LOGICAL RELATION IN THE ARTICLES OF NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE.

LOGICAL RELATION IN THE ARTICLES OF NATIONAL

GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

A THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

By:

BASYARIAH

Registration Number : 2122220002

ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS

DECLARATION

Except where appropriately acknowledge, this thesis is my own work, has

been expressed in my own words and has not previously been submitted for

assessment.

I understand that this thesis may be screened electronically or otherwise

for plagiarism.

Medan, September 2016

Basyariah

i

ABSTRACT

Basyariah. 2122220002. Logical Relation in the Articles of National Geographic Magazine. A Thesis. Faculty of Languages and Arts. State University of Medan. 2016.

The title of this thesis is Logical Relation in the Articles of National Geographic Magazine. This study is aimed to analyze what types of logical relaion used in National Geographic Magazine, and how are logica relation used in National Geographic Magazine. The writer applies the theory of Larson adapting Barnwell Beekman and Callow, about the types of logical relation, there are (1) Reason- Result, (2) Means-Result, (3) Purpose-Means, (4) Concession-Contraexpectation, (5) Conclussion, (6) Ground-Exhortation, and (7) Condition-Consequence. Base on the result of analysis, the dominant types found in the articles of National Geographic Magazine are Propose-Means. While the percentages of the result are: 95 items of Purpose-Means (55,23%) and others are 38 items of Concession-Contraexpectation (22,1%), 14 items of Reason- Result (8,13%), 14 items of Condition-Consequence (8,13%), 8 items of Means-Result (4,66%), 3 items of Ground-Conclussion (1,75%) and 0 items of Ground-Exhortation (0%)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, the writer would like to thanks to Allah SWT and the Prophet

Muhammad SAW for the blessings during her academic year at English and

Literature Department Faculty of Languages and Arts (FBS) State University

of Medan in completing the Thesis. The writer is also very grateful to the

following people:

 Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd, Rector of State University of Medan.  Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum, the Dean of Faculty of Languages and

Arts (FBS) State University of Medan for her advice and encouragement

to complete the study.

 Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd, the Head of English and Literature Department as well as Dra. Meisuri, M.A, the secretary of English and

Literature Department for their encouragement and motivation during the

writing of the Thesis.

 Syamsul Bahri, S.S, M.Hum the head of English Literature Study Program as well as her first Examiner, and Nora Ronita, S.Pd, S.S,

M.Hum, the Head of English Education Program for their encouragement

to complete the Thesis.

 Her beloved parents, Joharman and Sunarti who have patiently given her encouragement, financial support, their endless love and their prayers.  Eis Sri Wahyuni, M.Pd, the Administration Staff of English Department,

who helped her to fulfill this Thesis.

 Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M. S., her Consultant, who had already motivated her to finish the Thesis by giving advices, supervising, giving

comments and corrections during completing this Thesis and also for Drs.

Elia Masa Gintings, M.Hum., as her Consultant and Academic Advisor

for giving advices and supervising during her academic year.

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 All the Lecturers of English and Literature Department during her academic year at State University of Medan, who have taught and given

knowledges to her encouragement and invaluable advices to complete this

Thesis.

 Her beloved friends Homographs, and all friends who in Theater LKK UNIMED for the four years and still counting friendship and the support

in the very sad and happy situations.

 All her friends and classmates in English Literature A 2012 for the support and time in motivated and accompanied her during the academic

year.

 Her beloved friend Sidik Kalbuhadi, who never stop giving her encouragement and always be there whenever she needs help

 All children in R.A. Fajar Shiddiq, for being a cute moodbooster during the bad situation of completing the thesis.

 Salmiyah, S.pd and all Teachers in R.A. Fajar Shiddiq, who has given the spirit, time and understanding to complete this Thesis.

Medan, September 2016

The writer

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CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF LITERATURE A. Theoretical Framework ……….….……… 8

B. The Overview of Syntax ……… 8

1. Conjunction ………...… 9

a. Coordinate conjunctions ………...……… 10

b. Subordinate Conjunction ……….………… 11

1) Single-Word Subordinate Conjunctions ……….… 12

2) Two Words Conjunctions ………...…… 13

d. Concession-Contraexpectation ……….……… 19

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G. Relevant Studies ………... 30

H. Conceptual Framework ……… 33

CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHOD A. Research Design ………... 35

B. Source of the Data……..………...………... 35

C. Technique of Collecting the Data ……… 36

D. Technique of Analyzing the Data………... 37

CHAPTER IV : DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS A. Data ………...………... 39

2. The Dominant Type of Logical Relation Used in the Articles ... 51

3. The Reason for The Use of The Dominant Type ……...………….... 52

C. Research Findings ………...……… 52

CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION A. Conclusions ………...………….… 54

B. Suggestions ………...…………... 55

REFERRENCES ………....… 56

APPENDIX A …………..…..…………...……... 58

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LIST OF TABLES

vii

LIST OF APPENDICES

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. The Background of the Study

Communication is the most basic level. It is very important in our daily life

because it involves about sending and receiving of information. While to do

communication between one to another needs language. Because language is

something we know than we produce through mind till mouth. According to

Halliday, Wilson and Sperber in Saragih (2014 :5), language is simultaneously

used as representation, exchange and organization of experience. As social beings,

human kinds can not live isolated; human need to interact with others in order to

fulfill their needs.

Language is used to purposes for communication and paying more attention to

language structure. Language is purely human and non instinctive things of the

way of communicating meaning from human mind to another that can be shown

by gestures, sounds, signals, symbols and words in expressing a meaning, idea,

thought and etc. While Chomsky in Thompson (2014 : 3) insists that linguistics

should go beyond merely describing syntactic structures, and aim to eexpalin why

language is structured in the way it is which includes explaining why other kinds

of structures are not found.

Language also is a system to do communication in speech and writing. One of

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Although newspaper is one of the famous written languages in society but

magazine is more interesting compare with the others.

A magazine is one of tool to get some information or news. It is printed media

that different from a newspaper. Whereas a magazine covers more features and

there are usually more sections than in a newspaper. It is also contains of some

articles, prose, short story and etc.

In this study the writer uses National Geographic Magazine as the source of

data because it is consist of articles that are useful for the whole society, they are:

talking about educations, sciences, histories, unique world, entertainments and etc.

According to, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_(magazine), National

Geographic Magazine has some awards such as: On May 1, 2008, National

Geographic won three National Magazine Awardsan award solely for its written

content in the reporting category for an article by Peter Hessler on the Chinese

economy; an award in the photojournalism category for work by John

Stanmeyer on malaria in the Third World; and a prestigious award for general

excellence. Between 1980 and 2011 the magazine has won a total of 24 National

Magazine Awards. In May 2006, 2007, and 2011 National Geographic magazine

won the American Society of Magazine Editors' General Excellence Award in the

over two million circulation category. In 2010, National Geographic Magazine

received the top ASME awards for photojournalism and essay. In 2011, National

Geographic Magazine received the top-award from ASME, the Magazine of the

Year Award. And in April 2014, National Geographic received the National

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National Magazine Award for best photography.

The word of magazine has a meaning, it is about a collection and storage

locations. Means, a magazine is several collections of articles. The articles which

exist inside are depended on the types of magazines. The articles in magazines are

often a good way to gain an overview of the topic. In addition, magazine is not

only about articles but also consist of fiction and photographs. According to the

specialization of its contents, magazine distinguished on news magazines, women,

youth, sports, literature, science and etc.

As writing articles is learned best through gaining writing experience, it is

worth initiating the learning process by making written notes of any ideas and

documenting research processes and initial results. An article wraps up research

by presenting it clearly and concisely to the scientific community.

In this study, the writer uses articles or four articles found in National

Geographic Magazine in January 2015 edition. Below are some examples that

taken in one of articles in National Geographic Magazine. They are:

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The sentence above is Purpose-Means because the sentence can be answered

the question of “What was done to order achieve this purpose?”. Another example

is:

“If anything, the miracle of Lagos is that its economy gallops onward even

when fettered by the same federal incompetence that allows terrorism to go

unchecked.”

The clause complex above is Condition-Consequence because the clause

complex consists of the word of “if” which is the word is belonging to the type of

Condition-Consequence that explains the cause, that is, the condition, is either

hypotical or there is some element of uncertainty.

The clause complex of the articles of magazine can be analyzed by using

logical relation theory. Logical relation uses certain conjunction to relate one

clause to another clause in making up the logic language. The relationship

between one clause to another clause will be analyzed in order to increase the

listeners’ understanding about the information they hear.

The language templates which ideas, images and words that are formulated in

which feelings and emotions never inseparable intellectual and emotional content.

As a communication, language has an effective means of expressing feeling and

ideas both in spoken and written form. When people speak or write they express

what they have in their mind. In the use of language people in many cases tend to

expand their ideas by combining or complexing the original clause to other related

clause because there are some ideas in the language user’s mind that they are

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which is made between one clause with another. So the sentences can be analyzed

by logical relation that it uses logic to get what the author’s idea and because not

everyone can understand the intentions of others appropriately.

Language in magazine is interesting to discuss syntactically, that is logical

relation, studies how to express concepts, moods, feelings and attitudes. Logical

relation is part of syntax that teaches how to make a reasoning, strong and

meaningful argument. It is a relation in which there is always the notion of

cause-effect. Cause and effect are an action-reaction combination that uses conjunctions.

In another hand, Larson (1998:335) says that logical relations are

nonchronological support-Head relation in which there is always the notion of

cause-Effect.

Based on the explanation above, this study will analyze the use of logical

relation in the articles of National Geographic Magazine in other to find out how

the writers apply the flow of information in the articles so the readers can get the

correct message of the writer’s purpose in a text.

B. The Problem of the Study

As related to the background of the study above, the problems of the study can

be formulated as following:

1. What types of logical relation are used in the articles of National

Geographic Magazine?

2. What is the type of logical relation mostly used in the articles of National

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3. Why does the dominant type of logical relation become dominant in the

articles of National Geographic Magazine?

C. The Objective of The Study

Based on the problems of the study above, the objectives of the study are

to describe:

1. To find out the types of logical relation used in the articles of National

Geographic Magazine.

2. To derive the dominant type of logical relation used in the articles of

National Geographic Magazine.

3. To describe the reason about the dominant type of logical relation become

dominant in the articles of National Geographic Magazine.

D. The Scope of the Study

The scope of the study is focused on analyzing the types of logical relation

used in the selected articles whereas the data taken by the headline cover of

National Geographic Magazine on January 2015 edition, they are The First

Artists, The First Year of Life, The First City of Africa and The First Glimpse of

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E. The Significance of the Study

The findings of the study are supposed to be useful for the following people:

1. The writer hopes that this research will give understanding especially in

syntax field, so the writer will inspire other researcher prospective to

explore deeper about the logical relation.

2. It is expected to researchers or English learners who want to find out

knowledge further about conjunctions in articles in term of logical

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Purpose-Means (55,23%), 38 items of Concession-Contraexpectation

(22,1%), 14 items of Reason-Result (8,13%), 14 items of

Condition-Consequence (8,13%), 8 items of Means-Result (4,66%), 3 items of

Ground-Conclussion (1,75%) and 0 item of Ground-Exhortation (0%).

2. Purpose-Means is the most dominant type of logical relation with the

number of 95 clause complexes, expressed by the articles of The First

Artists, The First Year of Life, The First City of Africa And The First

Glimpse of The Hidden Cosmos edition of January 2015 in National

Geographic Magazine.

3. Purpose-Means is the most dominant type of logical relation because

the writers often show the truth of what had happened. And also what

and how to resolve the issue. So that, the writers often use these

conjunctions to connect the ideas in their minds with other ideas or

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B. Suggestions

Relate to the conclusion above, suggestion are staged as the following.

1. It is suggested that other researchers should conduct further

researchers about the use of logical relation in detailed analysis.

2. The findings of this study can be used to give a better understanding

for students, especially the students of English and Literature

Department of the use of logical relation.

3. It is suggested that the writers should be concerned about the use of

conjunction in logical relation in presenting their ideas.

4. The readers should take this thesis as a reference when they decide to

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