AN ANALYSIS OF CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING USED IN A TALK SHOW HITAM PUTIH
A THESIS
BY :
DEWI MAYA SARI REG. NO. 090705031
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN
AN ANALYSIS OF CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING USED IN A TALK SHOW HITAM PUTIH
A THESIS
BY :
DEWI MAYA SARI Reg. No. 090705031
Supervisor, Co-Supervisor,
Dr. Ridwan Hanafiah, SH. MA Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA.
Ph.D
195607051989031002 197502092008121002
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Literature
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN
Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara ( USU Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.
Head, Secretary,
H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M. Hum
Accepted by the Board of Examination in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatra Utara, Medan.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatra Utara on 4 July 2013
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatra Utara
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA
NIP. 19511013 197603 1 001
Board of Examiners:
H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS,
Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M. Hum
Dr. Ridwan Hanafiah, SH. MA
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim,
Alhamdulillah, praise to Allah SWT, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful, for giving the writer guidance, power, patience, and ability to finish this thesis.
First of all, I would like to thank the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara, Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA, and all the staff for their help during the period of study in this faculty.
In this opportunity I would like to express my special gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Ridwan Hanafiah, SH. MA and my co-supervisor, Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA. Ph.D for their support and beneficial suggestion, and their willingness to share time in correcting this thesis throughout the preparation of this thesis and the period of doing this thesis.
I would like to thank to the Head of English Department Drs. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS, and the Secretary Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M. Hum for giving all facilities and opportunities during my academic years and in completing this thesis. I also would like to thank to all lecturers who have given so much knowledge throughout my academic years. I also give thanks to Bg. Amran who always helps me in administrator matter.
My special thank is dedicated to my best friend as Three Shine in English Department Erna Januarini (Cena) and Sinta Puspita Sari (Wecai) who always help and support me every time, for having great time together and spending our four years in sweet memories, love you and my lucky to know you friend. Also my friend Heni Purwasih, Triana Lestari, Armitha Sari, Winda Widya, Alfaris, M. Savrizal, Ade, Dinda, Chalie, Yuda, Bayu, Nurhasanah, Yuni, and my darl Arief Moenandar who gives me inspiration to finish my thesis, and to all my classmate in English Department who always spend our great times together. A unique thanks is dedicated to my senior Bg. Hadi, K’ Ade, K’ Fika, K’ Eva, K’ Vivi, K’ Sinta, K’ Sari, K’ Ruri, and K’ Shita who always advice me in solving my problems. Other special thanks I give to my entire junior who is always in sekret IMSI. My sweets thanks is only to my best friend in my life Ismail Fahmi and Eka Purnama Sari who always have time for me whenever and wherever I need them. I as kuntet say thank to Kontut and Kuntit, my friend in IAIN. And the last thank is special for my beloved brother and sister Bg. Ariga, Bg. Deden, Mas Dido, and Kak Hanum, who always support me in realizing my dream.
Finally, I hope this thesis will give advantage for the readers, especially for who are interested in studying the same field.
May the grace and love of the Almighty Allah SWT are with us all forever. Amin.
Medan, 4 July 2013
Dewi Maya Sari
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, DEWI MAYA SARI, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS. EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS, THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A PAPER BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE.
NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THE THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME : DEWI MAYA SARI
TITLE OF THIS THESIS :AN ANALYSIS OF CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING USED IN A TALK SHOW HITAM PUTIH
QUALIFICATION : S-1 / SARJANA SASTRA
DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION ON THE LIBRARIAN OF THE ENGLISH DEPARTMENT, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER LAW OF THE REPUBLIC INDONESIA.
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ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
TABEL OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……….... i
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ………... iii
COPYRIGHT DECLRATAION ………. iv
ABSTRACT ………. v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ………. vi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ……… 1
1.2 Problems of the Study ………..……….. 6
1.3 Objectives of the Study ………..………. 6
1.4 Scope of the Study ……….……… 6
1.5 Significance of the Study ……….………….. 7
CHAPTER II A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS 2.1 Sociolinguistics………..…….………….…… 8
2.2 Speech Community………..……….……….. 9
2.3 Bilingualism or Multilingualism ……..………... 11
2.4 Code ………..………... 12
2.5 Code Switching and Code Mixing……….……..… 14
2.7 Factors that influence code switching and code mixing…….……….…… 17
2.8 Interference ………...……….. 19
2.9 Review of Related Literature………... 21
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Method ………..………. 23
3.2 Data and Data Source ……….………...…………. 24
3.3 Data Collecting Method ………..……... 24
3.4 Data Analysis ……….………..….. 25
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS 4.1 Description ………. 30
4.1.1 Kinds of Code Switching in Hitam Putih Talk Show Trans 7 ……….... 30
4.1.2 Kinds of Code Mixing in Hitam Putih Talk Show on 2nd October 2012... 56
4.1.3 Factors That Influence Deddy Corbuzier and Nadya Hutagalung Switch and Mix Their Utterances in Hitam Putih Talk Show Trans 7 on 2nd October 2012……….... 61
4.1.4 Interference Forms That Appears in Hitam Putih Talk Show Trans 7 on 2nd October 2012……….……. 63
4.1 FINDING……… 68
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion ……….…..………... 69
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
The development of television since the post-reform era was marked by increasing a number of new TV stations, resulted in tighter Indonesian television industry competition. This led the competing television stations continue to present new programs to attract viewers to get a high rating and share. They also compete to provide the latest information, as fact, but still entertaining audiences, as well as able to educate by giving impressions that have educational high value, and give the public persuasion to do something. There are two types of programs that are on television, the journalism program and artistic programs. Journalism program is a program of news that all forms in it are based on the facts, both hard news, soft news. While the artistic program is a program which put entertainment in it, such as entertainment programs, comedy, sitcoms, dramas, reality shows, variety shows and talk show (Baksin, 2006:79-81).
Trans7, Online TransTV, Ceriwis TransTV, NGULIK (Ngobrol Usik dan Asik) TransTV, Mata Najwa MetroTV, Kick Andy MetroTV, Just Alvin MetroTv, dan Sentilan Sentilun.
Hitam Putih talk show is very interesting to be analyzed. Hitam and Putih are the basic color of life. Hitam and Putih are used to describe the opposite side. Basically life is diverse and has many facets that exist, and the choice of every human being that good sides are symbolized by the color Putih and the bad side with Hitam. Mardhatillah, the Hitam Putih show's producer i highlights the conception of good and bad people. Black and white represents the two sides of the man. "Not all men just have a black side. It isn’t trying to ask a disgrace of them. We just want to know what they are," said the woman who was familiarly called Thia. Beside that Hitam Putih Trans7 is a talk show program format with mind reading.
Hitam Putih talk show is hosted by a magician namely Deddy Corbuzier. Deddy Corbuzier has a uniqueness of his own and has a strong image in the minds of audiences. He gives a different style than the other talk show hosts in presenting questions to celebrity guests. The questions expressed tend to be cynical and cornering. Often the guest star is upset that confused in answering. Celebrity guests are made ineffective when "bombarded" by host question that forces them unwittingly exposing his personal life. When Deddy Corbuzier is asking a cynical and cornering question and the celebrity guests replied with a bit annoyed. Beside that, Deddy always gives wise words to celebrity guests and audiences evry day based on topic which is want to be asked to celebrity guests in Hitam Putih Talk Show. No other host gives wise words like Deddy Corbuzier in the other Talk Shows. In Hitam Putih Talk Show on 2nd October 2012, Deddy gives wise words that very nice and unique. “Manusia itu hidup dengan persepsi. Mereka melihat sesuatu mempersepsikan sesuatu itu memasukkan
Terlihat ganteng terlihat menawan rupawan dan sebagainya. Tapi sebenarnya apa arti
cantik itu sendiri. Ada orang yang mengatakan seorang wanita yang cantik atau seorang pria
yang good looking itu harus bisa memberikan nilai indra. Enak dilihat, enak dihirup, enak
disentuh dan sebagainya. Tapi apa itu persepsi kecantikan. Apa persepsi kecantikan untuk
anda? “
When two or more people communicate with each other in speech, we can call the system they use a code. There is an interesting code which is used Deddy Corbuzier in hosting Hitam Putih Talk Show. Deddy Corbuzier often uses both Bahasa Indonesia and English in his utterances. It is very different from the other Talk Show hosts. I watch Hitam Putih Talk Show everyday, and I become interested in analyzing Deddy Corbuzier utterances especially when the celebrity guest is Nadya Hutagalung on 2nd October 2012. Nadya Hutagalung uses English and Indonesian in answering the questions from Deddy Corbuzier. She mixes and switches both English and Indonesian, and so does Deddy Corbuzier as a host. They use English and Indonesian in their conversation.
Nadya Hutagalung is a model and TV host of the show. At this time she is a Singapore citizen. Nadya Hutagalung can be categorized as a bilingual because she was born in Sydney, Australia, July 28, 1974. She is a child of mixed marriage. Nadya Hutagalung was born from Ricky Hutagalung and Dianne Thompson. His mother was a hippie from Australia who likes to drive around and his father came from a wealthy family in Indonesia (Bataknese). Therefore Nadya Hutagalung can speak in English and Bahasa Indonesia.
language (Jendra, 2010:68). Beside this situation, such people are likely to be immigrants, visitors, or children of 'mixed' marriages also have a competence in understanding and using more than one language.
A person who has some functional ability in a second language is a bilingual (Bernard Spolsky, 1998:45). People who bilingual or multilingual, then, are usually required to select a particular code whenever they choose to speak, and they may also decide to switch from one code to another or to mix codes even within sometimes very short utterances and create a new code in a process known as code-switching and code-mixing. The study of code switching and code mixing is focused on dialogue or conversation found in bilingual or multilingual daily conversation. Dell Hathaway Hymes, 1964 (in Jendra, 2010:71) one of the most noted world sociolinguists, suggested eight factors that bilingual, multilingual or monolingual people may consider when choosing a code. The factors were formulated into an acronym namely SPEAKING, which stands for Setting and Scene, Participants, Ends, Act sequence, Key, Instrumentalities, Norms of interaction, and Genre.
In this thesis, the writer focus on code switching and code mixing in Talk Show
Hitam Putih Trans7 based on utterances between Deddy Corbuzier as a host and Nadya Hutagalung as a celebrity guest on 2nd October 2012. Deddy Corbuzier and Nadya Hutagalung switch and mix their utterance because of the factor that influence them according to Dell Hymes’s theory, dominantly is participant’s factor.
Hutagalung as celebrity guest and the third party are Isabel Yahya, Harini Bambang Wahono, and audiences. The writer only focuses on Deddy Corbuzier and Nadya Hutagalung utterances.
Basically their conversation causes interference for Bahasa Indonesia. When they do conversation, they mix their language both English and Bahasa Indonesia. Nadya Hutagalung mixes her utterance both English and Indonesian when she talks to Deddy Corbuzier as a host who is Indonesian citizen. Besides that, Nadya realizes that almost of the audiences are Indonesian citizen. Actually Nadya Hutagalung can speak in Bahasa Indonesia because her father is Indonesian citizen. Her decision to mixes her utterances are very disappointed. There is no interference if Nadya Hutagalung uses Bahasa Indonesia to Deddy Corbuzier.
Nadya Hutagalung and Deddy Corbuzier are more likely to use situational switching in their utterances. “Situational code switching occurs when the language used change according to the situations in which the conversant find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and in a different one” (Wardhaugh, 2006, p. 104). Moreover, the situational code switching happens because of the changing situations involved could be The Setting, the Participants, or the Norms of Interaction..
Example:
Deddy: “Nadya, there is someone want to meet you. I think want to talk to you”
Nadya : Ok
Deddy : ”Boleh dipanggil?”
Nadya: “Always you. It is always you”
Nadya : “Hallo godjes. So cute your baju. Baju bang edo ya”
1.2 Problems of the Study
Based on the descriptive above, there are three questions appeared, they are:
1. How many kinds of code switching and code mixing used in Hitam Putih Talk Show? 2. Why do Deddy Corbuzier and Nadya Hutagalung switch and mix their utterances? 3. How is interference form that appears in Deddy Corbuzier and Nadya Hutagalung
utterances?
1.3Objectives of the Study
Related to the problems above, this research tries to find out and describe these things:
1. To find out kinds of code switching and code mixing used in Hitam Putih Talk Show. 2. To find out the factors that influence Deddy Corbuzier and Nadya Hutagalung switch
and mix their utterances.
3. To find out the interference form that appears in in Deddy Corbuzier and Nadya Hutagalung utterances
1.4 Scope of the Study
that have duration about fifty minutes. Deddy Corbuzier and Nadya Hutagalung switch and mix their utterances because of the participant’s factor according to Dell Hymes’s theory, namely SPEAKING(Dell Hymes, 1964. In Jendra; 2010:71), which stands for Setting and Scene, Participants, Ends, Act sequence, Key, Instrumentalities, Norms of interaction, and Genre. Furthermore, the writer is interested in analyzing interference that appears in their utterance because of code switching and code mixing.
1.5 Significance of the Study
This research is expected to provide benefits for the practical and theoretical developments in general linguistics and sociolinguistics in particularly. Practical benefit is closely related to understand code switching and code mixing. To know more the differences between code switching and code mixing. And to know how many types code switching and code mixing.
The theoretical benefit of this research is to help explain aspects of the language that can not be reached by the description of syntax, morphology, phonology and semantics in linguistic studies.
CHAPTER II
A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS
2.1 Sociolinguistics
One of the principal uses of language is to communicate meaning, but it is also used to establish and to maintain social relationships. When a mother is talking to her children, their talk is devoted to nurturing the social bond between them. And listen when two friends is talking, much of their conversation functions to express and refine their mutual compact of companionship. And it will be different when we meet strangers, the way they talk informs about their social and geographical backgrounds. All of these describes that it is aspect of language use in sociolinguistics.
Therefore Halliday (2007:46) called sociolinguistics as institutional linguistics, deals with the relation between a language and the people who use it. Nababan (1993:2) in line with Halliday in his statement "sociolinguistics is the study or discussion of language in relation to speaking as a member of society"
Bernard Spolsky has the same argument that Sociolinguistics is field that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live. According to Bernard, It is a field of study that assumes that human society is made up of many related patterns and behaviors, some of which are linguistics. (Bernard Spolsky 1998:3)
between the variations within a language and the matching variations in the social group that use it.
As Addition, Sociolinguistics is concerned with investigating the relationships between language and society with the goal of a better understanding of the structure of language and how language functions in communication. (Ronald Wardaugh, 1986).
Dell Hymes, 1973 (in Chaer: 6) said “Sociolinguistics could be taken refer to use of linguistic data and analysis in other discipline concerned with social life and conversely, to use of social data and analysis in linguistics. Hymes restrictions on the support of the Hudson (1980:4-5) which says sociolinguistics is "the study of language in relation to society”
Fishman (1975:4) states, sociolinguistics is the study of the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their function, and their characteristics of their speakers as these three constantly interact, change and change one another within a speech community.
As a social phenomenon, language and language usage is not only determined by the linguistic factors but also by nonlinguistic factors, among others, social factor. The social factors that affect language use such as social status, education level, age, economic level, gender and so on .More clearly, Richard (1985:262) states that sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to social factor, that is, social class, educational level, and type of education, age, sex, ethnic origin, etc.
2.2 Speech Community
might be said to speak the same language or the same dialect or the same variety, to employ the same code, and in that respect to be members of the same speech community.
For general linguistics in Bernard Spolsky’ Book (1998:24), a speech community is all the people who speak a single language (like English or French or Amharic) and so share notions of what is same or different in phonology or grammar. This would include any group of people, wherever they might be, and however remote might be the possibility of their ever wanting or being able to communicate with each other, all using the same language.
For the sociolinguist in Bernard Spolsky’s Book (1998:25), the speech community is a complex interlocking network of communication whose members share knowledge about and attitudes towards the language use patterns of others as well as themselves. There is no theoretical limitation on the location and size of a speech community, which is in practice defined by its sharing a set of language varieties (its repertoire) and a set of norms for using them.
The idea that the members of a speech community share norms about the selection of varieties is important. Though they might not all know and use each of the varieties, they recognize the conditions under which other members of the community believe that it is appropriate to use each of them.
John Gumperz (1971:114) offers another definition of speech community:
“any human aggregate characterized by regular and frequent interaction by means of a shared body of verbal signs and sett off from similar aggregates by significant differences in language usage.
Most groups of any permanence, be they small bands bounded by face-to-face contact, modern nations divisible into smaller sub regions, or even occupational associations or neighborhood gangs, may be treated as speech communities, provided they show linguistic peculiarities that warrant special study.”
Not only must members of the speech community share a set of grammatical rules, but there must also be regular relationships between language use and social structure; there must be norms which may vary by sub group and social setting. Gumperz adds (1971:115):
“Wherever the relationships between language choice and rules of social appropriateness can be formalized, they allow us to group relevant linguistic forms into distinct dialects, styles, and occupational or other special parlances. The sociolinguistic study of speech communities deals with the linguistic similarities and differences among these speech varieties.“
2.3 Bilingualism or Multilingualism
While it is the case that even speakers of a single language (monolinguals) control various styles and levels of that language, it is very common that people develop some knowledge and ability in a second language and so become bilingual.
The simplest definition of a bilingual is a person who has some functional ability in a second language. This may vary from a limited ability in one or more domains, to very strong command of both languages (which is sometimes called balanced bilingualism) (Bernard Spolsky, 1998:45)
languages in the repertoire is rather uncommon. Typically, multilingual have varying degrees of command of the different repertoires. The differences in competence in the various languages might range from command of a few lexical items, formulaic expressions such as greetings, and rudimentary conversational skills all the way to excellent command of the grammar and vocabulary and specialized register and styles’. Sridhar adds: ‘Multilingual develop competence in each of the codes to the extent that they need it and for the contexts in which each of the languages is used.’ Context determines language choice. In a society in which more than one language (or variety) is used you must find out who uses what and for what purpose if you are to be socially competent. Your language choices are part of the social identity you claim for yourself.
According to Bloomfield in his famous book Language (1933:56), bilingualism is "the ability of a speaker to use two languages equally well." So according to Bloomfield, a person should be only called bilingual when he or she can use two or more languages in the same level of performance.
Bloomfield has same idea with the sociolinguistics, in general, which said bilingualism defined as the use of bilingual speakers in the ole one interaction with another person in turn (Mackey 1962:12, Fishman 1975:73). To be able to use two languages course one must master both languages. First, his own mother tongue or first language (L1), and the second is another language to second language (L2)
2.4 Code
wish others to view us. If we can comfortably control a number of codes, then we would appear to have an advantage over those who lack such control. Speaking several of the languages can obviously be distinctly advantageous in a multilingual gathering. Code switching shows one to be a ‘cooperative person, someone who can recognize that everyone doesn’t have the same background’. It reduces possibilities of conflict in situations which otherwise might be fraught with danger.
Wardaugh argued that the code has a neutral nature. Said to be neutral because the code does not have a tendency to interpret the cause emotions. Furthermore, he also said that the code is a kind of system that is used by two or more people to communicate (Wardaugh, 1988:86). Moreover the code can switch from one variant to another variant. Switching codes can lead from the most formal to the most informal code, from the most respect to code the most disrespectful, full of code to incomplete code, from code to code that is less controlled and that has not been mastered (Wardaugh, 1978:55)
In addition, code can be defined as a system that speech of the application has the characteristic elements of the language according to background speakers, relations with the speaker and the speaker said the existing situation. The code is usually a variant of the language used to communicate of members a language community (Poedjosoedarmo, 1978:30).
Suwito also suggested limitation is not too far to those presented by poedjosodarmo, he said the code is one of the variants in the hierarchy of language used in the communication. Thus within a language can be contained some code which is a variant of the language (Suwito, 1983:67).
In 1964, Dell Hathaway Hymes one of the most noted world sociolinguists, suggested eight factors that bilingual, multilingual or monolingual people may consider when choosing a code. Someone who bilingual or multilingual chooses to switch or mix his speech, he will consider eight factors from Dell Hymes. The factors were formulated into an acronym namely SPEAKING, which stands for Setting and Scene, Participants, Ends, Act sequence, Key, Instrumentalities, Norms of interaction, and Genre (Dell Hymes,1964) in (Jendra, 2010:71).
2.5 Code Switching and Code Mixing
Bilinguals often switch between their two languages in the middle of a conversation. These code switches can take place between or even within sentences, Involving phrases or words or even parts of words.
Code switching occurs when the language used, changes according to the situation in which the conversant find them selves. The speakers here switch one code to another code or they speak in one language to another language (Wardaugh, 2006:98). Based on this theory, code switching happens in bilingual society. Code switching occurs when people use a particular code and suddenly change to another code.
In addition to make it clear, Richards (1985:43) says, code switching is a change by speaker (or writer) from one language or language variety to another one. Code switching can take place in a conversation when one speaker uses one language and the other speaker answers in a different language. A person may start speaking one language and then change to another one in the middle of their speech, or sometimes even in the middle of a sentence.
Code switching not only occurs in the form of language change but also may happen in the change of the variant of language. Hymes (in Chaer 1995: 142) says that code switching has become a common term for alternate us of two or more languages, varieties of language or even speech style.
The other phenomenon closely related to code switching is code mixing. Code mixing occurs when a conversation use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance (Wardhaugh, 2006: 106). It means that the conversation just change some of the elements in their utterance.
2.6 Kinds of Code Switching and Code Mixing
Wardhaugh (2006:101-117) states that there are two kinds of code switching. Those are situational code switching, metaphorical code switching. Each type is related to each reason of code switching. Each will be described below:
1. Situational Code Switching
In addition, (Jendra, 2010:76) says, “In regard to the factors of choosing a code suggested by Dell Hymes (1964), the changing situations involved could be the Setting, the Participants, or the Norms of Interaction.”
Example:
Deddy: “Nadya, there is someone want to meet you. I think want to talk to you”
Nadya : Ok
Deddy : ”Boleh dipanggil?”
Nadya: “Always you. It is always you”
Isabel : “Kenapa sich?”
Nadya : “Hallo godjes. So cute your baju. Baju bang edo ya”
2. Metaphorical Code Switching
Wardhaugh (2006:104) sayas “Metaphorical code-switching occurs when a change of topic requires a change in the language used.” The interesting point here is that some topics may be discussed in either code, but the choice of code adds a distinct flavor to what is said about the topic. The choice encodes certain social values. Metaphorical code-switching has an affective dimension to it: you change the code as you redefine the situation – formal to informal, official to personal, serious to humorous, and politeness to solidarity.”
Moreover, (Jendra, 2010:77) says, “In reference with the factors, this type of switching involves the Ends, the Act Sequences, or the Key, but not the situation.”
Deddy : ”Does it needed, means sebagai seorang model atau apapun does the brain needed there,for working there, In that industry?”
Nadya : “I think there are some aspects you need to be carefull. Ada beberapa hal yang kita harus to be carefull gitu ya. So, it is important to be a lot of be smart, street smart ya. Tapi book smart sich actually ya not very used for first standing and posing. Honestly of course you don’t need it. But for me menurut saya sich it is important for any individual, any woman. Harus smart”
Wardhaugh (2006:98) says “code switching (also called code mixing) can occur in conversation between speakers’ turns or within a single speaker’s turn.” In the latter case it can occur between sentences (inter-sententially) or within a single sentence (intra-sententially).
2.6 Factors that influence code switching and code mixing
Dell Hathaway Hymes, 1964 (in Jendra, 2010:71) one of the most noted world sociolinguists, suggested eight factors that bilingual, multilingual or monolingual people may consider when choosing a code. Someone who bilingual or multilingual chooses to switch or mix his speech, he will consider eight factors from Dell Hymes. The factors were formulated into an acronym namely SPEAKING, which stands for Setting and Scene, Participants, Ends, Act sequence, Key, Instrumentalities, Norms of interaction, and Genre. They are:
1. Setting and Scene
setting refers to the physical condition of speech, while the scene pointed to the psychological and cultural boundaries a speech. It is also possible for a speaker to switch from one code into another code in a particular scene in the same setting.
2. Participants
The Participants are the people involved in the communication found in the setting. Participants can be used to refer to at least two parties to speak. The first party is the first or the speakers, and the second is the partner speech. In time and certain situations can also happen that the number of participants is more than two, namely the presence of a third party. Election code associated with speech component will involve two dimensions of human social, solidarity concerning the relationship with the partner speakers’ speech that had been built previously and power, the issues related to the age, rank and social status of the participants’ speech.
3. Ends
The ends are the goals or purposes that a speaker wishes to reach. If a political party delivers a speech in a campaign, he (she) wishes to persuade the crowd before him (her) in order to receive support for the election. However, if a mother speaks to her son before he leaves for school, she might want her son to behave himself in the school. Thus, for different ends, speakers a language often choose different code.
4. Act Sequence
5. Key
The key is referred to the manner, spirit, and feeling of the message wished to be captured within the conversation. It is also referred to the spirit captured in the voice or manner of a speaker. The spirit or the feeling may be sincere modest, or low.
6. Instrumentalities
The instrumentalities are referred to the register and forms of the speech. The forms that might be under consideration are whether it will be delivered in a more formal way or a casual friendly one.
7. Norm of Interaction
The norm of interaction is the contextual custom in using the code, including for example allowance for an interruption, using gestures freely, addressing an audience, eye contacts, distance, asking questions about belief, etc.
8. Genre
The genre is referred to the type of the utterances whether it is in the form of a poem, a proverb, a prayer, a lecture, etc.
2.8 Interference
another language, or the spelling system usually used in a language which is then used in another language.
In addition, (Chaer and Agustina, 1995:163) say “Penggunaan serpihan kata, frasa, dan klausa dari bahasa lain yang terdapat di dalam kalimat dapat juga dianggap sebagai
interferensi pada tingkat kalimat.” (The use of fragments of words, phrases, and clauses from other languages contained in the sentence can also be considered as interference at the sentence level).
Example:
- Mereka akan married bulan depan.
- Nah karena saya sudah kadung apik sama dia, ya saya tanda tangan saja - Yah apa boleh buat, better laat dan noit.
- Pimpinan kelompok itu selalu mengatakan education is necessary for life.
From the example above, (Chaer and Agustin, 1995:164) give the conclusion about the difference between code mixing and interference. They say “Campur kode mengacu pada tingkat digunakannya serpihan-serpihan bahasa lain dalam menggunakan suatu bahasa
tertentu, sedangkan interferensi mengacu pada adanya penyimpangan dalam menggunakan
suatu bahasa dengan memasukkan system bahasa lain, yang bagi golongan puris dianggap
2.9 Review of Related Literature
There are some scholars who ever did the research about language choice that relates to the topic. They are:
Gumperz (1982, pp. 44-58) reports on an interesting situation in the Gail Valley of Austria near the borders of the former Yugoslavia and Italy, which shows how two languages (Slovenian and German) are used, what kinds of code switching occur. In a number of places Gumperz (particularly 1982a) cites examples of metaphorical code-switching from three sets of languages (Hindi and English, Slovenian and German, Spanish and English) to show how speakers employ particular languages to convey information that goes beyond their actual words, especially to define social situations. A particular group of people may employ different kinds of code-switching for different purposes.
As Heller (1982) has observed, language plays a highly symbolic role in our lives, and when there is a choice of languages the actual choice may be very important, particularly when there is a concurrent shift in the relationship between the languages, as is occurring in Montreal between English and French. Heller studied the uses of two languages in a Montreal hospital during the summer of 1977.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
This thesis will be done by applying the qualitative method of case study. Bodgan and Taylor (in Maleong, 1989:42) defined qualitative research method as a procedure generates data in the form of descriptive words written or spoken from people and observed behavior.
In this study, the approach is taken through a qualitative approach. This means that the data collected is not the form of numbers but the data comes from text interviews, field notes, personal documents, and other official documents. The goal of this qualitative study is to describe the empirical reality behind the phenomenon in depth, and completely. Therefore the use of a qualitative method in this research is to match the empirical reality of the prevailing theory using descriptive methods.
Whitney (in Moh. Nazir, 2003:16) said descriptive method is the search for the proper interpretation of the facts. Descriptive research studying the problems in society, and procedures that apply in the community as well as specific situations, including on relationships, activities, attitudes, perspectives, and processes that are on going, and the influence -effects of a phenomenon.
(Surakhmad, 2000:147) says, “Metode deskriptif membicarakan kemungkinan untuk memecahkan masalah actual, dengan jalan mengumpulkan data, menyusun atau
Sociolinguists believe that the study of language must go beyond the sentences that are the principal focus of descriptive and theoretical linguistics. It must go beyond language and bring in social context. It must deal with the ‘real’ texts that make up human communication and the social situations in which they are used. The focus of attention shifts from sentence to the act of communication (Bernard Spolsky, 1998:14).
3.2 Data and Data Source
In writing this thesis, the data is taken from Oktober 2012. Actually, Talk Show Hitam Putih is in Television in Trans7 everyday at six p.m. But, the writer couldn’t catch all of the conversation from Television directly. Therefore, the writer was looking for the document from video youtube. It is video youtube conversation between Deddy Corbuzier as a host and Nadya Hutagalung as celebrity guest in Talk Show Hitam Putih On 2nd Oktober 2012. The video has duration about fifty minutes. The writer listens to the conversation well, and then the writer transcribes the conversation into a script. A script of the conversation between Deddy Corbuzier and Nadya Hutagalung is the data in this thesis. The data is only focused on all sentences which consist of utterances between Deddy Corbuzier as a host and Nadya Hutagalung as a celebrity guest, especially Code Switching and Code Mixing.
3.3Data Collecting Method
Hitam Putih Trans7 episode celebrity guest Nadya Hutagalung on 2nd October 2012 which duration about fifity minutes. Then the document was downloaded from video youtube. After that, the writer watched the video youtube and listened carefully the utterances between Deddy Corbuzier and Nadya Hitagalung. After understanding the utterances, all sentences which consist of Deddy Corbuzier and Nadya Hutagalung utterance is written down into a cript. A script is the data which is used in this thesis.
3.4Data Analysis
Miles and Huberman (1994:94) suggest that qualitative data analysis consists of three procedures:
1. Data reduction
This refers to the process whereby the mass of qualitative data you may obtain – interview transcripts, field notes, observations etc. – is reduced and organised, for example coding, writing summaries, discarding irrelevant data and so on.
At this stage, try and discard all irrelevant information, but do ensure that you have access to it later if required, as unexpected findings may need you to re-examine some data previously considered unnecessary.
In this procedure, there are some steps. They are:
- Identifying the utterance which is needed and important in analyzing two kinds of code switching; situational code switching and metaphorical code switching
- Identifying the utterance which is needed and important in analyzing two kinds of code mixing; inter-sentential code mixing and intra-sentential code mixing.
2. Data display
To draw conclusions from the mass of data, Miles and Huberman suggest that a good display of data, in the form of tables, charts, networks and other graphical formats is essential. This is a continual process, rather than just one to be carried out at the end of the data collection.
In this second procedure, the writer does some steps that namely:
- Classifying the type of code switching and code mixing of their utterances
- Calculating the type of code switching and code mixing which is used by Deddy Corbuzier and Nadya Hutagalung.
To count the percentage of the data, this thesis uses Bungin’s formula (Bungin, 2005:171-172), that is:
In which : n = percentage of code
Fx = individual frequency of
N = total number
100% = standard percentage n = Fx x100%
3. Conclusion drawing/verification
Your analysis should allow you to begin to develop conclusions regarding your study. These initial conclusions can then be verified, that is their validity examined through reference to your existing field notes or further data collection
In this procedure, the writer does some steps including:
- Drawing some calculations using descriptive qualitative method based on the results - Describing the factors that influence Deddy Corbuzier and Nadya Hutagalung in
choosing code switching and code mixing
- Describing interference that appears because of code switching and code mixing.
In analyzing Code Switching can be seen below:
1. Deddy : Gimana caranya 38 tahun. You still have that face. Bisa kulitnya bisa putih, bisa cantik, rahasianya apa?
Nadya : I look up for myself, yah. Dan selalu makan sehat. Sekitar like 80% vegetarian
Deddy : 80% vegetarian? Nadya : about eighty percent Analysis:
the Norm of Interaction factor. Such as the data before, according to Wardaugh, when the participants speak one language in one situation and change in a different one; no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into Situational Switching.
2. Deddy : Juice vegetable. Banyak tu masyarakat yang mengatakan bahwa model tu cuma menang tampang doank. Tapi, mostly they are uneducated seperti itu. Ada tidak orang orang yang, pernah tidak mendengar kata-kata itu
Nadya : Ya, ofcourse Deddy : Ya
Nadya : Ya, of course. But you can’t generalize, right. Lihat aja tyra banks, yang she is a founder of American Next Top Model. She just colleges business degree, ya kan. Aku juga, I left school when I was very young.
Analysis:
In analyzing Code Mixing can be seen below:
1. Deddy : Gimana caranya 38 tahun. You still have that face. Bisa kulitnya bisa putih, bisa cantik, rahasianya apa?
Analysis :
Deddy Corbuzier uses Bahasa Indonesia at the beginning his utterances, and in the middle he uses English, after that he uses Bahasa Indonesia. Such as the data before, when a speaker mixes his utterances between sentences, this utterance is included into Inter-sentential Code Mixing
2. Deddy : Enggak kan. Ok Nadya. So, nadya. Umur berapa? Analysis:
CHAPTER IV
DESCRIPTION AND FINDING
After transcribe all of the utterances between Deddy Corbuzier as a host and Nadya Hutagalung as a celebrity guest in Talk Show Hitam Putih Trans7 on 2nd October 2012. The writer focus on the utterances that needed and important to be analyzed as code switching and code mixing. The writer classifies the utterances that aren’t needed and needed in this thesis. The witer only focuses on the utterances between Deddy Corbuzier and Nadya Hutagalung.
Based on the research objections, the writer is going to discuss some problems, they are; i) the type of code switching and code mixing is dominantly used in Hitam Putih Talk Show, ii) the factors that influence Deddy Corbuzier and Nadya Hutagalung switch and mix their utterances, iii) the interference form that appears in in Deddy Corbuzier and Nadya Hutagalung utterances.
The writer uses boldface in every utterances that shows code switching, code mixing and interference that appear in each suitable subtitle.
4.1 DESCRIPTION
4.1.1 Kinds of Code Switching in Hitam Putih Talk Show Trans 7
and Nadya Hutagalung in Hitam Putih Talk Show on 2nd October 2012. The writer is going to give the discussion of each type code switching in Hitam Putih Talk Show Trans 7.
1. Situational Code Switching
This kind of code switching occurs when the language used change according to the situations in which the conversant find themselves; they speak one language in one situation and in a different one. No topic change is involved. There are utterances that belongs to situational code switching, they are
1. Deddy : Gimana caranya 38 tahun. You still have that face. Bisa kulitnya bisa putih, bisa cantik, rahasianya apa?
Nadya : I look up for myself, yah. Dan selalu makan sehat. Sekitar like 80% vegetarian,
Deddy : 80% vegetarian? Nadya : about eighty percent
Analysis:
2. Deddy : You left school?
Nadya : I left school. Waktu umur 12 atau 13 udah gak sekolah lagi. Tapi, I still survive. Dua recommend itu buat semua orang gak juga. Tapi, it doesn’t mean that if you are model you don’t have anything inside
Analysis:
The question from deddy corbuzier to nadya above, Deddy uses English ‘You left school’. Then Nadya also uses English ‘I left school’, ‘I still survive’, ‘it doesn’t mean that if you are model you don’t have anything inside’ to answer deddy’s question. And then Nadya change her utterance in Bahasa Indonesia. Nadya uses both English and Bahasa Indonesia because Deddy as a host gives a question in English. Based on Dell Hymes theory, Nadya switches her utterances in regard to the Participants factor. Such as the data before, according to Wardaugh, when the participants speak one language in one situation and change in a different one; no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into
Situational Switching.
3. Deddy : Ketika anda menjadi model diatas panggung, anda berdiri anda melihat semua penonton yang melihat diri anda disana in any kind of pakaian yang anda pakai dari itu anggun, seksi, whatever ya. What do you feel?
Nadya : Actually nervous ya,,
Analysis:
according to Wardaugh, when the participants speak one language in one situation and change in a different one; no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into Situational Switching.
4. Deddy : Saya akan bertanya sama Nadya. I ask a question, firstly I ask the question and you answer it. Choose one of two choices. Nadya hutagalaung, I use word “saya means you”. Ok
Nadya : Ok.
Analysis:
The statement from deddy corbuzier to nadya above, Deddy uses Bahasa Indonesia. Then Deddy uses English ‘I ask a question, firstly I ask the question and you answer it. Choose one of two choices’ to make sure that Nadya understand what Deddy suggests. Nadya is not Indonesian citizen, therefore Deddy worried Nadya can’t understand his utterances if he uses Bahasa Indonesia. Based on Dell Hymes theory, Deddy switches his utterances in regard to the Participants factor. Such as the data before, according to Wardaugh, when the participants speak one language in one situation and change in a different one; no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into Situational Switching.
5. Deddy : Nadya hutagalung, sebelum tidur biasanya saya selalu memikirkan? Nadya : Something beautiful. Try to make a motivation for tomorrow
Analysis:
from a host as well as her ability in answer it. Based on Dell Hymes theory, Nadya switches her utterances in regard to the Participants factor. Such as the data before, according to Wardaugh, when the participants speak one language in one situation and change in a different one; no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into Situational Switching.
6. Deddy : Saya lebih baik di blacklist oleh media semuanya dibandingkan? Nadya : I don’t have my kids
Analysis:
The question from deddy corbuzier to nadya above, Deddy uses Bahasa Indonesia. Nadya uses English ‘I don’t have my kids’ to answer deddy’s question. Nadya more comfortable using English to answer Deddy question even thought Deddy uses Bahasa Indonesia. Nadya as a celebrity guest has to answer the question from a host as well as her ability in answer it. Based on Dell Hymes theory, Nadya switches her utterances in regard to the Participants factor. Such as the data before, according to Wardaugh, when the participants speak one language in one situation and change in a different one; no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into Situational Switching.
7. Deddy : Ayah atau Ibu? Nadya : Oh jangan gitu donk
Deddy : You can create your own explanation Nadya : I can create my own explanation? Deddy : Yes, answer it and explain
Analysis:
The question from Deddy to Nadya above, Deddy uses Bahasa Indonesia. Nadya answers the question using Bahasa Indonesia too. And then, Deddy responds her statement using English ‘you can create your own explanation’. In responding Deddy statement, Nadya uses English ‘I can create my own explanation?’. Deddy also uses English ‘Yes, answer it and explain’. At the end, Nadya can answer the question using English ‘I will take my mom in the kitchen to cook dinner for my dad. So this mom’. Based on Dell Hymes theory, Nadya switches her utterances in regard to the Norm of Interaction factor. Such as the data before, according to Wardaugh, when the participants speak one language in one situation and change in a different one; no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into Situational Switching.
8. Deddy : Jujur atau aman? Nadya : Jujur
Deddy : Jujur? Kalaupun tidak aman? Nadya : Well, it is truth
Analysis:
9. Deddy :Anak marah marah atau suami marah marah?
Nadya : Anak. Maksudnya, do prefer my kids angry and then happy. My kids lah
Analysis:
The question from deddy corbuzier to nadya above, Deddy uses Bahasa Indonesia. Nadya answer the question uses Bahasa Indonesia. But, in the middle of her utterance she uses English ‘do prefer my kids angry and then happy. ‘ to make sure herself that her answer is right. Nadya more comfortable using English to answer Deddy question even thought Deddy uses Bahasa Indonesia. Nadya as a celebrity guest has to answer the question from a host as well as her ability in answer it. Based on Dell Hymes theory, Nadya switches her utterances in regard to the Participants factor. Such as the data before, according to Wardaugh, when the participants speak one language in one situation and change in a different one; no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into Situational Switching.
10.Deddy : OK. Nadya hutagalung, there is one question I want to ask you here. Why you choose jail
Nadya : Kesehatan gak bisa dibeli. Kadang kadang, walupun even if kita sangat kaya. Kalo kita kena cancer ato apapun, we can not buy it. Maksudku, bukan berarti di penjara kita bisa membeli. We can buy it. At list, in jail kita masih bisa belajar, bisa baca buku. We can on our mind atau bisa meditasi.
Analysis:
understand her answer. In the middle of her utterances, Nadya uses English’ we can buy it’, ‘we can on our mind’ to make sure that the audiences understand what she means. Based on Dell Hymes theory, Nadya switches her utterances in regard to the Setting factor. Such as the data before, according to Wardaugh, when the participants speak one language in one situation and change in a different one; no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into Situational Switching.
11.Deddy : Because you different?
Nadya : “I look that they said “you Chinese person go home, you Japanese person go home.” Padahal gak tau kan Chinese Japanese gitu ya. But you know what actually I become stronger; I become tough kid in school. Walaupun aq kan kurus not to tough, inside is scared tapi diluarnya jadi gini ya tough kid, tough kid. So anyway it makes me stronger.
Analysis:
The question from Deddy corbuzier to nadya above, Deddy uses English ‘Because you different?’ Nadya also uses English ‘I look that they said you Chinese person go home, you Japanese person go home.’, ‘But you know what actually I become stronger, I become tough kid in school’, ‘So anyway it makes me stronger’ to answer deddy’s question. And then Nadya change her utterance in Bahasa Indonesia. Nadya uses both English and Bahasa Indonesia because Deddy as a host gives a question that consists of English. Based on Dell Hymes theory, Nadya switches her utterances in regard to the Norm of Interaction factor. Such as the data before, according to Wardaugh, when the participants speak one language in one situation and change in a different one; no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into Situational Switching.
Nadya : Kalo saya liat sekarang ya, kebanyakan orang yang selalu mengejek aku, eh… what do they become? What are they become now? So, the most important that you look after ownself. Kalo orang lain bilang apa terserah
Analysis:
The question from Deddy corbuzier to nadya above, Deddy uses English ‘Can be beautiful things?’ Nadya also uses English ‘what do they become? What are they become now? So, the most important that you look after ownself.’ to answer deddy’s question. And then Nadya change her utterance in Bahasa Indonesia. Nadya uses both English and Bahasa Indonesia because Deddy as a host gives a question that consists of English. Based on Dell Hymes theory, Nadya switches her utterances in regard to the Norm of Interaction factor. Such as the data before, according to Wardaugh, when the participants speak one language in one situation and change in a different one; no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into Situational Switching.
13.Deddy : No? Why?
Nadya : I don’t think so. I think I don’t think anybody is beautiful. If you ask somebody honestly selalu ada kekurangan apa gitu. Kurang PD ato kurang apa. Tapi menurut saya sich yang penting happy
Analysis:
of Interaction factor. Such as the data before, according to Wardaugh, when the participants speak one language in one situation and change in a different one; no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into Situational Switching.
14.Deddy : Ok. Ini langsung saya mau tanya karna saya penasaran. Ternyata saya baru tau tu, baru ditulis. Ternyata nama anda adalah Nadya Yuti Hutagalung. Where is the yuti go on?
Nadya : The yuti is still there. Itu kan masih ada. Di passport masih ada
Analysis:
The question from Deddy corbuzier to nadya above, Deddy uses Bahasa Indonesia. Then Deddy changes her utterances into English ‘Where is the yuti go on?’. Then Nadya also uses English ‘The yuti is still there’ to answer deddy’s question. And then Nadya change her utterance in Bahasa Indonesia. Nadya uses both English and Bahasa Indonesia because Deddy as a host gives a question in English. Based on Dell Hymes theory, Nadya switches her utterances in regard to the Participants factor. Such as the data before, according to Wardaugh, when the participants speak one language in one situation and change in a different one; no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into Situational Switching.
15.Deddy : Kenapa gak menggunakan nama yuti hutagalung?
Nadya : I just make it easy. Kan diluar menggunakan nadya hutagalung aja kan sudah susah. Kalo ditambah yuti nya orang kan,,,ckckckckck. Kalo sebut nama saya diluar negri Nadya hhuuueeetagalunng.
The question from Deddy corbuzier to nadya above, Deddy uses Bahasa Indonesia. Nadya uses English ‘I just make it easy’ to answer Deddy’s question. Nadya more comfortable using English to answer Deddy question even thought Deddy uses Bahasa Indonesia. Then Nadya changes her utterances using Bahasa Indonesia. Nadya as a celebrity guest has to answer the question from a host as well as her ability in answer it. Based on Dell Hymes theory, Nadya switches her utterances in regard to the Participants factor. Such as the data before, according to Wardaugh, when the participants speak one language in one situation and change in a different one; no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into Situational Switching.
16.Deddy : Yuti itu dapat dari mana? Nadya : Ask my dad. My dad
Analysis:
The question from Deddy corbuzier to nadya above, Deddy uses Bahasa Indonesia. Nadya uses English ‘Ask my dad. My dad’, to answer Deddy’s question. Nadya more comfortable using English to answer Deddy question even thought Deddy uses Bahasa Indonesia. Nadya as a celebrity guest has to answer the question from a host as well as her ability in answer it. Based on Dell Hymes theory, Nadya switches her utterances in regard to the Participants factor. Such as the data before, according to Wardaugh, when the participants speak one language in one situation and change in a different one; no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into Situational Switching.
17.Deddy : Nadya, there is someone want to meet you. I think want to talk to you Nadya : Ok
Deddy : Boleh dipanggil?
Izabel : Kenapa sich?
Analysis:
The statement from Deddy corbuzier to nadya above, Deddy uses English ‘there is someone want to meet you. I think want to talk to you’. And then Nadya answer the question using Bahasa Indonesia. After that Deddy uses Bahasa Indonesia because he really know that the celebrity guest, Izabel Yahya is Indonesian citizen. When Izabel Yahya comes in studio, Nadya talks to Izabel using English ‘always you. It’s always you’. It is because Izabel is Nadya’s best friend in Singapore. Based on Dell Hymes theory, Nadya switches her utterances in regard to the Participant factor. Such as the data before, according to Wardaugh, when the participants speak one language in one situation and change in a different one; no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into Situational Switching.
18.Deddy : Owh, tadi Singapore. So cute your baju lah. Tunggu dulu, Ini siapa? Mengapa?
Nadya : I don’t know. She is just a girl.
Analysis:
participants speak one language in one situation and change in a different one; no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into Situational Switching.
19.Deddy : Pasti. Kalo tidak pernah jatuh, tidak pernah naik. Kalo tidak pernah susah tidak pernah merasakan happy. Dan nadya ini nominasi green awards 2012, ada George cloudy disana Petronal petrus juga. What is that?
Nadya : International greens awards are Oscars of Green. Itu semua di bidangnya, bukan Cuma di entertainment,
Analysis:
The statement from Deddy corbuzier to nadya above, Deddy uses Bahasa Indonesia, and then continues in English ‘What is that?’ at the end his utterances. Nadya also uses English ‘to answer deddy’s question. And then Nadya change her utterance in Bahasa Indonesia. Nadya uses both English ‘International greens awards are Oscars of Green’ and Bahasa Indonesia because Deddy as a host gives a question that consists of English and Bahasa Indonesia. Based on Dell Hymes theory, Nadya switches her utterances in regard to the Norm of Interaction factor. Such as the data before, according to Wardaugh, when the participants speak one language in one situation and change in a different one; no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into Situational Switching.
20.Deddy : Owh, tanpa chlorine yang baunya khas banget itu ya. Dan sekarang kalau kita nanya ke masyarakat misalnya. Kan yang sadar akan lingkungan ini gak banyak kan sebenarnya. Gimana caranya supaya masyarakat bisa mulai sadar?
Analysis:
The statement from Deddy corbuzier to nadya above, Deddy uses Bahasa Indonesia. And then Nadya answers the question using English ‘Keep talking about it’. Because of that, Deddy also uses English ‘Keep talking about it’ in responding Nadya statement. Finally, at the end Nadya uses Bahasa Indonesia. Based on Dell Hymes theory, Nadya switches her utterances in regard to the Norm of Interaction factor. Such as the data before, according to Wardaugh, when the participants speak one language in one situation and change in a different one; no topic change is involved. So, this utterance is included into Situational Switching.
21.Metaphorical Code Switching
This kind of code switching occurs when a change of topic requires a change in the language used. The interesting point here is that some topics may be discussed in either code, but the choice of code adds a distinct flavor to what is said about the topic. The choice encodes certain social values. Metaphorical code-switching has an affective dimension to it: you change the code as you redefine the situation – formal to informal, official to personal, serious to humorous, and politeness to solidarity. There are utterances that belong to metaphorical switching, they are:
1. Deddy : Juice vegetable. Banyak tu masyarakat yang mengatakan bahwa model tu cuma menang tampang doank. Tapi, mostly they are uneducated seperti itu. Ada tidak orang orang yang, pernah tidak mendengar kata-kata itu
Nadya : Ya, of course. But you can’t generalize, right. Lihat aja tyra banks, yang she is a founder of American Next Top Model. She just colleges business degree, ya kan. Aku juga, I left school when I was very young.
Analysis:
The statement from Deddy Corbuzier above starts from Bahasa Indonesia, and then he change into English in the middle to emphasize that this statement is very sensitive and very important to be answered. And Nadya answer the question clearly using English ‘but you can’t generalize’, ‘she is a founder of American Next Top Model’, ‘She just colleges business degree’, ‘I left school when I was very young.’ Nadya Hutagalung changes the topic at the end of her statement. She changes the topic more sensitively. It is about her life, her privacy. According to Dell Hyme, it is regard to the Ends factor. Such as the data before, when a change of topic into more important topic requires a change in the language used. So, this utterance is included into Metaphorical Switching.
2. Deddy : Does it needed. Means sebagai seorang model atau apapun, does the brain needed there, for working there. In that industry?
Nadya : I think there are some aspects you need to be carefull. Ada beberapa hal yang kita harus with to be carefull gitu ya. So, it is important to be a lot of be smart, street smart ya. Tapi book smart sich actually many for first standing and posing. Honestly of course you don’t need it. But for me menurut saya sich, it is important for any individual, any woman. Harus smart
Analysis:
working there. In that industry?’ in the middle to emphasize that this statement is very sensitive and very important to be answered. And Nadya answer the question clearly using English ‘I think there are some aspects you need to be carefull’, ‘So, it is important to be a lot of be smart, street smart’, ‘Honestly of course you don’t need it.’, ‘it is important for any individual, any woman.’ Nadya Hutagalung changes the topic at the end of her statement. She changes the topic from politeness into solidarity. It is about all women who must be smart. According to Dell Hyme, it is regard to the Ends factor. Such as the data before, when a change of topic into more important topic requires a change in the language used. So, this utterance is included into Metaphorical Switching.
3. Deddy : Karna ada interview juga abis itu kan? Ada interview juga yang cara jawabnya harus bisa
Nadya : Bukan Cuma jadi model, tapi kan bisa juga jadi icon, duta apalah. You can grow like that. Of course everybody can present themselves very well
Deddy : Yes, you can grow with that. Kita lihat dulu ini adalah perjalanan karir dari Nadya hutagalung.
Analysis:
change of topic into more important topic requires a change in the language used. So, this utterance is included into Metaphorical Switching.
4. Nadya : So for me, I was skinny, skinny, tall, tall, brown hair, brown eyes. Jadi gak dianggap cantik gitu ya. To me it’s a job
Deddy : It is a job?
Nadya : It’s a job. It’s of course it is too nice for to be to get a good dress staff, be beautiful, and have a team to make us feel beautiful. But unfortunately it’s a job
Analysis:
The statement from Nadya starts from English ‘So for me, I was skinny, skinny, tall, tall, brown hair, brown eyes’. Then Nadya uses Bahasa Indonesia to make sure the audiences who dominantly Indonesian citizen. After that she uses English ‘To me it’s a job’. Nadya changes the topic become more individual. It is her principal about her modeling career. To make sure Nadya statement, Deddy uses English ‘It is a job?’ in asking Nadya. Nadya directly answer deddy’s question using English ‘It’s a job’, ‘It’s of course it is too nice for to be to get a good dress staff, be beautiful, and have a team to make us feel beautiful’, ’ But unfortunately it’s a job. It is regard to the Key factor in Dell Hymes’ theory. Such as the data before, when a change of topic into more important topic requires a change in the language used. So, this utterance is included into Metaphorical Switching.
5. Deddy : Nervous?
Deddy : Bisa macam-macam ya, dari baik sampek kotor gitu ya Nadya :Iya, bisa macam-macam.
Analysis:
The question from Deddy Corbuzier above starts from English’ Nervous?’. And Nadya answer the question clearly using English ‘Nervous, If you really ask. If you have me standing in the garden in front of people and pose,’ ‘I am more comfortable to talking be a host and standing infront of people than posing’, ‘people is thinking what are they thinking ya’. And Nadya change her utterances into Bahasa Indonesia to show her serious statement about it. Nadya Hutagalung changes the topic solidarity at the end of her statement. She changes the topic more seriously. It is about her feeling when standing and posing in front of people. According to Dell Hyme, it is regard to the Ends factor. Such as the data before, when a change of topic into more important topic requires a change in the language used. So, this utterance is included into Metaphorical Switching.
6. Deddy : Motivation for tomorrow. Sebelum saya meninggal saya ingin? Nadya : Love fully
Deddy : Explain that
Nadya : Gak mau ya nanti kan pas kita meninggal, aduh aku belum minta maaf, aku belum bilang I love you gitu ya. Jadi setiap hari kita harus selesaikan apa saja
Analysis:
using Bahasa Indonesia from politeness into solidarity in responding Deddy statement. According to Dell Hyme, it is regard to the Act Sequence factor in which Deddy as a host has full control in Hitam Putih Talk Show. Such as the data before, when a change of topic into more important topic requires a change in the language used. So, this utterance is included into Metaphorical Switching.
7. Deddy : Ibu yang baik ato istri yang baik? You have to choose one Nadya : Kalo kita istri yang baik semua ok di rumah. Kids juga happy
Analysis:
The question from Deddy Corbuzier above starts from Bahasa Indonesia. Then Deddy uses English ‘You have to choose one’ to emphasize that this question is very important to be answered by Nadya. And Nadya answers the question clearly using Bahasa Indonesia. Deddy changes the topic using English because the question is very important. According to Dell Hyme, it is regard to the Ends factor in which Deddy as a host must emphasize the most important question. Such as the data before, when a change of topic into more important topic requires a change in the language used. So, this utterance is included into Metaphorical
Switching.
8. Deddy : Kalau sakit sama aja kayak dipenjara ya. But I make sure lebih baik anak menangis ato ibu menangis, you choose lebih baik anak menangis. So, what is your mom for you?
Nadya : Menurut saya sich, we have to respect our parents. Apapun yang terjadi dalam hidup kita walaupun ada yang bikin kita sakit hati atau apalah the number one is parents. Whatever happens.
Deddy : Whatever happens?
Analysis:
The statement from Deddy Corbuzier above starts from Bahasa Indonesia. Then Deddy uses English ‘So, what is your mom for you?’ to emphasize that this question is very important to be answered by Nadya. And Nadya answers the question clearly using Bahasa Indonesia. Then Nadya changes her utterances into Engli
