ERROR ANALYSIS OF DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES ON
ELEVENTH GRADE STUDENTS IN WRITING NARRATIVE
AND ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION TEXT
A THESIS
Submitted As Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan
By:
NURUL FADHILAH LUBIS
Reg. Number: 2113121054
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
DECLARATION
I have familiarized myself with the University’s Policy on Academic integrity. Except where appropriately acknowledged, this thesis is my own work, it has been
expressed in mw own words, and has not been previously submitted for
assessment.
I understand that this paper may be screened electronically or otherwice for
plagiarism.
Medan, September 2016
i
ABSTRACT
Lubis, Nurul Fadhilah. Registration Number: 2113121054. Error Analysis of Derivational Affixes On Eleventh Grade Students In Writing Narrative And Analytical Exposition Text. A Thesis: English Department. Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Medan, 2016.
This research deals with the derivational affixes errors in writing narrative and analytical exposition text by eleventh grade students. This research uses a qualitative design in which the data are taken from the sentences of texts. Dulay’s theory is applied to analyze students’ error in writing and divided each error into types. The researcher applies random technique to get a representative sample. The source of data in this study is Eleventh Grade (XI) students of SMA Swasta Ma’had Muhammad Saman, 30 students are choosen as the sample. The data of this study is taken from the students’ writing narrative and analytical exposition text. The analysis found that there are four classification of errors occured in students’ writing; they are omision 10 cases, addition 4 cases, misformation 11 cases and misorder 13 cases. Besides, the class changing is the most derivational errors that contributes 33 cases (86.8%) then followed by class maintaining derivational that contributes 5 cases (13,2%). In this study also found that the causes of errors are intralingual and interlingual transfer. It is hoped that the result of this research is useful for everyone who wants to study or make a similar resaerch about affixation errors.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The deep greatest thankfulness is expressed to Allah SWT for all
blessings, strength, spirit, capability and patience that has been given to writer so
that she finally accomplishes her thesis entitled “Error Analysis Of Derivational
Affixes On Eleventh Grade Students In Writing Narrative And Analytical
Exposition Text”.
This thesis is submitted to the English Department, Faculty of Languages
and Arts, State University of Medan as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for
taking the degree of Sarjana Pendidikan. During the completion of this thesis, the
writer realized that she had received a lot of helps, and suggestions. Therefore, the
writer would like to express her sincerest gratitude to:
Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd., the Rector of State University of
Medan.
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean of Faculty of Languages and
Arts State University of Medan and all her staffs.
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd., the Head of English Department and the
Thesis Examiner.
Dra. Meisuri, M.A., the Secretary of English Department.
Nora Ronita Dewi, S.S, M.Hum., the Head of English Education
Program.
Drs. Syamsul Bahri, M,Hum., the Academic Advisor and the Thesis
iii
Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd., the great Thesis Advisor.
Indra Hartoyo, S.Pd., M.Hum., the Thesis Examiner.
Addien Fahmi, S.Ag., the Headmaster of SMA Swasta Ma’had
Muhammad Saman; for helping the writer to do this thesis.
Eis Sri Wahyuningsih, M.Pd and Mr. Pantas., the Administrative Staffs
of English Department.
Syamsul Rizal Lubis and Dra. Denny Susanti, MA., the beloved parents.
Thanks for truly love prayer, patience, motivation, material and spiritual
support, advice and everything that have given not only in finishing study
but also in writer’s entire life.
Abdurrahman Harahap., for love, advice and support to the writer and
everything he taught in making the writer experienced other sides of life.
Dewi Mustika Putri, Rainbow Horses; Midah, Tyas, Icha, and Isma,
Fransiska Insani, Anna Elisabet, Widya Wulandari and Laura Atika
for helping writer to finish this thesis, and for all madness, laughter,
happiness, togetherness and unforgettable moments we spent.
Finally, the writer hopes this study can be useful for all people.
Medan, September 2016
The Writer,
Nurul Fadhilah Lubis
v
LIST OF APPENDICES ... viii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ... 1
A. The Background of the Study ... 1
A. Theoretical Framework ... 8
1. Morphology ... 8
a. Words ... 9
b. Morpheme ... 10
2. Derivational Affixes ... 11
a) Characteristics of Derivational Affixes ... 12
b) Types of Derivational Affixes ... 12
1. Class-changing derivational affixes ... 13
2. Class-maintaining derivational affixes ... 15
vi
b. Analytical Exposition Text ... 23
5. Relevant Studies ... 25
6. Conceptual Framework. ... 27
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 29
A. Research Design ... 29
B. The Source of Data... 30
C. The Procedure of Collecting Data ... 30
D. The Technique of Analysis Data ... 31
CHAPTER IV. DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS ... 32
A. The Data ... 32
1. Classification of Errors ... 32
2. Classification of Derivationals’ Errors ... 34
B. Data Analysis ... 35
1. Identification of Errors ... 35
2. Classification of Errors ... 36
C. Findings ... 48
D. Discussion ... 50
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 52
A. Conclusions ... 52
B. Suggestions... 53
REFERENCES ... 55
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Pages
Table 2.1 The Example of Narrative Text ... 24
Table 2.2 The Example of Analytical Exposition Text... 26
Table 4.1 The Recapitulation of Classification of Errors ... 34
Table 4.2 The Classification of Derivationals’ Errors ... 36
Table 4.3 The Error of Omission on Noun Derivational ... 38
Table 4.4 The Error of Omission on Adjective Derivational ... 39
Table 4.5 The Error of Addition on Adjective Derivational ... 42
Table 4.6 The Error of Addition on Adverb Derivational ... 43
Table 4.7 The Error of Misformation on Noun Derivational ... 44
Table 4.8 The Error of Misformation on Verb Derivational ... 46
Table 4.9 The Error of Misformation on Adjective Derivational ... 47
Table 4.10 The Error of Misorder on Noun Derivational ... 49
Table 4.11 The Error of Misorder on Verb Derivational ... 51
Table 4.12 The Error of Misorder on Adjective Derivational ... 52
viii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Pages
Appendix A. Writing Test ... 65
1 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of The Study
Language takes an important role in human’s daily life. People will be
difficult on expressing their ideas, opinions, and feelings without language
because language is a tool of communication. English is world-widely spoken to
communicate to each other in every field, such as education, economy,
technology, social and cultures. The existence of the language in its using does
not suddenly emerge, but it experiences morphological process to make various
forms such us words, phrases, clauses and sentences.
Word formation is something fundamental that sould be known well
before using the more complex language units. One of the ways in forming words
is through affixation. As English is an international language, all people around
the world are required to be able to master it in written or spoken. Then, the basic
knowledge about affixation in English is necessity.
It can’t be denied that English has a complicated affixation, then it leads
students get difficult to learn English as a second language or foreign language.
This condition was experienced by the eleventh grade students of SMA Swasta
Ma’had Muhammad Saman which is based on the preliminary observation,
affixation errors were found in their English writing. For examples:
2
in this sentence, suffix-s should be added to indicate verb for singular
person.
2. Money is very importance for people (Money is very important for
people)
In this sentence, the form of derivational is wrong. Because it should
be adjective.
3. Because you always teach us patient (because you teach us patiently)
In this sentence, the word patient should be added suffix-ly to indicate
adverb.
Affixation also becomes a problem for foreign students in Bandung
international school. Based on the research, Indonesian affixation is a subject
which is difficult to be understood by the foreign students. this matter occurs
because of Indonesian grammar is different from their mother tounge’s grammar
(Imroh: 2014)
The facts above indicate that affixation which is frequently neglected in
classrooms and teaching materials still become the problem for students in
language using. Whereas, knowledge about affixation is something important in
supporting language mastery. Moreover, the using affixes can cause significant
effect to the quality of writing and message delivering. As senior high school
students, the ability to write various genre texts effectively is a necessity. The role
3
Unfortunately, the students still have lack knowledge about affixation.
Students’ problem in inability to use words effectively and productively can be
seen from the average students’ writing scores for English lesson which are
considered low. The writer got that their writing score is still under of the
minimum criteria mastery (KKM or Kriteria Ketuntasan Maksimal).
Referring to the Educational Unit Oriented Curriculum (Kesatuan Tingkat
Satuan Pendidikan or KTSP) 2006 of senior high school, the students must have
an ability to write some various types of genre texts, such as report, narrative,
recount, descriptive, procedure, explanation, anecdote, hortatory and analytical
exposition text. In the syllabus that stated in Competence Standart of the Eleventh
Grade students curriculum of English subject, there are two writing genres which
must be learned by the students. They are narrative and analytical exposition text.
So the writer uses those genres as the writing genres in this study.
Narrative text is a text which retells events or experiences in the past. Its
purpose is either to inform or to amuse the audience, and give a moral lesson from
the story. While the analytical exposition is aimed to show arguments in agreeing
or disagreeing about certain topic.
As Jackson (2002: 72) there are two kinds of affixes: inflectional and
derivational. An affix is basically a morpheme which is generally attached to the
base morpheme, which is either the root or to a stem in order to add to the
formation of a word. Affix is something that is very derivational such as
English-ness and pre-, or inflectional, such as English plural-s and past tense– ed.Affixes
4
using of affixes can cause a significant effect to the quality of writing and its’
message.
All languages have words, meanwhile word is a speech sound, or series of
them, serving to communicate meaning and consisting of at least one base
morpheme and the sentence. Every word in English has a basic meaning. A word
normally begins with a root which perhaps the complete word, or perhaps a part
of complete word. To this root may add a prefix (a word–part that appears in front
of a root) or a suffix (word–part that appears in the end of a root). When root is
added by prefix or suffix it will create a new word formation and sometimes by
new meaning. Affixation can change a word’s part of speech or aword’s meaning
within its pat of speech (Umera : 2012)
Based on the writing error which happened, the writer will analyze the
students’s problem in affixation. The error analysis is useful to know what
students’ need, then the teacher can get the solution for it. The writer expects that
the finding of this study can be useful for educational progress in the future.
In writing activity, the student’s error can not be separated from their
5
It is important then to analyze students’ problem in affixation especially in
writing because it has significant role in language using. The analysis of students’
errors is something adventageous in order to know what students’ needs then
finding solution for it. The writer hopes that the finding in the analysis of
students’ affixation errors especially in derivational affixes can be useful for
education progress.
B. The Problems of the Study
In line to background of the study above, the problemsof the study can be
formulated as following:
1. What are the types of derivational affixes errors found in the narrative and
analytical exposition text written?
2. Why do they make the errors as it is?
C. The Scope of the Study
The writer has to limit the problem of the study, that it deals with the error
analysis. The writer focuses on derivational affixes errors, and the causes of
errorswere found in narrative and analytical exposition text written by the
eleventh grade students of Muhammad Saman Islamic Boarding School.
D. The Objectives of the Study
Based on the statement of the problem, the writer determines the
6
1. To identify and clasify the types of derivational affixes errors found in
narrative and analytical expositiontext written by the eleventh grade
students of Muhammad Saman Islamic Boarding School.
2. To find out the causes of derivational affixes errors found in narrative
and analytical exposition text written by the eleventh grade students of
Muhammad Saman Islamic Boarding School.
E. The Significance of the Study
The significance of the study can be formulated as following:
1. Theoretical
The finding ofthis study is expected to be useful for a reference for
those who want to conduct a similar field of research, especially in Error
Analysis about the derivational affixes.
2. Practical
The finding of this study is expected to be useful for teachers and
students.
a. The Teachers
To inspire the English teachers to give correction and more
7
b. The Students
To improve the students’ awareness about affixation, especially
derivational affixes in writing narrative and analytical expositiontext or
another kinds of text, in order to not making the errors again.
c. The other researchers
To enrich their knowledge about errors especially in affixation, so
that they can study and analyze deeper beside to give additional
52 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter presents the conclusions of the result of study that has been
discussed in previous chapter and also suggestion for English teacher, students
and another researchers.
A. Conclusions
Based on the data analysis of research at the eleventh grade students at
Muhammad Saman Islamic Boarding School in Diski, the writer wants to present
the conclusions. The conclusion consists of several points that are related to the
problem of the study. They are:
1. The classification of errors that found in narrative and analytical
exposition text written by eleventh grade students at Muhammad
Saman Islamic Boarding School are omission, addition, misformation
and misorder.
2. Misorder gets the highest errors in students’ writing that occured 13
cases, followed by misformation 11 cases, omission 10 cases and
addition 4 cases.
3. Analytical exposition text gets the highest errors. It has 27 errors then
53
4. The class changing derivational are the dominant derivational errors in
students’ writing. It occured 33 cases (86.8%) then followed by class
maintaining derivational that occured 5 cases (13,2%).
5. The causes of derivational errors in students’ writing are intralingual
transfer and interlingual transfer. Intralingual transfer is caused by
overgeneralization or the ignorance the rule and structures of English
and inability to apply what they have learned. When interlingual
tranfer is caused of the interference of first language or mother tongue
that is Indonesian language.
B. Suggestions
Considering the conclusions above, some suggestions are presented in this
part. As discussed in the previous chapter, this study hopefully can give a useful
informations both theoritically and practically.
1. For the teachers
a. The teachers are expected to give a proper emphasis about
affixation to students.
b. The teachers are expected to discuss and remind students about the
derivational affixes related to the English topics that they learn, by
54
c. The teachers are expected to give more exercises continuously to
students, then discuss it together so they would be able to know
about affixation especially derivational affixes.
2. For the students
a. The students should be able to comprehend about the words
formation in derivational affixes.
b. The students are expected to be more aware about affixation rules,
in order to have a mastery in using English spoken and written.
c. The students are expected to learn more about English affixation.
d. The students are expected to do more exercises and practice about
the affixation to train their ability in using it.
3. For other researcher
It is eagerly suggested to the other researchers to conduct a further
study about affixation in other kinds of texts which are considered
55
References
Ary, D., Jacobs, L.C., & Ravazieh, A. 2002. Introduction to research (6th ed.). Stamford: Wardsworth Group.
Crystal, D. 1980. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Colorado: Westview Press.
Dulay, H et al. 1982. Language two. New york : Oxford University Press.
Eko, S. 2012. The Analysis Of Derivational Process Of English Nouns As Found In Some Of The Jakarta Post Articles. Unpublished Thesis. Salatiga : State Islamic Studies Institute (STAIN).
Erdogan, V. 2005. Contribution of error analysis to foreign language teaching. Mersin university. Journal of the faculty of education.
Gass, et al. 2001. Second Language Acquisition; an Introductory Course. Lawrence : Erlbaum Associates Publisher
Hyland, K. 2002. Second Language Writing. United States of America: Cambridge University Press.
Jackson, H and Etienne Ze’ Amvela. 2002. Words, Meaning and Vocabulary. New york : Cassel prees.
Katamba, F. 1993. Morphology, Modern-Linguistics.
Knapp, P & Watkins, M. 2002. Genre, text, grammar: technologies for teaching and assessing writing. Australia: UNSW Press.
Kim, Ch. 2013. Vocabulary Acquisition With Affixation: Learning English Words Based On Prefixes & Suffixes. University of Hawai’i at manoa.
Lardiere, D. Knowledge of Derivational Morphology in a Second Language Idiolect. Unpublished Journal.Georgetown University.
Maharani, S. An Analysis Of Derivational Affixes In The Land Of Five Towers Novel By A. Fuadi translated by Angie Kilbane. Unpublished thesis. Muria Kudus University.
Mark A and Kirsten Fudeman. 2011. What Is Morphology? Second Edition. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
56
Sihombing, K. 2008. The Morphological Process of English Adjectives. Unpublished Thesis. Depok: Gunadarma University.
Sudarwati, M. 2006. Look Ahead An English Course. Jakarta: Erlangga.
