FACTORS AFFECTING THE SOCIAL INNOVATION
INTENTION OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS THROUGH
SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP PROGRAMS.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.12025.26729
This 211st era, society’s living standard are better than previously and the number of educated people are also increases. However there are still a group of society that need help such as issue related to care of elderly and this group of people face a difficulty and need help. Even though there are many effort had been carried out by the government and a few NGO that took part to help solving this issue, but there are still limited assistance from them to help these groups. Therefore, one way to solve this problem by introducing the social entrepreneurship practice in Malaysia especially a university students. Social entrepreneurship concept is still new in Malaysia, therefore this study aim to identify the level of awareness, identify the main factor that affecting the university students towards creating an innovative solution for social entrepreneurship, and to know the relationship between the factor and intention towards creating an innovative solution for social entrepreneurship, all of this are illustrated in the theoretical framework of theory of planned behavior (TPB). This research focused on the university student that already participated in social entrepreneurship program to measure the effectiveness of program that have been conducted. this research utilized the quantitative method (questionnaire), student of University Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) has been selected as a sample which is approximately 200 people by referring the Malhotra table. The result of data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).
Keywords: social entrepreneurship, theory of planned behavior (TPB), university student
1. Introduction
1.1 problem introduction
entrepreneurship. Social Entrepreneurship broadly understood as a practice that aims at social change has a long heritage (ignasi marti, 2006). According to Austin, Stevenson and Wei-Skillern, (2006,) the core definition of Social entrepreneurship is innovative, social value creating activity that can occur within or across the non-profit, business, and public sectors. In Malaysia, the concept of social enterprise is still a new phenomenon where public are still not clear about the whole concept of it. Our Prime Minister, Datuk Seri Najib Razak at the inaugural international conference for young leaders 2015 has stated that he want more youths to ventures into social entrepreneurship and help to bring about and lasting positive impact on society (the Malaysian Insider, 2015). As supporting the Prime Minister objectives, there are a few university provide an entrepreneurship program to give eye opening to students such as Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) since university in Malaysia also play an important role to encourage student to participate in social entrepreneurship. University is a potential place to develop a human capital to implement pattern changing idea to address the world’s most pressing challenges (Soosay et al., 2016). Hence, this study aim to identify the level of awareness of university student about social entrepreneurship, study the main factor that leads to creating intention of university students in developing an innovative works for social entrepreneurship and to examine the relationship between factors affected and intention to create an innovation in social entrepreneurship by applying a Theory Planned Behaviour (TPB) and this research will give implication to university, innovation and industry (Abu et al., 2015).
1.2 importance of the problem
Report 2014) with the economy today, it is hard to living with such income. Even though there are many effort had been carried out by the government and a few NGO that took part to help solving this issue, however there are still limited assistance from them to help these groups. Minister of Youth and Sports, Hon. Khairy Jamaluddin, said that the concept of social entrepreneurship is still new in Malaysia. Social entrepreneurship from his perspective is actually driven by a social mission. Wealth and profit are not the mission of social entrepreneurs, but it is actually prioritizing the achievements and impact of social mission. Social entrepreneurship practice enhance the youth to do a voluntary work, and it can help the people in need without rely on government and NGOs to do that. As what Minister of Youth and Sports, Hon. Khairy Jamaluddin said that, he want young people to think that social change is not just a voluntary work by NGOs alone but can be done by them through social entrepreneurship. (Beritaharian, 2015)
1.3 literature review
down-to-earth realism, someone who are creatives and highly ethical to their ideas of social change. Beside according to Drayton (2002, 2005) and Hammonds (2005) are, individual that having a new idea for solving a critical social problem, being creative, having an entrepreneurial personality, envisioning the broad social impact of the idea, possessing an unquestionable ethical fiber. Moving to Social entrepreneurship typology, SE is unique and differ from normal entrepreneurship typology as according to Dees (1998) what distinguishes the social entrepreneur from the traditional is their social mission. They are not focusing on wealth creation but on creating outcomes of social value. Austin et al (2008) mention that the realm of the social entrepreneur differs from traditional entrepreneurship in several ways, first point is that social enterprise it may choose a lower rate of profit in order to deliver social benefits to the wider community and second point is social entrepreneurship may lie in their deployment of resources. Social entrepreneurship often used voluntary labors, may or may not apply a pay rates but it may be more modest, and much of the workforce may be voluntary to donate their time for the social activity a social entrepreneurship may seek to exchange assets of a non-economic value as what most social entrepreneurship are aim about.
entrepreneurship to teach their students the way to think and behave entrepreneurially (Bygrave 2004). In this part of the effectiveness of program there are a few aspects that considered important to ensure the program is valuable which are; supportive environment, activity, program promotion, benefit, and extrinsic rewards. All of this play an important role to act as a system that need to be together to ensure the program will deliver effectively give a valuable knowledge and new perception to the participants. In terms intention, previous research stated that intentions are presumed to capture the motivational factors that influence a behavior; they are indications of how hard people are willing to try, of how much of an effort they are planning to exert, in order to perform the behavior. The general rule in TPB is that the stronger the intention to engage in a behavior the more likely should be its performance (Ajzen 1991) . In measuring the intention, previous research had stated that it is whether the individual willing to plan something related to that and willing to start that particular intention object. In terms of theory, the researcher study the theory of Planned Behavior( TPB). The theory of planned behavior (TPB) is an extension of the theory of reasoned action (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980; Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975). It is made necessary by the original model’s limitations in dealing with behaviors over which people have incomplete volitional control. The development of the TBP/TPA originated in the field of social psychology. The theory of planned behavior is a theory which predicts deliberate behavior, because behavior can be deliberative and planned. It is consist of 3 determinants that lead to behavioral intentions which is the intention to innovate in SE and behavior which are; attitude towards behavior; level of awareness ( behavioral beliefs and outcome evaluations ), subjective norm; peer pressure ( normative beliefs and motivation to comply) and, perceived behavior control; SE program (belief about ease/difficulty of behavior).
1.4 Hypotheses
2 . Research Method
This study utilized a descriptive study. Descriptive study is aim to gain an accurate profile of events, persons or situation. This research aim to seek insight into the actual phenomenon students’ awareness about social entrepreneurship and factor that affecting the intention of students towards creating innovative solution for social entrepreneurship. Apart from that this research used the quantitative approach. Saunders et.al (2012) has stated that quantitative approach is generally associated with positivism. This approach examines the relationship between variables which are measured numerically and analyzed using a range of statistical techniques which is using SPSS software (reliability test, multiple liner regression). This study also conducted a research design which is used a survey that utilize questionnaire (self-completed and web based ) to obtain data and used question like “what”, “who”, “where”, etc. a questionnaire was designed with 4 section namely; (i)Section A( demographic), (ii) Section B (level of awareness),(iii) Section C (effectiveness of social entrepreneurship program) and, (iv) Section D (intention to innovate in social entrepreneurship),and applied a likert-style rating( strongly disagree-strongly agree) for the respondent to answers. This study took place at Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) because this university has a center of entrepreneurship development which provide an entrepreneurship programs for students and had successfully implemented a social entrepreneurship program for students such as EYEI program. This research took approximately 9 month (2 semester) which is used a cross sectional study to conducted this study.
2.1 Sampling design
sampling, it is depending on researcher question(s) and objectives. patton (2002) added that it’s about what it needed to find out, what will be useful, what will have credibility and what can be done within the available resources. The researcher used Malhotra table to select the number of respondent which is referring to problem identification research which are approximately 200 students from 668 total of participants that already join the social entrepreneurship program.(refer appendices)
3. result of analysis
This research achieved its objectives and the result are analyzed using regression analysis, descriptive analysis, and reliability analysis to test the reliability of the questionnaire asked in survey. In the demographic profile of the respondent, it shows that females are the most respondents in this research (65%), the most respondents ages are between 21-23 years old, while most of the respondents are from FPTT faculty, and year 4. The reliability analysis for each section in the survey shows a good result which are 0.7 above of Cronbach alpha. Reliability statistic for dependent variables ( Intention to innovate in social entrepreneurship) is 0.890 which shows a very good reliability , while for the independent variables ;Level of awareness is 0.840 also shows a very good reliability , Peer pressure is 0.850 shows a very good reliability, Social entrepreneurship program; supportive environment is 0.840 recorded as a very good reliability , activities is 0.894, got a very good reliability, program promotion 0.837, a very good reliability, extrinsic rewards is 0.845 also shows a very good reliability ,but benefit of the program , shows only good reliability which is 0.787.
entrepreneurship, the researcher utilized the regression analysis. the main factors that affecting the intention is extrinsic rewards due the highest value of R( 0.757) from modal summary, and this variable also significantly predict the outcome ( refer table ANOVA). Apart from that the coefficient table also shows a highest b-value( 0.757) this shows that the main factor is extrinsic rewards. For objective 3, by utilized the Multiple Regression Analysis, the result shows that the relationship between all the variables is partially positive and it indicates that only some of the factors affecting the intention to innovate in SE. From the table modal summary, it shows that overall factors affected 62.2% to the dependent variables but refer to coefficient table, peer pressure and level of awareness p value are not significant which is 0.101, and 0.210 respectively. Thus it shows that overall of this factor still affecting 62.2% affecting the dependent variable and only some factor which is SE program affecting the dependent variables. From this result the hypothesis 1 and 2 are accepting the hypothesis null ,H10 and H2 0 peer pressure and awareness does not affect the intention to innovate in social entrepreneurship, and hypothesis 3 accepting the hypothesis 1, H31 ,SE program positively affect the intention to innovate in social entrepreneurship.
4.Discussion
creating innovative solution for SE is SE program (extrinsic reward). Extrinsic rewards and resource investment have been seen as necessary to motivate employee creativity, especially in formalized tasks (Amabile et al., 1986). It is proved that extrinsic rewards are the most factors that encourage and affecting student to have that intention. Students are more attractive to a tangible things like money. Rewards in terms of money in the program will affecting the participation of students because they are attracted by the rewards to participate. Last objectives aimed to identify the relationship between factor affected and their intentions to create an innovative solution for social entrepreneurship are achieved. Based on the finding, factor affected; level of awareness, peer pressure, and SE program are partially affecting the intention to create an innovative solution for social entrepreneurship. An experiences and a valuable extrinsic rewards that they got from SE program gives a biggest impact in their life to have that intention apart from being aware about SE evolution and their peer pressure. Being aware about the definition doesn’t help much in creating an intention inside they mind because they have their own understanding about SE definition based on experiences from SE program and there is still low level of awareness among them. Apart from that they also didn’t know really well about SE program in the university and Malaysia because of SE is still new and most of the students that didn’t participate in SE program didn’t know about this. In terms of peer pressure, as a university students most of them kind of started to think what they need to do instead of following their friends decision, and since SE is still new among them, then the awareness is still low to put a pressure to each other. It might be one of the reason that peer pressure doesn’t even affecting their intention. Thus SE program is necessary to enhance the level of awareness among university students.
creatively as their mind level had increased and thus will have them in their academic perspective
In term of innovation SE has a potential to increase the innovation rate through SE program or others government program (Abu et al., 2014). The SE program will create a goal based oriented environment and from that perspective, they who practice SE will have their innovation stimulated. Moreover, extrinsic rewards and resource investment have been seen as necessary to motivate employee creativity, especially in formalized tasks (Amabile et al., 1986). Thus, extrinsic rewards can stimulate the intention and motivation of students to take part in the competition to create an innovative solution for community. In term of practical, based on Ministry of Higher Education, in a Malaysia Higher Education Blueprint 2013-2025, government want to nurture a graduate with a critical thinking skill, entrepreneurial skill, holistic and balanced (characters and knowledge). The main point is that, government want Malaysian to have the character of a good citizenry which is someone that can contribute to the country and society via their ability to generate wealth for the country. For instance graduates become the entrepreneurship or a job creator. Apart from that, government also want a Malaysian that be able to enhance the social well-being of society at large through the knowledge acquired and transferred. This SE shape a student critical thinking to be more human being rather than a human capital because they are exposed to SE concept that inspired an individual to be more concerning about others and to have such a precious value in their mind to care for others . In the context of industry, a graduated that had been exposed to SE, derived them to be more easily in having a sense of giving back to the community such as contribute in a Social Corporate Responsibility (SCR) in an industry.
4.1 Limitation
respondents . This research only be able to capture 200 opinions of respondents which is only UTeM students that took part the survey. For the future, the researcher can find more respondents from other university to collecting a various type of idea such as UITM, UTHM and UKM. Third limitations is regarding the perception that come from students only. This research only study about the factor that might affecting the university students to have an intention in creating an innovative solution. In the future, the researcher may come up with others opinion from different position of individual such as lectures, the SE founder itself, and other expert in SE.
4.2 Recommendation For Future Research
There are a few recommendations for the research in the future. For the future researcher, they are advised to search for other critical factor that may affecting the intention of university student towards creating an innovative solution for SE. apart from that since this research only utilize quantitative method to collect data , future research can use observation and qualitative method (interview) in order to know more about others factors that affecting the intention of university student towards creating an innovative solution for SE. by asking face to face future researcher might know their true feeling about SE. Lastly, future researchers are suggested to focus on comparison with other state such as peninsular or Sabah/ Sarawak.
Acknowledgement
indirectly helping with this project. I hope that this report can serve as a reference to other students.
references
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