LANGUAGE SHIFT AND MAINTENANCE OF
INTERMARRIAGES CHINESE FAMILIES
A Thesis
Submmitted to the English Applied Linguistic Study Program Postgraduate School In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By
MAIRTATI DEWI Reg.Number 8146112020
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATED SCHOOL
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ABSTRACT
Dewi, Mairtati. 8146112020. Language Shift and Maintenance of Intermarriages Chinese Families. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program. Post Graduate School. State University of Medan. 2016.
This study deals with language shift and language maintenance of intermarriages Chinese families.It aims at finding out the factors make language shift and language maintenance occur in intermarriage Chinese families, finding out how language shift and language maintain occur in intermarriage Chinese families and finding out why language shift and language maintain occur in intermarriage Chinese families.This study was conducted in qualitative method of which design was descriptive case study. The sources of data for this study were four intermarriage Chinese families; meanwhile the data was the utterances of the intermarriage chinese families.The data was analyzed by using Interactive Model by Miles, Huberman, and Saldana. To find out what factors affecting language shift and language maintenance in intermarriage Chinese families, the researcher used theory suggested by Holmes. Based on the data analysis, the first finding shows that there were six factors affecting language shift and language maintenance occured in intermarriage chinese families namely bilingualism, migration, economic, environment, demographic, and attitude. And as the second finding was that the language shift and language maintenance in intermarriage Chinese families occured since there are two languages exist in interethnic marriage couple. The existence of two languages means the competition between two languages. The competition of couple’s languages in four intermarriage Chinese families led to language maintenance in three families namely Chinese Man – Batak Woman, Acehnese Man – Chinese Woman, Javanese Man – Chinese Woman and language shift occured in one family namely Chinese Man – Malaynese Woman. And as the third finding was the reasons why language shift and language maintenance occured in intermarriage Chinese families are bilingualism in which the man or woman mastered two languages which led to language maintenance, migration in which the women migrate to follow their husband which led to language shift and language maintenance, economic factor dealing with the men and women’s occupations which affected them to maintain or to shift their languages, environment where they lived in homogenous or heterogenous ethnic affected them to maintain or to shift their language, demographic factor which made them to use Indonesian language, and attitude which might be postive to maintain language or negative to make language shift occured.
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ABSTRAK
Dewi, Mairtati. 8146112020. Pergeseran Bahasa dan Pemertahanan Bahasa dalam Pernikahan antar Suku Keluarga Cina. Thesis. Program Studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Sekolah Pascasarjana. Universitas Negeri Medan. 2016.
Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang pergeseran bahasa dan pemertahanan bahasa dalam pernikahan antar suku keluarga Cina. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan faktor – faktor yang mempengaruhi pergeseran bahasa dan pemertahanan bahasa dalam pernikahan antar suku keluarga Cina, menemukan bagaimana pergeseran bahasa dan pemertahanan bahasa dalam pernikahan antar suku keluarga Cina terjadi, dan menemukan mengapa pergeseran bahasa dan pemertahanan bahasa dalam pernikahan antar suku keluarga Cina terjadi. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menerapkan metode kualitatif dalam desain studi kasus deskriptif. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah empat pasangan pernikahan antar suku keluarga Cina sedangkan data penelitian adalah ujaran – ujaran pasangan pernikahan antar suku keluarga Cina. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan model interaktif oleh Miles, Huberman, dan Saldana.Untuk menemukan faktor – faktor apa yang mempengaruhi pergeseran bahasa dan pemertahanan bahasa dalam pernikahan antar suku keluarga Cina, peneliti menggunakan teori Holmes. Berdasarkan data analisis, dapat disimpulkan bahwa temuan pertama (1) ada enam faktor yang mempengaruhi pergeseran bahasa dan pemertahanan bahasa dalam pernikahan antar suku keluarga Cina yaitu bilingualism, migrasi, ekonomi, lingkungan, demografi, dan sikap. Dan temuan kedua (2) yaitu pergeseran bahasa dan pemertahanan bahasa dalam pernikahan antar suku keluarga Cina terjadi karena ada dua bahasa yang muncul pada pernikahan antar suku. Keberadaan kedua bahasa ini berarti ada kompetisi kedua bahasa. Kompetisi dari bahasa – bahasa pasangan dalam empat pernikahan antar suku keluarga Cina yang pada akhirnya memunculkan pemertahanan bahasa dalam tiga keluarga yaitu laki laki Cina – Perempuan Batak, laki laki Aceh – Perempuan Cina, laki laki Jawa – Perempuan Cina, dan pergeseran bahasa terjadi dalam keluarga laki laki Cina – Perempuan Melayu. Dan temuan ketiga (3) yaitu alasan mengapa pergeseran bahasa dan pemertahanan bahasa terjadi dalam pernikahan antar suku keluarga Cina adalah bilingualism dimana laki laki atau perempuan menguasai kedua bahasa yang menyebabkan terjadinya pemertahanan bahasa, migrasi dimana perempuan bermigrasi ke lingkungan suami yang menyebabkan terjadinya pergeseran bahasa atau pemertahanan bahasa, faktor ekonomi, lingkungan dimana mereka hidup dalam lingkungan homogen atau plural etnik yang mempengaruhi mereka untuk mempertahankan bahasa mereka, faktor demograpi yang membuat mereka berbahasa Indonesia, dan sikap positif yang menyebabkan pemertahanan bahasa atau negatif yang menyebabkan pergeseran bahasa.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah SWT the most gracious and the most merciful, she would like to express her sincere gratitude to Allah the Almighty who has given her blessing health, strength and patience in the process of her study until completing this thesis with the title Language Shift and Maintenance of intermarriage Chinese Families as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Magister Humaniora at the Postgraduate of English Applied Linguistics Program, State University of Medan.
This thesis would not also have been possible brought into existence without the help of many great people. The writer would like to express her gratitude to Prof. Dr. Sumarsih, M.Pd and Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum as her first and second
adviser who have consciously guided her in the entire process of the thesis writing with all of the constructive comments, which helped her to complete this thesis.
The writer would also like to express her gratitude to the head of English Applied Linguistics Program, Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed., and the secretary, Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum. and the staff, Farid Ma’ruf who have assisted her in the process of administration requirement during the process of her study in the postgraduate program. Then, her thanks to all the lecturers of the English Applied Linguistics Program, State University of Medan who have given their valuable knowledge to her in their lectures.
Thanks also are due to her proposal reviewers and thesis examiners, Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D , Dr. Zainuddin, M.Hum, and Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed. for their appropriate and helpful commentaries and constructive suggestions.
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Meidhanisa Ardhiati Pratiwi, Oriza Baqi Anshor, and M. Wafi Alirsyad Tsaqib and all relatives for their love, sincerity, prayer and support.
Very special thanks to the head of SMA Negeri 4 Kejuruan Muda, Drs.Basir M.M and her all the teachers in SMAN 4 Kejuruan Muda for their support, help, and motivation during she did the research.
Then, her sincere thanks to her beloved husband and her niece for sincerity, support, suggestion, and great contribution from beginning until finishing her study. Sincere thanks also to her beloved best friends on LTBI B-1 UNIMED 2014, Orli Binta Tumanggor who give much support and others whom she can not mention one by one for their love, sincerity, prayers, support and help to the writer until finishing her study.
The last, the writer offers her regards and thanks to all of her friends in UNIMED especially LTBI UNIMED 2014, friends and her students in XII IS1, and all of those who have supported her from beginning until finishing her study, especially during the completion of this thesis. Thank you very much. I love you to the moon and back. May Allah bless us.
Medan, , 2016 The writer
Mairtati dewi
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Pages TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract ... i
Abstrak ... ii
Acknowledgment ... iii
Table of Contents ... v
List of Appendices ... viii
List of Figures ... ix
List of Tables ... x
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 The Background of Study ... 1
1.2 The Problem of Study ... 7
1.3 The Objectives of Study ... 7
1.4 The Scope of Study ... 8
1.5 The Significance of Study ... 8
CHAPTER II . REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 9
2.1 Language Maintenance ... 9
2.1.1 Language Maintenance in Billingual community ... 10
2.1.2 The Factors Affecting of Language Maintenance ... 11
2.2 Language Shift ... 12
2.2.1 Factors that Influence Language Shift ... 13
2.2.1.1 Bilingualism ... 15
2.2.1.2 Demographic. ... 16
2.2.1.3 Attitude ... 16
2.2.1.4 Economic ... 18
2.2.1.5 Politic ... 18
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2.2.1.7 Migration ... 19
2.2.1.8 Environment ... 19
2.3 The Pattern of Language Use in Mixed Family ... 20
2.4 The Pattern of Language Shift ... 21
2.5 The Dimension in language Shift Study ... 25
2.6 The Effect of Language Shift ... 27
2.7 Inter-ethnic Couples and Language Shift/ Maintenance... 27
2.8 The Relationship between Language Maintenance and Language Shift ... 28
2.9. Relevant Studies ... ... 31
2.10. Conceptual Framework ... 39
CHAPTER III . METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH ... 42
3.1 The Research Design ... 42
3.2 The Data and Source of Data of the Study ... 42
3.3 The Instrument for Collecting Data ... 43
3.4 The Technique of Collecting Data ... 43
3.4.1 Questionnaire-Interview ... 43
3.4.2. Observation ... 44
3.5 The Technique of Data Analysis ... 44
3.5.1. Data Collection ... 45
3.5.2. Data Condensation ... 46
3.5.3 Data Display ... 47
3.5.4 Drawing Conclusion/Verification ... 47
3.6 Trustworthiness of the Study ... 47
3.7 Creadibility ... 48
3.8 Transferability ... 49
3.9 Dependability ... 49
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CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS, AND DISCUSSION 50
4.1 Data Analysis ... 50
4.2 Findings ... 51
4.2.1Factors Affecting Language Shift and language Maintenance Occur in Intermarriage Chinese Families ... 51
4.2.2 The Occurences of Language Shift and Language Maintenance in Intermarriages Chinese Families in Medan ... ... 64
4.2.2The Reasons of Language Shift and Language Maintenance Occurences in Intermarriage Chinese Families in Medan ... ... 66
4.3 Discussions ... 68
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 71
5.1 Conclusions ... 71
5.2 Suggestions ... 72
REFERENCES ... 73
APPENDICES ... 75
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Pages LIST OF APPENDICES
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 .... ... ... 21
Figure 2.2 ... 29
Figure 2.3 ... 31
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1 ... ... 4
Table 3.1. ... ... 43
Table 4.1 ... ... 53
Table 4.2. ... ... 56
Table 4.3 ... ... 59
Table 4.4. ... ... 60
Table 4.5 ... ... 61
Table 4.6. ... ... 62
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1The Background of the study
All human activities always involve language as a means to interact among people. Indonesia consists of many ethnics and languages. So, there is a tendency that inter-ethnic marriages happens. Inter-ethnic marriage are a combination of two people from different ethnic and language also. It means that there are two languages exist in interethnic marriage couple. The existence of two languages means the competition between two language. So the researcher is interested in investigating this phenomenon especially in Chinese family in Kilometre 12 Medan. The researcher found the language shift and language maintaince that happened in inter marriage of chinese family. Fasold (1984:231) states that language shift refers to changes in language use among a community of speakers such as when a community stars to use one language in domains and functions in which its members had previously used another language and a shift in the number of speakers of a language. Weinreich (1978:79) states similarly as Fasold, he defines language shift as the changes from the habitual use of one language to another.
Furthermore, Romaine (2000:49) says that this shift is unavoidable when two languages compete for use in the same domain. In nature we find numerous kinds of communication system, many of which appear to be unique to their possessors, and one of them is the language of the human species. Basically, the purpose of communication is the preservation, growth, and development of the
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species (Smith and Miller 1968; 265). Without a language the society can not be formed and there will no community, It is agreed that language can not be separated from culture, as language is a product of the culture, language is holistically part and parcel of human culture which not properly protected and propogated can loss its true nature and can equally deteriorate like every other misshandled or unprotected culture. It serves as people’s of life, their heritage and national identity.
Chinese Indonesian account for about 3% of the population but they are influential, controlling most of the country's wealth and commerce. Nowadays, vernaculars in Indonesia as mother tounge face a challenge against the existence of Indonesia language and foreign language. Many vernaculars in Indonesia shifted even endangered. As it was informed in Kompas (2007) about 726 of 746 vernaculars in Indonesia are endangered. Only 13 vernaculars have more than one million language users. Speaking about Chinese -Indonesians are ethnic Chinese people living in Indonesia, as a result of centuries of overseas Chinese migration. The Chinese-Indonesian experience in Indonesia is one of extremes. On the one hand, they have made it their home and it's been a land of plenty as many have become fabulously rich, mostly in business. On the other hand, there have been some bloody pogroms targeting them, the most recent in 1998. Official discrimination is still on the books (or, at least, implemented as such) in most government offices.
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being a tiny minority of the overall ethnic makeup of Indonesia (less than 4 percent of the total), their enormous economic strength and concentration in the capital city means the Chinese-Indonesian "footprint" is ubiquitous in many sectors. Speaking about one of the ethnic groups is chinese. Chinese: The most significant ethnic minority of foreign origin in Indonesia. Chinese began inhabiting Indonesia since the 15th century with significant waves in 18th and 19th century. Mostly concentrated in pecinan (chinatowns) in urban Java, Sumatra and Kalimantan cities with significant numbers in Jakarta, North Sumatra, Riau, Riau Islands, Bangka-Belitung Islands, and West Kalimantan. Since Indonesian independence, the Javanese and Bataknese have replaced the Chinese as the largest ethnic group in Medan in 2000 census: A highly visible component of Medan's population is the large number of Chinese, the largest Chinese community on Sumatra Island, who are active in the business and trading sector. Almost all Chinese residents in Medan can speak fluent Hokkien, a dialect originating from Fujian Province in Southern China. Medan also has its own variation of Hokkien, known as Medan Hokkien the Chinese living spread throughout the city.
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language such as Bahasa Indonesia and some other ethnic language such as Mandailingnese, Karonese, Javanese, Bataknese and so on. But for Chinese still less, so in this research the researcher is interested to do the research in Chinese family.
The researcher in this study found it is important to conduct a study on Chinese language shift and language maintaince in mixed married families.In Medan, Chinese people socialized with many people who are from other ethnics. In this case, a man from Chinese is looking for a no Chinese woman or a Chinese woman is looking for a non Chinese man then they got married with. We classified their family into intermarriage families because they are different ethnic and culture. For example:
Table 1.1. Intermarriage Families Married
couple
1st family 2nd family 3rd family 4th family Husband Chineseman Chineseman Acehneseman Javanesem
an From the intermarried family above the researcher find out language shift happened when a certain language has shifted the use of their mother tongue to the use of dominant language, and usually it happens to young generation.
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Researcher : Jadi kalian satu keluarga tidak ada yang mengerti bahasa Cina?
(So None of you understand chinese language ?) Subject 1 : Ngga kak
( No Sis )
In line with the conversation above, it could be seen that the child from intermarriage Chinese Man and Malaynese woman shifted their language into Indonesian. intermarriage Chinese Man and Bataknese woman maintened Chinese langauge.
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from different ethnicity share more than one language, the question of appropriate choice of language arises because different speech commuities have a range of linguistic variation. In these case, a speaker must choose which set of variants to use with in a single language in any given situation.
Therefore, when we consider within language variation to be a kind of language choice problem, then language choice is possible for monolingual speakers as well as bilinguals (Romaine, 1994,181). Certain social factors such as the participants, domains, the function and the topic of the interaction, social distance, the status relationship between people, features of the setting and the dimension of formality turn out to be important in accounting for language choice in many different of kinds of speech communities (Holmes,1992).
This thesis is a study of language shift and maintenance in mixed marriages in Chinese families. Broadly the goals of this thesis are as follows : firstly, to asses the degree of language shift in Chinese families, Secondly, to know the phenomenon of language shift or maintenance that occurs in mixed marriages in Chinese families. Chinese man has significance influenced language shift than the women who are from Chinese. Thirdly, in presenting these results ; to contribute to the area of language shift and maintenance.
To their family’s member, they have some reasons why they choose one ethnics language or Bahasa Indonesia as their united communication in their family. The first reason, the couple do not know use their ethnics language to communicate with their family’s members at home. They use Indonesia language
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(CM) married with the woman from Malaynese (MW). His wife doesn’t know how to speak Chinese, so the couple deal with Indonesian Language for their language. The third, they used one ethnics language to communicate. For instance, when they lived in Chinese environment mother is from Chinese and father is from Acehnese, they agree to use Chinese language at home. This situation explained that Chinese language can be maintain. Another case father is from Chinese and mother is from Malaynese. Mother does not know how to speak Chinese but both of them know Indonesian Language so they agreed to speak Indonesian Language.
1.2 The Problems of the Study
Based on the previous background the problems are formulated as the following :
1. What factors make language shift and language maintenance occur in intermarriage Chinese families?
2. How do language shift and language maintain occur in intermariage Chinese families ?
3. Why do language shift and language maintain occur in intermariage Chinese families ?
1.3 The Objectives of the study
In relation to the problems the objectives of the study are :
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2. To find out how language shift and language maintain occur in intermarriage Chinese families
3. To find out why language shift and language maintain occur in intermarriage Chinese families
1.4The Scope of the study
This study focused on language shift and language maintance in intermarriage families in Medan should be very interesting and it is closely related to language planning in intermarriages families, The writer only took 4 groups of families in that place. They are Chinese and Javanese, Chinese and Acehnese, Chinese and Bataknese and Chinese and Malaynese.
1.5The Significance of the study
After conducting this study, it is hoped significantly relevant to theoretically and practicaly aspects.
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