UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
CURVES AND SURFACE MODELING: A CASE OF TRUCK
WIND DEFLECTOR DESIGN
This report submitted in accordance with requirement of the Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for the Bachelor Degree of Manufacturing Engineering
(Manufacturing Design) (Hons.)
by
NOR ADILIA BINTI ABD LATIF B050910113
871108-10-5052
ｆａｃｕｌｔｙｏｆｾａｃｾｇｅｎｇｔｨｦｦｩｅｲｵｎｇ＠
2012
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA
TAJUK: Curves and Surface Modeling: A Case of Truck Wind Deflector Design
SESI PENGAJ IAN: 2011/12 Semester 2
Saya NOR ADILIA BINTI ABD LATIF
mengaku membenarkan Laporan PSM ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Laporan PSM adcUafl flak milik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dan penulis. 2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dibenarkan membuat salinan
untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja dengan izin penulis.
3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan PSM ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
4. **Sila tandakan (-/)
D
SULITD
TERHAD0'
TIDAK TERHADAlamat Tetap:
Lot 641 , Jalan Redan,
Kanchong Darat,
42700 Banting, Selangor.
Tarikh: ｾ＠ VqNE ＭｕｊＯｾ＠
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysiasebagaimana yang termaktub dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI1972)
(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
Cop Rasmi :
UJFUDIN HAFIZ B. VA.HYA
Pensyaralt
Fakulti Kejuruteraan ttembuabln
Uni'leraiti Te!(nikal Malaysia Mellka
Tarikh:
- Jika Laporan PSM ini SULIT atau TERHAD1 sila lampirkan surat daripad pihak berkuasa/organisasi
berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh laporan PSM ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.
DECLARATION
I hereby, declared this report entitled "Curves and Surface Modeling: A Case of Truck Wind Deflector Design" is the results of my own research except as cited in
references .
Signature Author's Name Date
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APPROVAL
This report is submitted to the Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering of UTeM as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Manufacturing Engineering (Manufacturing Design) (Hons.). The members of the supervisory committee are as follow:
SAJFUDIN HAFIZ Bl11 YAHYA
ｾｹ｡ｲ｡ｨ＠
Flkulti l<ejuruteraan l'embUitln
Univetsiti Teknikll Malaysia Melaka
(Co-MOHO NAJIB BIN Abf MOKHTAR l'ensya,.h
F.akult.i .Kejuruteraan Pembuatan Uneversite Teknikal Malaysta Melaka
ABSTRAK
Oleh kerana krisis tenaga, salah satu cabaran yang penting dalam industri automotif adalah untuk mengurangkan penggunaan bahan api kenderaan. Sebenarnya, penggunaan bahan api yang lebih telah diambil oleh seretan aerodinamik kerana kelajuan yang lebih tinggi daripada kenderaan itu. Kebanyakkanya, seretan aerodinamik terletak pada bentuk kenderaan. Oleh yang demikian, pembaikan aerodinamik pada bentuk kenderaan adalah lebih tepat untuk mengurangkan seretan aerodinamik, menjadi salah satu topik utama pada penyelidik automotif. Kajian ini
membentangkan penggunaan perisian SolidWorks dalam fasa awal reka bentuk dimana seseorang boleh melakukan reka bentuk dengan data Reka Bentuk Berbantukan Komputer diberikan (tanpa prototaip kenderaan trak). Pemesong angin trak adalah alat tambahan yang digunakan di atas bumbung trak untuk mengurangkan seretan aerodinamik. Berdasarkan syarat-syarat pada bidang yang pemesong angin trak adalah tertakluk kepada keperluan, reka bentuk telah dirangka. Salah satu keperluan adalah mereka bentuk semula profil pemesong angin trak. Oleh itu, teknik pemodelan aspek digunakan untuk memperbaiki reka bentuk pemesong angin trak yang sedia ada untuk mendapatkan profit yang licin pada reka bentuk yang telah dibuat. Tambahan pula, menggunakan perisian ANSYS FLUENT, analisis dua dimensi pemesong angin trak telah dicapai, dan mungkin pembetulan geometri akan dibuat yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan reka bentuk dari segi mengurangkan seretan aerodinamik dan meningkatkan aerodinamik. Di samping itu, proses pengesahan telah dilakukan untuk mengetahui perbezaan antara pemesong angin trak yang telah direka bentuk semula dan reka bentuk pemesong angin trak yang sedia ada. Susun atur telah dilakukan selepas membezakan basil dari dua alat yang boleh didapati secara komersial, iaitu FEA dan ANSYS FLUENT.
ABSTRACT
Due to the energy crisis, one of the important challenges in the automotive industry is to reduce the fuel consumption of the vehicle. In fact, the higher speed of the vehicle, the more fuel consumption is taken by the aerodynamic drag. Mostly, the aerodynamic drag lies in the shape of the vehicle. Consequently, the improvement of the aerodynamics of vehicle shape, more precisely the reduction of their aerodynamic drag, becomes one of the main topics of the automotive researchers. This research presents the use of SolidWorks software in the early phase of design which one can do design iterations with a given CAD data (without having the prototype of the truck vehicle). The truck wind deflector is an add-on device used on top of the truck roof for reducing aerodynamic drag. Based on the field conditions that the truck wind deflector is subjected to, design requirements were formulated. One of the requirements was to redesign the profile of the truck wind deflector. Therefore, the facet modeling technique is applied to improve the existing design of the truck wind deflector in order to obtain a smooth profile of this design. Furthermore, using the software ANSYS FLUENT, 2D analysis of the truck wind deflector was achieved, and possible correction of the geometry was made in purpose to improve the design in terms of reducing drag and improve aerodynamics. In addition, the validation process was performed to fmd out the differences between the redesign and existing design of the truck wind deflector. The layout was finalized after comparing the results from two commercially available tools - namely, FEA and ANSYS FLUENT.
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Universiti Teknikal Malaysia MelakaDEDICATION
For most I would like to dedicate and thank for my father, Mr. Abd. Latif Bin Samsi and my mother, Mrs. Jalilah Binti Sayuti and also for my beloved family who have helped me in mentally and materially, and to encourage and motivate me during my
final year project is implemented.
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Universiti Teknikal Malaysia MelakaACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, all praises to Allah the Almighty that by His blessings I have
been able to complete my final year project's report, which is part of the requirement
that I am undergoing in Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM). A lot of
information that I get during to complete this report besides can improve my
knowledge about the related title of this final year project. Most of the work in this
project is related to studies, so it is easier for understanding and implementing on
that. In this project, I learned the method of communication with people, finding the
problem while operation, improvement in process and so on. In fact, my greatest
gratitude goes to my supervisor, co-supervisor, family and friends who have
contributed an immeasurable amount of guidance, advice and assistance along the
implementation period of final year project. I would like to appreciate and thankful
to my dedicated supervisor, Mr. Saifudin Hafiz Bin Y ahaya for the valuable guidance and support. He inspired me greatly to work on this project. His willingness
to motivate me contributed tremendously to .the project. Thank you also to my
co-supervisor which is Mr. Mohd Najib Bin Ali Mokktar for the supporting, cooperation and commitment given t.o fluently my work. In addition, I would like to thank the authority of Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for providing me with a
good .environment and facilities to complete this .project. Especially, an honorable
mention goes to my beloved family and friends for their understandings, supporting
and inspirations on me. Without helps of the particular that mentioned above, I
would face many problems and difficulties while doing this project. Finally, I
apologize for all the mistakes I did and weaknesses of this myself.
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Universiti Teknikal Malaysia MelakaAbstrak Abstract Dedication
Acknowledgement Table of Content List of Tables List of Figures
TABLE OF CONTENT
List Abbreviations, Symbols and Nomenclature
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Project
1.2 Introduction of Truck Wind Deflector 1.3 Problem Statement
1.4 Objective of Research 1.5 Scope of Research
CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Wind Deflector
2.2
2.1 . 1 Introduction of Wind Deflector 2.1.2 Application of Wind Deflector
2.1.2.1 Tractor-trailer Vehicle 2.1.2.2
2.1.2.3 2.1 .2.4
Cabin Over Engine (COE) Vehicle Towing Vehicle
Race Car Vehicle 2.1.2.5 Motor Vehicle Truck Wind Deflector
2.2.1 Introduction of Truck Wind Deflector 2.2.2 History of Truck Wind Deflector 2.2.3 Basic Model of Truck Wind Deflector
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Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka2.2.4 2.2.5 2.2.6
Design ofTruck Wind Deflector
Drag Reduction using Truck Wind Deflector Other Benefits of Truck Wind Deflector 2.3 An Aerodynamic
2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3
2.3.4 2.3.5
Introduction of Aerodynamic General Aerodynamic Principles An Aerodynamic Features On Truck 2.3.3.1 Cab RoofFairing
2.3.3.2 Comer Vanes
Air Flow Pattern around Wind Deflector
Commercial Vehicle Aerodynamic Fundamentals 2.3.5.1 The Effects of Different Cab to Trailer Body
Heights with both Sharp and Rounded Upper Windscreen Leading Edges
2.3.5.2 Fore Body Pressure Distribution
CHAPTER3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Method of Research
3.2 A Truck Wind Deflector Design 3.2.1 Existing Design 3.2.2 Facet Modeling 3.3 Method of Analysis
3.3.1 Linear Static Analysis 3.3.2 Fatigue Analysis 3.3.3 Drag Analysis
CHAPTER 4: LINEAR STATIC AND FATIGUE ANALYSIS
4.1 Linear Static Analysis 4.1.1 MeshingProcess
4.1.2 Boundary and Loading Conditions 4.1.3 Material Selection
4.1.4 Stress and Displacement Distribution Among the Models 4.1.5 Safety Factor
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Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka4.2 Fatigue Analysis 74
CHAPTER 5: TRUCK WIND DEFLECTOR AND ITS DYNAMIC 83
ANALYSIS
5.1 Dynamic Analysis 83
5. 1.1 Creating a FLUENT Fluid Flow Analysis System in ANSYS 85 Workbench
5.1.2 Creating the Geometry in ANS YS DesignModeler 87 5.1.3 Discretization using Finite Volume Method in the ANSYS 90
Meshing Application
5.1.4 Setting up the Boundary Condition in ANSYS FLUENT 98
5.1.5 Displaying Results in CFD-Post 101
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 107 6.1 Conclusion
6.2 Recommendations
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
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Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka107 109
110
LIST OF TABLES
4.1
Study property: Mesh information62
4.2
Material properties of ABS Plastic67
4.3
Stress and displacement results for the existing design69
4.4
Safety factor for the existing design and improve design71
4.5
Pressure applied with safety factor of the existing design78
4.6
Divided difference for linear interpolation79
4.7
Pressure applied with safety factor of the improve design80
4.8
Divided difference for linear interpolation80
5.1
The cushion values ofthe analysis domain89
5.2
Mesh information in both designs96
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Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.2 1
2.22
2.23
2.24
3.1
3.2
LIST OF FIGURES
The wind deflector that used on the top of a truck Wind deflector for tractor-trailer
Cabin over engine (COE) vehicle
Caravan used for deflecting air streams striking moving vehicle Nissan Hasemi Sport Gzox Z Race Car
Spoiler for motor vehicle
Diagram of the truck frontal area
Dryden engineers modified a van to test aerodynamic drag A COE vehicle was tested and modified by Dryden
The basic model of ford cargo truck
A perspective showing of truck incorporation the design The porous structure through the front of the truck body Resistance forces created at various speeds
Frontal pressure is flow around the front of the vehicle The rear vacuum is caused by the "hole" left in the air Turbulence created by the flow detachment
Common aerodynamic features
Air flow between cab and trailer body with and without cab roof fairing
Molded adjustable cab roof fairing
Influence of corner vanes in reducing cab side panel flow separation The airflow of the truck without wind deflector
The airflow of the truck with wind deflector
Comparison of air flow over the upper surface of a cab and trailer Trailer flow body pressure distribution with and without cab roof deflector
Main flow chart in truck wind deflector design The truck wind deflector
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Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka3.3 Existing design of truck wind deflector 43 3.4 Process flow diagram of 3D oftruck wind deflector design 44
3.5 Improve design of truck wind deflector 46
3.6 The flow chart of the truck wind deflector facet modeling 46 3.7 Linear static analysis using Solidworks Simulationxpress 50
3.8 The flow chart of the fatigue analysis 53
3.9 The flow chart of the simulation process 55 3.10 Process flow diagram using ANSYS FLUENT 57
4.1 The type of meshing 60
4.2 Tetrahedral mesh of a cranium (80K elements) 61 4.3a Meshing process for the truck wind deflector: Existing design 62 4.3b Meshing process for the truck wind deflector: Improve design 62 4.4a Boundary condition for the truck wind deflector: Existing design 64 4.4b Boundary condition for the truck wind deflector: Improve design 64
4.5 Pressure and speed 64
4.6a The loading condition for the truck wind deflector: Existing design 65 4.6b The loading condition for the truck wind deflector: Improve design 65 4.7 ABS physical properties as a function of monomer content 66 4.8a Stress result 0.050 N/mm2 by SolidWorks Simulationxpress: 68
Existing design
4.8b Stress result 0.050 N/mm2 by SolidWorks Simulationxpress: 68 Improve design
4.9a Displacement result 0.050 N/mm2 by SolidWorks 69 Simulationxpress: Existing design
4.9b Displacement result 0.050 N/mm2 by SolidWorks 69 Simulationxpress: Improve design
5.1 The ANSYS Workbench graphical user interface 85 5.2 The selecting FLUENT Fluid Flow analysis system 86 5.3 ANSYS Workbench with a new FLUENT Fluid Flow analysis 87
system
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Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka5.4 The setting the units in ANSYS DesignModeler 88
5.5 The window of ANSYS DesignModeler 89
5.6a The 3D domain of truck: Existing design 90
5.6b The 3D domain of truck: Improve design 90
5.7 The ANSYS Meshing application with the truck geometry loaded 93 5.8 The selecting a face to create an inlet and outlet 94 5.9 The computational mesh for the truck geometry in ANSYS 95
Meshing Application
5.10 Structured and unstructured meshes 95
5.11 The finite volume mesh of the existing design 97 5.12 The meshed domain of the improve design 97
5.13 The FLUENT Launcher 98
5.14 The ANSYS FLUENT application 99
5.15 Boundary conditions of CFD model 100
5.16a The boundary condition of of the domain: Existing design 101 5.16b The boundary condition of of the domain: Improve design 101
5.17 The CFD-Post application 102
5.18a The velocity contour over the truck geometry: Existing design 102 5.18b The velocity contour over the truck geometry: Improve design 102 5.19a The velocity streamlines over both truck geometries: Existing 103
design
5.19b The velocity streamlines over both truck geometries: Improve 103 design
5.20a The velocity streamlines and the vectors over both truck 104 geometries: Existing design
5.20b The velocity streamlines and the vectors over both truck 104 geometries: Improve design
5.21a The pressure distribution over both truck geometries: Existing 105 design
5.21b The pressure distribution over both truck geometries: Improve 105 design
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Universiti Teknikal Malaysia MelakaABS BEM
CAD
CAE
CAM
CFD COE FEA FEM FOS FVM IGES
MPH
NASA PDE PA RANS 2D 3D
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene boundary element method Computer-Aided Design Computer-Aided Engineering Computer-Aided Manufacturing Computational Fluid Dynamics Cabin Over Engine
Finite Element Analysis Finite Element Method Factor Of Safety Finite Volume Method
Initial Graphics Exchange Specification Miles Per Hour
National Aeronautics And Space Administration - partial differential equations
Pascal
Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Two Dimensional
Three Dimensional
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Universiti Teknikal Malaysia MelakaCHAPTER!
INTRODUCTION
This chapter ｰｲ･ｳ･ｮｴ ｾ＠ the general idea of the research which provides an overview of the truck wind deflector. Basically, it consists of five main sections, such as the background of the project, background of truck wind deflector, problem statement, objectives of research and scope of research, which describe the overall process of the research.
1.1
Background of Project
Generally, this project is related to improvements in the wind deflectors as designed and as applied for use to present day types of closed body automotive vehicles such as, for example, truck, trailer, vans, and so on. However, this project more focus on the design of the wind deflector for trucks for effecting the deflection of slip stream air from the front area of the truck across its top-end roof for reducing aerodynamic drag. The primary purpose of this research is to provide the design of the truck wind deflectors for the above stated purpose that are easy to apply to a truck for easily adjustable to better serve their intended purpose of use on the truck.
Besides that, the design is related to a wind deflector device for mounting on the roof of a commercial truck in order to analyze this design by using ANSYS FLUENT software for the purpose of reducing the drag of the truck and of improving an aerodynamic characteristic of said commercial truck vehicle. Particular, it related to a wind deflector device for use on a driving cab of a truck vehicle, in which the truck comprises the load-carrying portion of said vehicle and exhibits a frontal profile which is substantially larger than that of the driving cab.
Further benefit advantages of this research reside in the details of construction of the present preferred and modified forms of the truck wind deflector: in the combination of parts thereof and in their mode or manner use, as will hereinafter be fully developed. In accomplishing these and other purposes of this research, the improved detail of construction, the preferred forms of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawing have been provided in this research. Therefore, the purpose of this research can be achieved in order to reduce the aerodynamic drag and further to improve an aerodynamic characteristic of the truck.
1.2
Introduction of Truck Wind Deflector
Nowadays, the wind deflectors are utilized in recent years for directing air over the frontal area of a moving vehicle. In the automotive industry, a truck wind deflector is an aerodynamic drag reducer device that attached to a truck with the intended design function to 'spoil' untoward air movement across a body of a truck in motion. An aerodynamics is the study of how air moves around the truck which can be a powerful force and how this force can be reduced or directed to increase performance. However, the aerodynamics were first studied and applied to the aviation industry, but it has since trickled across to the automotive industry such as, truck, trailer, house trailer and, etc. The atmosphere is filled with air and air pressure, especially close to sea level where most of the people live and drive. The vehicle or any object that moves must displace the air around it in the direction that it is traveling in.
This is almost a non-issue at low speeds as the air can easily move around any truck that travels at a slow enough space but as the speed continues to increase the air cannot be displaced fast enough so it adds a resistance to the truck. This resistance is called drag or aerodynamic drag. The faster a truck moves the thicker the air around it becomes so more than five times the horsepower is required for a truck to travel 200MPH than what it would need to travel at 1 00 MPH but aerodynamic features may have little or no effect at speeds of around and under 1 0 MPH.
Many high end trucks have a number of aerodynamic features fitted seamlessly into their exterior styling and design. Implementing the aerodynamic features can benefit to the truck in a number of ways. Acceleration and maximum speed can be increased resulting in better performance as more air can travel around the truck and reducing the effects of drag. The truck will need less horsepower and torque to move at the same speed compared to a truck with fewer aerodynamic features.
Besides that, the cost savings will benefit due to the lack of drag. The truck wind deflector doesn't give much resistance at low speeds but as the increase of truck speed, it will need a smaller amount of fuel to drive compared to whether the truck did not have the aerodynamic features. Vehicle aerodynamics further increases the performance of the truck as some aerodynamic features are used to create a down force at high speeds, which can reduce the chances of overturning.
Furthermore, the truck wind deflector will be compromised as the design of a production road truck must adhere with an imperative of automobile production, and interior space should remain practicable. The exterior design of the truck should also be attractive, but this is not that big of an issue as many aerodynamic features, curves and lines can add appeal to a truck. The ultimate performance trucks such as the super cars and the formula one car will have more obvious features like the specially angled spoilers, small wings and more in addition to the more discreet aerodynamic features.
1.3
Problem StatementOver the past two decades, the architecture and design industry has undergone a digital revolution. Hambleton et. a/. (2009) found that the CAD, 3D modeling, and script driven design software are commonly used by most major manufacturer and designer around the world. Modeling technology is now so advanced that it is possible to produce extremely complex geometrical forms from minimal design input. As a consequence, the free-form technique has grown rapidly during this time in the design industry.
Menzel et. a/. (2005) stated that the free-form technique have been initially
developed in the field of solid and surface modeling allowing intuitive shape
modifications by moving the control points of a lattice which encloses arbitrary
target geometry. Campbell and Flynn (n.d.) have both shown that the definitions of
the free-form technique are often intuitive rather than formal. Despite the different
application contexts of freeform object models in vision and graphics, some criteria
apply to representations regardless of domain. According to Menzel et. a/. (2005),
the free-form technique allows decoupling the complexity of the design to be
optimized from the optimization parameter. Besides that, the
free-form technique promised a high geometric flexibility while keeping a low number of
optimized parameters as well as a comfortable way of mesh generation.
Nowadays, the basics of this technique are the main method that the designer used to
design the truck wind deflector. Although no doubt this new found freedom has
given rise to some incredible and beautiful forms, it has also weakness and error
where it is used to design the drawing without using the accurate data
and accurate parameter. According to Hambleton et. a/. (2009), this tension is especially apparent in the transport industry, especially for the manufacturer of the
truck wind deflector, since it has been the medium of choice in a wide variety of
projects involving freeform geometry. This means, if the free-form technique applied
carefully to design the truck wind deflector, it can even handle these kinds of
geometric features with accurate data or accurate parameter and in such a case, the
possibility of omitting the re-meshing procedure is highly advantageous (Menzel et.
a/., 2005).
Therefore, the facet modeling technique is applied to design the truck wind deflector
for improving the free-form technique. Tico and Kuosmanen (n.d.) stated that the
facet models had found various applications in computer vision and design software.
Rock and Womy (1992) have both shown that the facet models represent solid
objects by spatial boundaries, which are defmed by a set of planar faces. This is a
special case of the more general boundary representation which does not require
object boundaries be planar. In general, the term facet is used to denote any
constrained polygonal planar region being used to define a model boundary.
According to Tico and Kuosmanen (n.d.), usmg a facet model, various local
properties of the solid model can be interpreted by the corresponding properties of
the underlying model surface. In this project, the facet modeling technique is applied
to improve the existing design of the truck wind deflector in order to obtain a smooth
profile of this design. Besides that, the facet modeling is used to defme the curve in
the truck wind deflector design. The command used to improve the profile of the
curve is a spline command. When the curve is improved, the purpose of this project
is achieved to have the cost reduction benefit and drag reduction, thus to improve an
aerodynamically on the truck.
1.4
Objective Of Research
The main goal of this research is to provide the design of the truck wind deflectors in
order to analyze this design for the purpose of reducing the aerodynamic drag and of
improving an aerodynamic characteristic of the truck vehicles. To describe more
details about this research, the objective was stated here to give a more
comprehension to the problem statement. Basically, the objectives will clearly define
that purpose to show the framework and also explains what to do next. The
objectives of this research are listed as below:
(a) To redesign the profile of the truck wind deflector.
(b) To apply the facet modeling technique in the generated profile.
(c) To analyze the improved truck wind deflector using linear static, fatigue and
ANSYS FLUENT analyses.
(d) To study the comparative model between the existing and the improved models
of the truck wind deflector.
1.5
Scope Of Research
Substantively, the project activities, progress and outcomes will be well described in further detail in this scope of research. The explanation about each chapter in this research will be described in order to convey to the reader what the scope that was established in this project.
Chapter 1 will explain about the background of project, background of truck wind deflector, problem statement, objectives of research and scope of research. Background of the truck wind deflector evaluates the benefits for the truck when implementing the aerodynamic features. By identifying and pinpointing the problem statement, research can be launched in order to improve the existing design of the truck wind deflector. On top of that, the objectives of research play a significant role in the success of the whole research. Scope of research provides an overview that is essential to the success of this research. All those elements become the initial step before going through this research.
Furthermore, Chapter 2 will discuss about the literature review related to truck wind deflector such as the overview and the application of wind deflector, overview and history of truck wind deflector, basic model, general aerodynamic principles, an aerodynamic feature on trucking, air flow pattern around wind deflector, and the advantages when using the truck wind deflector. In this chapter, the suitable method of research is used to collect information that related to this project title. It is mainly involved the study of journal, books, research paper, and online resources that are related to the title searching. Throughout the study, evidence can obtain to support the facts stated in this research. For this research, the information collection is being used to that will be help in terms of an understanding and the accuracy of information that will be received.
Chapter 3 will be described about the methodology of this project and also explained the structure of how the project was done. In this chapter, it generally shows the process of accomplishing this work from beginning to end. Basically, this project has taken into consideration the important works, mostly on making a drawing and conducting analysis on the both designs of the truck wind deflector. Therefore, this chapter covers the process flow charts and methods used to construct the research. The process flow charts such as the main flow chart in truck wind deflector design, process flow diagram of 3D of truck wind deflector design, flow chart of the truck wind deflector facet modeling, linear static analysis using Solidworks Simulationxpress, flow chart of the fatigue analysis, flow chart of the simulation process and process flow diagram using ANSYS FLUENT.
Besides that, the linear static analysis and fatigue analysis of the truck wind deflector will be discussed in Chapter 4. In this research, the linear static analysis is used to define the stress and displacement distribution on the facet truck wind deflector design. Basically, the result that gets from the linear static analysis is used to make a calculation of interpolation polynomials where to defme the safety factor is one. Therefore, when the safety factor for the design of the truck wind deflector is one, the fatigue analysis will be done. After the result of fatigue analysis is gotten, the design optimization method is applied when the structure of the truck wind deflector in the failure condition in order to ensure the truck wind deflector design have high performance and high reliability.
Chapter 5 is explained about the result of the dynamic analysis for the design of the truck wind deflector. For this dynamic analysis, a truck wind deflector design is used ANSYS FLUENT software where 3D analysis of the side contour of the truck was achieved, and correction of truck geometry was made in purpose to improve the existing design of the truck wind deflector. The purpose of the dynamic analysis is to improve an aerodynamically efficient spoiler and side extenders for the truck vehicle. Besides that, this analysis is conducted to analyze the design of the truck wind deflector to have cost reduction benefit and further drag reduction in the truck. However, the pressure distributions and velocity of airflow of the truck wind deflector will get from the result of the ANSYS FLUENT analysis.
CHAPTER2
LITERATURE REVIEW
In this chapter literature review has been performed in order to review and examines
all the information associated with development projects of the truck wind deflector.
Taylor, (n.d.) has defmed a literature review as an account of what has been
published on a topic by accredited scholars and researchers. Basically, Chapter 2 is
written m an essay format that discusses the topics related the title
of this project. This chapter is not a summary; rather, it referred previous and current
research in regard to how relevant and useful it is and how it relates to my research.
This literature review will explore about information of the truck wind deflector from
scholarly articles, books and other sources relevant to a particular issue, area of
research, or theory, providing a description, summary, and critical evaluation of each
work.
2.1
Wind Deflector
2.1.1 Introduction of Wind Deflector
Wind deflectors that used as a vehicle have been available for many years. Rich
(1987) found that the wind deflector is mounted on the roof of an automobile or the
truck to reduce "drag" due to air friction as the car or truck moves forwardly by
creating a laminar airflow over the top of the vehicle. The wind deflector relates to
devices for deflecting air streams striking vehicle and the likes, air streams caused by
the wind or forward movement of a first prime mover vehicle moving ahead and in front of said trailing vehicle.
