Shifts in the tense becomes „he’d’

and deixis („now’ becomes „then’) ofdirect reports.

Free Indirect Speech : Intermadiate between direct and indirect – it has some of the tense and deixis shifts typical of indirect speech, but without a reporting clause. It is mainly significant in literary language (Mary gazed out of the window. He would be there by now. She smiled to herself)

Narrative report of speech act : Reports the sort of speech act without reporting its content (She made a prediction)

The former claims to reproduce the actual words used, the latter does not; a

summary may reword what is actually said or written. The reported speech,

32

Ibid. P. 42 33_{Ibid. P. 42} 34

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writing or thought attributes what is excerpted or summarized to the person who

said or wrote or thought it. But elements of other texts may also be incorporated

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. DATA DESCRIPTION

In data description, the writer tabulates and analyzes the data selection of

CNN on the table, which is analyzed the indirect speech only. The data use

Norman Fairclough’s CDA (Critical Discourse Analysis) theory. The table is as

[image:35.595.114.514.281.748.2]

follows:

Table.3.1. the Data Selection

No Data

Description

Representation Intertextuality

1. Kerry: U.S. _„_stupid‟ isn‟t„blind‟ or on Iran (Title)

1.Representation in clause: vocabulary choosing (metaphor) & grammatical structure (relational) 2.Representation inter-clause combination: contra with U.S.

The relevant text to John Kerry’s statement in other texts.

2.

CNN--The United States andits allies aren't "blind" or "stupid" when it comes to negotiations with Iran, Washington's top diplomat said Sunday after

nuclear talks with the Islamic republic broke up without an agreement (1st Sentence)

1.Representation in clause: vocabulary choosing (metaphor) & grammatical structure (verbal) 2.Representation in clause combination: Conjunction (Addition) &

Reference (Pronoun & Determiner)

3.Representation inter-clause combination:

The relevant text to “its

allies”,

“nuclear

talks” and

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Contra with Iran

3.

But Israel's prime minister

cheeredthe failure of the talks,

saying the agreement reportedly on the table would have been a "jackpot" for Iran. Iran's president, meanwhile, tried to reassure his parliament that he won't trade away Tehran's ability to produce nuclear fuel in any agreement to lift international sanctions. (4thsentences)

1.Representation in clause: vocabulary choosing (metaphor) & grammatical structure (verbal & behavioral) 2.Representation in clause combination: Reference (Determiner) 3.Representation inter-clause combination: contra with Iran

The relevant text to

“jackpot” in other texts.

4.

It insists it wants to build civilian power plants, but Western powers and Israel accuse it of harboring ambitions for a nuclear weapon. U.N. inspectors reported in 2011 that they could no longer verify the

Iranian program was strictly peaceful. (9th Sentences)

1.Representation in clause: grammatical structure (verbal) 2.Representation in clause combination: Reference (Determiner) 3.Representation inter-clause combination: contra with Iran

“Iranian program was strictly

peaceful” in other texts.

5.

Iran's refusal to stop enriching uranium has led to sanctions that have crippled its economy, slashing its crude oil exports and triggering widespread inflation at home. But President Hassan Rouhani, whose overtures to the West since taking office in August raised hopes of a deal,

said Sunday that Tehran has its own "red lines" that his

government won't cross. (10th sentences) 1.Representation in clause: vocabulary choosing (metaphor) & grammatical structure (verbal) 2.Representation inter-clause combination: contra with Iran

The relevant text to Hassan Rouhani’s statement about red lines in Tehran, in other texts.

6. But nonproliferation expert Joseph Cirincione toldCNN’s

1.Representation in clause: grammatical

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“Fareed Zakaria GPS” that the

outlines of a deal appear clear, and he expected one would be

clinched “very soon” (12th sentences)

structure (verbal, relational, & mental)

2.Representation in clause combination: Reference (Determiner) 3.Representation inter-clause combination: contra with Iran

outlines of a deal, in other texts.

7.

Two senior U.S. administration officials said that in the proposal on the table, Iran would agree to stop enriching uranium to a concentration of 20% -- well above the level needed to fuel a nuclear power plant, though still far below what's needed to produce a nuclear weapon. Tehran would render most of its existing stockpile of 20% enriched uranium unusable under the proposal. (14th sentences)

1.Representation in clause: grammatical structure (verbal and mental) 2.Representation in clause combination: Reference (Determiner) 3.Representation inter-clause combination: contra with Iran

The relevant text to “the proposal on the table”, in other texts.

8.

In addition, it would agree not to use its advanced IR-2

centrifuges, which can operate five times faster than older models used in its enrichment

plants. And it wouldn’t activate

a heavy-water reactor at Arak, which can be used to produce plutonium. That’s demand that France in particular insisted upon, French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius said. (15th sentence) 1.Representation in clause: grammatical structure (verbal) 2.Representation inter-clause combination: contra with Iran

The relevant text to Laurent Fabius’s statement in the other texts.

9.

The officials said that in return,

the P5+1 powers of the United States, Britain, France, Russia, China and Germany would unfreeze some Iranian assets

1.Representation in clause: grammatical structure (verbal)

2.Representation in

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held in banks overseas and consider easing sanctions banning trade in gold, precious metals and petrochemicals. Other sweeteners were also under consideration, they said. (16th sentences) clause combination: Reference (Determiner) & Lexical Cohesion (Hyponymy) 3.Representation inter-clause combination: contra with Iran

10.

[image:38.595.114.512.111.765.2]

One of the officials said the deal was designed to delay the point at which Iran could develop a nuclear weapon while providing temporary, reversible sanctions relief. But Fabius told radio station France Inter on Saturday that while Paris wanted a deal, it wouldn't agree to a "fool's game" -- and that the proposal on the table at that time was

unsatisfactory. (17th sentences)

1.Representation in clause: vocabulary choosing (metaphor) & grammatical structure (verbal) 2.Representation inter-clause combination: contra with Iran

The relevant text to Laurent Fabius’s statement in the other texts.

11.

And Israeli Prime Minister Benyamin Netanyahu, who had criticized the negotiatons last week, toldCBS’s “Face the Nation” that Iran should have to

dismantle its existing centrifuges and the Arak reactor as part of any agreement. (19th sentence)

2.Representation inter-clause combination: contra with Iran

“centrifuges”

and“Arak reactors” in the other texts.

12.

Kerry told NBC that critics are underestimating the negotiators. (22nd sentences)

2.Representation inter-clause combination: pro with U.S.

The relevant text to John Kerry’s statement in the other texts

13.

The State Department

dispatched a top Kerry deputy, Undersecretary of State for Political Affairs Wendy

Sherman, to Jerusalem to discuss the Geneva talks with Israeli

2.Representation inter-clause combination: pro with U.S. and

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officials, a senior State Department official told

reporters on condition of anonymity. (25th sentences)

Israel Geneva talks,

in the other texts.

B. DATA ANALYSIS

In the analysis is useful to answer the research questions of Iran

representation by indirect speech of the CNN’s journalist and the role of

intertextuality represents Iran in the nuclear negotiation between Iran and the UN

Security Council members plus Germany (P5 +1) in Geneva, Switzerland. The

writer analyzes CNN Kerry: U.S. isn‟t „blind‟ or „stupid‟ on Iran35 on 10 November 2013’s edition which is reported by Matt Smith and helped by CNN's

Marilia Brocchetto, Karl Penhaul, Elise Labott and Greg Botelho. The news

consists of headlines or titles and sentences. The analysis of CNN is divided into

two parts: Representation analysis and Intertextuality. Analysis on representation

covers analysis in clause, clause combination and inter-clause combination. Then,

analysis on intertextuality covers the relevance between internal and external

texts. The analysis is as follows:

1. Datum 1 (the title)

a. Representation Analysis

Kerry: U.S. isn‟t„blind‟or „stupid‟ on Iran (Title)

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Actually, The title is direct speech, which is quoted by John Kerry’s

statement as a Secretary of the United States. Although, the title is not indirect

speech, but the writer still analyzes it, because headline or title is a strategic place

that readers see firstly. The journalist exploits the title to represent Iran in the

[image:40.595.114.514.217.579.2]

negative perspectives.

Table.3.2. The representation analysis of Datum 1

Sentence Representation in clause : 1. Metaphor

Kerry: U.S.

isn’t „blind’ or „stupid’ on

Iran (Title)

1. „blind‟ 2. „stupid‟

Representation in clause : 2. Relational process

Carrier Verb Attribute

U.S.

isn’t „blind’

or „stupid’ on Iran

Representation inter-clause combination

Pros with U.S. Cons with Iran

There are two vocabularies, „blind‟and „stupid‟, which are quoted by single

quotation marks in the title. According to Cambridge Advanced Dictionary, single

quotation marks mean for inverted commas, and use in spoken English after a

word or phrase to show that it has not been used accurately or that the opposite

meaning is intended.36 The vocabularies, the journalist wants to make an

expression in his citation-form. The word „blind‟ is blind/blaӀ nd/adjective SIGHT

unable to see, or NOT CONCIOUS, describes an extreme feeling that happens

without thought or reason.37 Then, the word „stupid‟ is

stupid/ˈ stjuː .pӀ d//ˈ stuː -/adjective, it means silly or unwise; showing poor

36_Ca _{rigde adva ed lear er’s di tio ary; third editio} 37

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judgment or little intelligence and INFORMAL annoying, or causing a problem.38 In the title, „blind‟ is not unable to see, or relates to eyes. It is about not conscious or unconscious. Moreover, the word „stupid‟ is in real meaning, silly. So, the journalist shows by John Kerry’s statement, that U.S. isn’t unconcious and silly on Iran. It would influence the reader, because, it is quoted by John Kerry’s

statement, whose an authority of the Secretary of State.

Then, in grammatical level, the title uses relational process. Iran relates to

U.S. In relational process, the U.S. as Carrier or the person who is in a condition,

isn‟t „blind‟ or „stupid‟ (verb), and “on Iran” as attribute or the condition being

attributed.39 The relational verb in that clause contains negative word. It is proven

by the word „not‟ in „is not/isn‟t‟ as verbal in this process, and it points to the

words “blind or stupid”. In other words, this statement is a critic by John Kerry.

As Secretary of U.S., he disagrees that U.S. is in that condition, blind or stupid, on

Iran.

The journalist presents that US has problem with Iran by Kerry’s statement.

It is shown by the selection of vocabularies (blind & stupid), and the grammatical

structure which contains in negative clause (not). The analysis proves that the

journalist is pros with U.S. and cons with Iran by positioning John Kerry’s

statement in the title as the strategic place, who criticizes Iran. Although, the

journalist shows the objectivity towards John Kerry’s direct speech in the title, but

38_Ibid

39

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the content of the title is represented the negative perspective on Iran, because the

journalist uses the statement from the U.S. side as the title of the article.

b. Intertextuality Analysis

In addition, the title is relevant to a video of NBC 10 November 2013

edition “Kerry exclusive: Iran nuclear talks breakdown”.40 The video talks about Iran nuclear agreement in Geneva. The talkshow which is hosted by David

Gregory, asks the Secretary of United States, John Kerry, for Iran nuclear talks.

David: “as American’s chief diplomat, are you being skeptical enough about a man who has been called a wolf in sheep’s clothing, who

wrote a book in which he talked about how they can continue work on their nuclear program while they gain confidence of the west? are you

being skeptical enough?”

Kerry: “David, Some of the most serious and capable, expert people in our government, who have spent a lifetime dealing both with Iran as well as with nuclear weapon and nuclear armament and proliferation, are engaged in our negotiation. We are not blind, and I don't think we're stupid. I think we have a pretty strong sense of how to measure whether or not we are acting in the interests of our country and of the globe, and particularly of our allies like Israel and Gulf states and others in the region. We are absolutely determined that this would be a

good deal, or there'll be no deal. Now, that’s why it’s hard. that’s why we didn’t close the deal here in the last couple of days. Because, we

are together, unified, pushing for things that we believe provide the guarantees that Israel and the rest of the worlddemand here. But one

thing in clear, is that, you know, we’re not goung into a full deal and giving away something. We’re talking about stopping their program

where it is with enough guarantees to know that it is, in fact, stopped wher it is while we then negotiate the full measure of the deal with our allies, with our friends, with all of the interested parties, advising at

the table, conulting, and their interests well presented.”

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In the case, Kerry’s statements, “We are not blind, and I don‟t think we are stupid”, relates to the title above, and the clause, “expert people in our government, who have spent a lifetime dealing with Iran as well as with nuclear weapon and nuclear armament and proliferation, are engaged in our

negotiation”, explains that U.S. is not stupid, because U.S. delegates the expert

people who have spent a lifetime dealing both with Iran as well as with nuclear

weapon and nuclear armament and proliferation. It proves that the journalist uses

the negative perspective on Iran.

The journalist also takes several quotations from the conversations in NBC,

the sentences is as follows:

“We are absolutely determined that this would be a good deal, or there'll be no deal.”

“Some of the most serious and capable, expert people in our government, who have spent a lifetime dealing both with Iran as well as with nuclear weapon and nuclear armament and proliferation, are engaged in our negotiation. We are not blind, and I don't think we're stupid.”

“I think we have a pretty strong sense of how to measure whether or not we are acting in the interests of our country and of the globe, and particularly of our allies like Israel and Gulf states and others in the region.”

The sentences become in the 2nd, 23rd and 24th sentences on CNN, in this

edition. In conclusion, the journalist takes a lot of the conversations from external

text to make a reference on the CNN, in this edition and shapes Iran in the

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2. Datum 2 (The first sentence) a. Representation Analysis

(CNN) -- The United States and its allies aren't "blind" or "stupid" when it comes to negotiations with Iran, Washington's top diplomat

said Sunday after nuclear talks with the Islamic republic broke up without an agreement. (The 1st Sentence)

The first sentence relates to the title that describes U.S. is not blind and

stupid on Iran. In the sentence, the journalist shows with his negative perspective

of Iran by the Washington top diplomat’s statement that describes the title. The

[image:44.595.115.513.309.649.2]

Washington's top diplomat is John Kerry as the Secretary of States.

Sentence

Representation in clause: Verbal process

The sayer Verbal The verbiage

(CNN) -- The United States and its allies aren't "blind" or "stupid" when it comes to negotiations with Iran, Washington's top diplomat said Sunday after nuclear talks with the Islamic republic broke up without an agreement.

Washington's top

diplomat Said

The United States and its allies aren't "blind" or "stupid" when it

comes to negotiations with

Iran

Representation in clause combination: Cohesion devices

Pronoun Conjunction Determiner

Its allies And The Islamic

Republic

Representation inter-clause combination

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Although, the verbal process is one special feature of verbs, in the category

is that the participants can be swapped round without any change in meaning.41

However, in indirect speech, the journalist could show people’s speech by adding

his perception.42 The journalist shows Kerry as the Washington’s top diplomat or

Secretary of States, which has a high power in U.S. as the sayer and the speech

“The United States and its allies aren't "blind" or "stupid" when it comes to negotiations with Iran”, is as the verbiage that is shown by Kerry’s statement. In

the verbal process, there may also be a person to whom the words are said,

Halliday terms this participant as a target.43 In the speech, the target is Iran which shown by the journalist from the statement that is produced after nuclear talks

with the Islamic Republic or Iran. As readers, who are almost American people,

they should attract with this topic in the title and the 1st sentence that presents by

CNN’s journalist.

Based on the table above, the journalist also adds new information. The

journalist puts U.S. only as the subject, but in the first sentence the journalist adds

other side, „its allies‟, that is connected by the conjunction, „and‟. „Its allies‟ are

pronoun which points to U.S. allies who are in U.S. side. „The‟, is determiner which points to Islamic Republic. In addition, „the‟ is the definite article which means that it is used when the writer expects that the reader knows which

particular thing or person the writer refers to.44 In other words, by the article or

41_{Finch, Geoffrey. Op Cit. P. 117} 42

Eriyanto. Op Cit. P. 306 43

Finch, Geoffrey. Op Cit. P. 117

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determiner „the‟, the journalist makes the same perception that Islamic Republic is Iran.

The analysis proves that the journalist is contra with Iran in the title and it

describes in the first sentence by positioning Washington top diplomat’s statement

who criticizes Iran. Consequently, the first sentence contains negative perspective

as like as the title that it can influence the reader. Moreover, in the sentence, the

journalist adds the new information that U.S. and its allies have problem with Iran

as the Islamic republic on the nuclear talks.

b. Intertextuality Analysis

According to Kerry’s indirect statement, the allies of United States are

quoted on NBC 10 November 2013 edition45, and explained on the 24th sentence

on CNN, in this edition.

I think we have a pretty strong sense of how to measure whether or not we are acting in the interests of our country and of the globe, and particularly of our allies like Israel and Gulf States and others in the region.

The journalist shows that U.S. allies are Israel and Gulf States and others in

the regions, which are as the part of United States. It is quoted by the NBC and

the 24th sentence on CNN, in this edition.

The analysis is not only about the allies, which become the U.S. supporter,

but the journalist also gives information that the Islamic Republic points to Iran.

45

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Iran declared as Islamic country since 1979. Ayatollah Khamenei is one of the

founders of the Islamic Republican Party, which dominated the Majlis (the

national legislature) after the 1979 revolution.46 Moreover, Iran as the Islamic

Republic has the problem of nuclear program.

In the case, the Iranian nuclear problem is talked in nuclear talks although it

fails. In CNN 29 January 2012 edition47, energy agency Director General Yukiya

Amano reports about the problem with Iranian nuclear program. His statement is

as follows:

“In addition, we have information that Iran has engaged in activities

related to the development of nuclear weapons. Therefore, we need to

clarify”.

By the article above, we know that Iran is Islamic Republic which is

declared in 1979.48 Then, the journalist shows that Iran as the object of discussion

is the Islamic Republic, and Iran as the Islamic Republic is a threatening country,

which has a power to make nuclear reactors or nuclear weapon. In conclusion, the

journalist shows the first sentence with negative perspective on Iran as the Islamic

Republic which has nuclear power and breaks down the talks.

46_{http://www.iranchamber.com/history/islamic_revolution/islamic_revolution.php}_, downloaded on 22 August 2014 13:17 pm

47

http://edition.cnn.com/2012/01/29/world/meast/iran-nuclear-iaea/?c=&page=1. downloaded on 02 December 2014 13:08 pm

48

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3. Datum 3 (The 4th sentence)

a. Representation Analysis

But Israel's prime minister cheered the failure of the talks, saying the agreement reportedly on the table would have been a "jackpot" for Iran. Iran's president, meanwhile, tried to reassure his parliament that he won't trade away Tehran's ability to produce nuclear fuel in any agreement to lift international sanctions. (The 4th sentence)

In the previews analysis, U.S. allies shows Israel is as the one of its allies. In

the 4th sentence, the journalist presents Israel to give a statement. As like as

Kerry’s statement, the journalist also shows Iran in negative perspective from

[image:48.595.113.513.318.732.2]

Israel’s indirect speech. It sees in the analysis as follows.

Sentence Representation in clause: Metaphor

But Israel's prime minister cheered the failure of the talks, saying the agreement reportedly on the table would have been a "jackpot" for Iran.

1. “Cheered” 2. “jackpot”

Representation in clause: 1. Behavioral process

The behaver Behavioral verb

Israel's prime minister Cheered

Representation in clause: 2. Verbal process

The Sayer Verbal The verbiage

Israel's prime

minister Saying

the agreement reportedly on the table would have been a "jackpot" for

Iran

Representation in clause combination: Cohesion devices

Pronoun Conjunction Determiner

Its allies And The Islamic Republic

Representation inter-clause combination

(49)

In the clause, “But Israel's prime minister cheered the failure of the talks”,

the journalist shows Israel’s reaction about the nuclear negotiation. By the word

“cheered” („cheered‟cheer/tʃ Ӏ ər//tʃ Ӏ r/verb[I]), means to give a loud shout of

approval or encouragement.49 In the case, “cheered” means give a loud shout of approval. As verb, “cheered” shows physical actions by Israel’s prime minister of “the failure of the talks”.

The word “cheered” as behavioral verb is the physical action, sometimes use to support a thing. The behavioral verb needs a subject as a participant, and

Halliday terms this participant the behaver.50 In the case, the Israel’s prime minister as the person who cheers or the behaver. Although, the process is intransitive or may not take an object, but the journalist shows the object, i.e., the failure of the talk. The behavioral process shows the journalist’s perspective,

because of the behavioral verb is the physical action should be proven by him

although it presents by indirect speech too.

The sentence also uses the verbal process. In the process, the journalist

shows that the Israel’s prime minister as the sayer, and the verbiage is “the

agreement reportedly on the table would have been a "jackpot", for Iran”. Both of the behavioral and verbal process, the journalist tries to show the objectivity on

his own perspective. It is proven by two clauses that contain the behavioral and

verbal verb in one sentence.

49_Ca _{rigde adva ed lear er’s di tio ary,}

Op Cit 50

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In the sentence, “jackpot” is marked as a stressing word, Jackpot/’dʒ æk.p t//-p :t/noun [C] the largest prize offered in a competition.51 It has metaphor meaning, that is real the largest prize or the largest harm. Metaphor

is not only about a beauty literature, because it could establish what does the

reality purposes as positive or negative.52 According to the sentence, the word

“jackpot” means a largest prize for Iran, because the Israel’s prime minister

enjoys with the failure result.

Moreover, “the failure of the talks” uses article or determiner “the”. The article “the” is definite article which means the reader knows the particular thing referring to, because is explained before by the journalist. In addition, “the failure of the talks” means nuclear talks with Iran that breaks without an agreement. The

Israel’s prime minister cheered “the failure of the talks”, because if the

negotiation got the deal, it would be “jackpot” for Iran. The analysis presents the journalist is pros with Israel and contra with Iran, by positioning Israel’s statement

who does not like the negotiation because it would be jackpot for Iran.

Consequently, by the representation analysis, the journalist represents his

negative perspective of the Israel’s prime minister that is quoted in indirect

speech. It shows that Israel disagrees with the negotiation because Iran would get

prizes from this negotiation on nuclear talks.